Municipal Solid Waste Management in Thailand

Total Population in Thailand is 61,661,701

Population Growth Rate is 0.35

GDP 4.688 Billion Baht

GNP 4.560 Billion Baht

Solid Waste Generation is 38,170 ton/day

Situation in Thailand in 2000

Significance of MSW Management

73,77148,359GNP per capita (baht)

37,87929,135Waste generation (ton/day)

4,688,0002,827,158GDP (million baht)

0.321.20Population Growth Rate

61,661,70157,788,965Total Population

19991992

year

Current problems of solid waste management in Thailand

Lack of law and regulation to cover entire system of solid wastemanagement

Existing laws do not include effective municipal solid waste management to be implemented.

Lack of clear measures to promote waste reduction and public participation.

The infectious waste from hospitals is not properly controlled.

Lack of clear measures to promote separation of household hazardous waste from conventional household waste.

Recent trend of changes

The Environmental Act was revised and enacted in September 1992

Change in the role of Environmental management

A National MSW management plan was developed

for the entire country in 1997

Application of inappropriate technologies such as the open dumping

Many significant environmental problems

Solid waste management has improved from 1992 to 1999

Comparison of Waste generation & Waste disposal

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Year

Was

te (t

on/d

ay)

Waste disposal

Waste generation

BMA 9,130 ton/day

Municipalities

&Pattaya 11,785 ton/day

Outside of municipality

&sanitary district 17,255 ton/day

Total 38,170 ton/day

Solid Waste Generation in 2000

Solid Waste Composition - Thailand

Waste separation

•Waste separation is key mechanism for the reduction of waste quantity

•Setting up laws and regulations for separating wastes, as wet and dry wastes, before disposal.

•Provide rubbish bins or containers according to the types of wastes

•Limit contamination to the lowest levelso that the wastes can be utilized downstream.

Waste collection and transport

Total Solid Waste9,120 ton/day

On-Nut Solid Waste Management Plant

4,690 ton/day

Nong-kham Solid Waste Management PlantSanitary Landfill (by Private Contractor) 2,290 ton/day

Sanitary Landfill(by PrivatContractor)3,640 ton/day

Compost Plant1,050 ton/day

Tae-Rang Transferring StationSanitary Landfill (by Private Contractor) 2,140 ton/day

Quantities of Collected Wastes in Bangkok (1997)

Collection truck with Compactor

Waste collection and transport

Side loading Truck

Waste collection and transport

Small truck with compactor

Large truck with compactors

Waste collection and transport

Side –loaded truck

Container hauling truck

Transfer station in Bangkok

Waste Transportation

from Bangkok

to disposal site

Disposal of Solid Wastes

Landfill20%

Open dump &

incineration1%

Sanitary landfill

7%

Open dump72%

Disposal of Solid Wastes

Open Dumping

Sanitary Landfill

Waste composting

Waste separation

Composting drum

Waste composting

Composting Screening

Composting Maturation Building

Incinerator

Resource Recovery, Recycle and Reuse

40-60% of solid waste generated can be recycled and reused.

The 3 major recycled waste materials are

Paper 57%Glass 19%Plastic 15%

The recycling rate has increased approximately 9% per year

Community participation

The waste buying market at municipality of Phitsanulok

Opposition of waste disposalat Chiangmai left the garbage uncollected

Case Study of Small Communities Participating in MSW Management

Project of Solid Wastes ExchangeAt Klong Toey community in Bangkokis the project of solid wastes exchanging with eggs

Solid Waste Bank ProjectThe Wad Klang community at Bangkapi district in Bangkok has developed a solid waste bank project.

For an incinerator in the Hang Dong districtThe local people in Hang Dong district strongly opposed the project

Waste scavengingRecyclable wastes collected at sources by the scavenger is estimated at 286 tones/day

Amount of materials recovered by the scavengers varies between 50-150 kg/person/day

paper 55%

Recyclable glass 1- 3%

Plastic 10-15%

Composition of recyclable materials

Informal sector involvement

A material buying centre from “saleng”groups in Phitsanulok.

An itinerant waste picker, or “saleng”, pedling her tricycle through Bangkok traffic in search of garbage.

Participation of Woman

63-67% of total female in Thailand has been employed during 1994-1998

There are 48 staff within the division of which about 52% of total staffs is female, in the Hazardous Substance and Waste Management Division, PCD

It was found that 60% of woman are participatedIn waste scavenging at Phitsanulok municipality

Climatically and Seasonal Influences

They were little effect on moisture content of whole waste. The average moisture content of solid waste was reported at about 50-60%

It was found that composition of wastes in summer (March-April) was not much different from rainy season.

Central government organizations related to the solid waste management

Prime minister

Ministry of IndustryMinistry of Science

Technology and Environment Ministry of Public Health

Office of Environmental Policy and Planning

Ministry of Interior

Department of Industrial Works

Industrial Authorityof Thailand

Provincial Environmental

Office

Pollution Control Department Department of Health Department of

Local AdministrationDepartment of Public Works

The ProvincalAdministrativeOrganization

Municipality The Sanitary District

Sub-district Administrative Organization

National Environment Board

The Organization structure of local authorities in Thailand

75 Provinces

Local authorities

Department of Public Cleaning

Disposal Site Division Street Sweeping andCollection

Bangkok

Local authority : the BMA

Department of Public Cleaning

Solid Waste Disposal Plant Division

Public CleaningService Division

Planning DivisionNight Soil Control

Institutional Deficiencies and Weakness

unclear demarcation among the responsible central agencies and complicated relationship between local municipalities and central agencies

incapability of local municipalities project implementation (both technically and financially).

