introduction to chemistry

Science and Life Science and Life Series:Series:

CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

Introduction Introduction to to

ChemistryChemistry

June 19, 2013June 19, 2013

What makes our What makes our lifestyles now different lifestyles now different from the lifestyles 50 - from the lifestyles 50 - 100 years ago? 100 years ago? What What are the things that we are the things that we have now that people have now that people did not have before?did not have before?

Differences in LifestylesDifferences in LifestylesBEFOREBEFORE

Maraming Maraming babae ang babae ang

hindi hindi maganda.maganda.

NOWNOW

Maraming Maraming maganda, maganda, pero hindi pero hindi

naman babae.naman babae.

If the manufacturing If the manufacturing industry would industry would

cease operationscease operations, , what would most what would most

likely happen to the likely happen to the world? To the world? To the

economy?economy?

Almost everything that we now use Almost everything that we now use in our modern way of living is a in our modern way of living is a

product of chemical processing, in product of chemical processing, in one way or another. Without one way or another. Without

scientific discoveries on the nature scientific discoveries on the nature of matter and how materials can be of matter and how materials can be transformed into useful products transformed into useful products for mankind, probably life would for mankind, probably life would

still be so primitive. still be so primitive.

RAW MATERIALS FROM NATURE

mines, forests, sea, oceans, rivers, lakes, mountains, air, oil, brine, gas wells, desert, etc.

RAW MATERIALS FROM NATURE

mines, forests, sea, oceans, rivers, lakes, mountains, air, oil, brine, gas wells, desert, etc.

CHEMICAL INDUSTRYCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

CHEMICALS

Acids, alkalis, salts, organic and inorganic compounds, solvents, compressed gases,

pigments, dyes, and others

CHEMICALS

Acids, alkalis, salts, organic and inorganic compounds, solvents, compressed gases,

pigments, dyes, and others

CHEMICAL INDUSTRYto produce

cosmetics, pesticides, detergents and soaps, plastic

materials, drugs and medicines, sanitizing

chemicals, dyes and inks, synthetic fibers, explosives, synthetic rubbers, fertilizers,

paints, and a lot more

CHEMICAL INDUSTRYto produce

cosmetics, pesticides, detergents and soaps, plastic

materials, drugs and medicines, sanitizing

chemicals, dyes and inks, synthetic fibers, explosives, synthetic rubbers, fertilizers,

paints, and a lot more

OTHER INDUSTRIESto produce

building materials, beverages, electrical equipment, food products, furniture and fixtures, leather and

leather products, hardware, lumber products, packaging, machinery, paper and paper products,

metal products, petroleum and coal products, motor vehicles and equipment, transportation and

communications equipment, rubber products, textiles, electronic gadgets, and other products

OTHER INDUSTRIESto produce

building materials, beverages, electrical equipment, food products, furniture and fixtures, leather and

leather products, hardware, lumber products, packaging, machinery, paper and paper products,

metal products, petroleum and coal products, motor vehicles and equipment, transportation and

communications equipment, rubber products, textiles, electronic gadgets, and other products

THE ULTIMATE MARKETthe satisfaction of fundamental human needs

health, food, clothing, shelter, transportation, communication, defense, and other needs

THE ULTIMATE MARKETthe satisfaction of fundamental human needs

health, food, clothing, shelter, transportation, communication, defense, and other needs

The science of chemistry has The science of chemistry has played a great role in played a great role in

enhancing the way we live enhancing the way we live now. Because of pivotal role now. Because of pivotal role of chemistry, many consider of chemistry, many consider

it to be a central science it to be a central science from which other sciences from which other sciences

branch out.branch out.

Chemistry

Biology

Plant Sciences

Geology

Environmental Science

Health and MedicineNuclear Chemistry

Physics

Astronomy

Biochemistry

Biology

“The Central Science”

How do you think How do you think did Chemistry did Chemistry develop into develop into

what it is now?what it is now?

Chemical knowledge traces Chemical knowledge traces its origins several hundred its origins several hundred years before Christ.years before Christ.

Cite specific evidences Cite specific evidences that even early that even early

biblical events/people biblical events/people knew something knew something about chemical about chemical

processes.processes.