Resources and Skills

Organization management of solid waste landfilling in Nonthaburi municipality

Technical Department

Driver Non permanent staff

Technicians in solid waste landfilling

Head of Survey and Design Divison

Survey and Design Divison

Construction and MaintenceDivision

Mechanical Division

Resources and skill requirement in solid waste management in local municipality.

- Drive solid waste trucksDrivers

- Cleansing landfill area, gardening etc. Worker

- Estimate the operating cost, income, fees and purchaseAccountant/computer specialist (Certificate level)

- Monitoring quality of water/wastewater, leachate and runoff of landfill- Air quality

Analytical chemist/environmental scientist (Certificate level)

- Control whole electrical related works ๆ Electrical Technician (Certificate level)

-Control solid waste treatment system and disposal site-Control wastewater treatment plant

Environmental Engineer (Bachelor degree)

DutiesPosition

Efficiency of SWM Staff and Equipments

377377DPC of BMA

5692,659DOH

4803,201PWD

100606IEAT

151700DIW

91324DEQP

84559PCD

65591OEPP

Staffs for Solid Waste ManagementNumber of StaffsOrganization

Health aspect

5100Southern Region

2900Northeastern Region

1800Northern Region

3400Central Region (Excl. BKK)

5100Bangkok Metropolis

3000Non-Municipal Area

4700Municipal Area

3300Total

Whole Kingdom

Households received impactfrom solid waste pollutionLocations

Household pollution impact more than one way possible and environmental information by region in 1998.

Environmental FundThe Fund provides grants to governmental agencies and low-interest loans to the private sectors who are engaged in the activities related to the improvement of the environment.

Legal Aspects

The Environmental Act was revised and enacted in September 1992

Reconstruction of the Office of the National Environment Board•the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP)•Pollution Control Department (PCD)•the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP

Economics and Financial Aspects

The budget for MSW management in Thailand comes from two parts:

•national expenditure basically for facility construction

•service fees for running cost.

In the BM, the collection fee per household is 40 baht (A$ 2) per month compared to 150 baht (A$ 8) of the actual cost.

Economics and Financial Aspects

•A willingness of the central and local government sectors to employ the private sector

•A desire to improve standards of operation

•The capability and willingness of the private sector to participate

•A proper legal framework

•The need to inject funds into SWM infrastructure and the relative abilities and costs associated with government and the private sector meeting this need

Public Private Partnership

Private sector involvement (“privatization”) in the development of public infrastructure and in the provision of public services has been proven to be highly effective.

To ensure privatization’s success, the following criteria must be addressed:

Economics and Financial AspectsCost Recovery

•Low customer Fee Levels•Low Collections Performance•Relatively High Cost Strcture

The low levels of cost recovery in the SWM sector can be attributed to three major factors as follows:

Income and payment of department of public cleansing, BMA.

0 200 ,000 ,000 400,000,000 600,000,000 800,000,000

1,000,000,000 1,200,000,000 1,400,000,000 1,600,000,000 1,800,000,000 2,000,000,000

1986 1988 1989 1991 1993 1996 1997 2000 2001

Baht

PaymentIncome

Economics and Financial AspectsResources Utilization

1.20-1.40Cardboard

0.80-1.10Waste paper

1.30-1.80Newspaper

3.20-3.30Writing paper

39.70-49.70Copper

14.70-17.70Aluminum

1.50-1.60Iron

0.10-0.20Beer bottles (brown)

0.70-0.80Mekhong bottles (white)

0.20-0.30Broken bottles

3.20-3.30Plastic bottles

Selling price (baht kg-1)Materials

Encourage waste separation and recycling program at sources such as at homes, businesses, institutions and factories by employing segregation strategy that matched to the appropriate and effective waste collection and disposal practices.

Recommendations-Technical AspectsEncourage the private sector to provide services in solid waste and night soil collection, transportation, and disposal

As a waste collection planning criterion guideline for each community; Procurement of collection bins at 1150 liters for 350 residents, and a demand 10 cubic meter collection truck for every 5,000 residents.

Rehabilitate the existing unsanitary disposal sites. ( PCD)

Establish waste disposal centers for adjacent communities to share common disposal facilities, and adopt the integrated MSW management approach.

Specify organization and responsibility of the government and private sector for efficient solid waste and night soil control, monitoring, and management

Recommendations Institutional Aspects and Capacity Building

Recommendations-Legal Aspects

Establish laws, regulations, orders, and standards that create mechanisms for returning used products and packaging for recycling, and reduction of solid waste

Amend laws, regulations, and order relating to solid waste and night soil management fees, and fees for reduction and recycling of solid waste.

Establish solid waste disposal site pollution control standard

RecommendationsEconomics and Financial Aspects

Provide funding incentive, technical assistance and various-facility to private investors on MSW management business or non-government organizations involved in solving solid waste management problem.

Apply the “Polluter Pay Principle” for both the public and government organizations

Recommendations-Health Aspects

•Disposal method should be mostly sanitary landfill.

•Disposal site should not be located in public area.

•People didn’t want disposal site in neighborhood (NIMBY syndrome).

Recommendations-Public Awareness

Initiate education and training program in fostering technical and administrative capabilities to concerned local government and private personnel in the area of MSW management.

Public relation in waste reduction campaign by waste separation and recyclable waste through education institutes. However the budget should be supported by government.

Promote public education program, correct attitude and social values reinforcement in keeping public cleanliness and proper MSW management for all children and citizens in the society.

Recommendation for IntegratedSolid Waste Management

•Jurisdictions work together, so that all levels of government and the private sector all have the same goals and policies for waste management.

The functional aspects like source reduction, separation, collection, distribution, and disposal all function well together

Waste management activities are coordinated across space and time