Sheep skin for wineSheep skin for wine

The curiosity of the early The curiosity of the early alchemists opened the gates alchemists opened the gates of discovery about materials.of discovery about materials.

The alchemists developed a lot of processes in The alchemists developed a lot of processes in science, including the invention of several science, including the invention of several crude laboratory equipment.crude laboratory equipment.

EmpedoclesEmpedocles

EmpedoclesEmpedocles

Fire

Air Earth

Water

There are There are 4 elements4 elements that that comprised all matter. Matter is comprised all matter. Matter is allegedly a combination of allegedly a combination of

FireFire, , EarthEarth, ,

WaterWater, and , and AirAir..

LeucippusLeucippus andand DemocritusDemocritus

Leucippus & DemocritusLeucippus & Democritus

Because of his great contribution in the Because of his great contribution in the advancement of scientific thought, advancement of scientific thought,

Democritus of Abdera is now immortalized Democritus of Abdera is now immortalized by this bank note of Greece. Note the by this bank note of Greece. Note the

modern symbol of the atom on the right.modern symbol of the atom on the right.

EgyptiansEgyptians

The Egyptian The Egyptian pharaohs pharaohs lived lived luxurious luxurious lives because lives because of the of the ingenuity of ingenuity of the early the early “chemists.”“chemists.”

The Egyptians had attained The Egyptians had attained real skill on the use of real skill on the use of

goldgold, , coppercopper, ,

ironiron, , leadlead, , tintin, ,

and and mercurymercury. .

They discovered or knew about the They discovered or knew about the

manufacturemanufacture of of glassglass, ,

soapsoap, , turpentineturpentine, ,

sugarsugar, , blue vitriolblue vitriol, , alumalum, , natural natural dyesdyes, and , and

pigmentspigments..

AristotleAristotle

Aristotle Aristotle ignited the curiosity ignited the curiosity of many on of many on how how to turn base to turn base metals into metals into other metalsother metals, , especially into especially into

goldgold..

AlchemyAlchemy

The chief aim of alchemy was the The chief aim of alchemy was the

transmutationtransmutation of common of common

metals metals into goldinto gold and the and the

search for the search for the alkahestalkahest, , whom they called the whom they called the

philosopher’s philosopher’s stonestone. .

In fact, in the court of many In fact, in the court of many

kings, the kings, the alchemistsalchemists occupied important places occupied important places because of their because of their

potentials topotentials to

‘‘cookcook’’ goldgold!!

King Henry VI of England, for instance, even

required the required the study of study of alchemyalchemy to all noblemen, theologians, and scholars during his time.

So chemistry originated So chemistry originated from alchemy. from alchemy.

AlchemyAlchemy was the was the empirical stage of empirical stage of chemical knowledge chemical knowledge characterized by characterized by

speculative theoriesspeculative theories..

Alchemy as a word was Alchemy as a word was coined from the Arabic coined from the Arabic

words “words “alal”, which means ”, which means

““thethe” and “” and “kīmīyakīmīya” ” from the Greek word from the Greek word

““quēmeiaquēmeia””, meaning , meaning

““black artblack art””..

ChineseChinese

The Chinese discovered the The Chinese discovered the preparation of a mixture that preparation of a mixture that

explodes once ignited, the gun explodes once ignited, the gun powder. powder.

Abu Musa Abu Musa Jabir ibn Jabir ibn Hayyam Hayyam

Arabian alchemist Arabian alchemist Abu Musa Abu Musa Jabir ibn HayyamJabir ibn Hayyam, also , also known as Abu Abdallah Jaber known as Abu Abdallah Jaber (721 – 815) or simply Geber, (721 – 815) or simply Geber, discovered several chemical discovered several chemical compoundscompounds, described , described calcinationcalcination and and reductionreduction reactions, and developed reactions, and developed methods for methods for evaporationevaporation, , sublimationsublimation, and , and crystallizationcrystallization. .

The discoveries The discoveries

of of sulfuricsulfuric and and

nitric acidsnitric acids are are attributed to him.attributed to him.

Roger Roger BaconBacon

Roger BaconRoger Bacon

believed that believed that

observation and observation and experimentationexperimentation could could bring about a greater bring about a greater understanding of the natural understanding of the natural world.world.

Robert Robert BoyleBoyle

By the 1600s, the Irish scientist By the 1600s, the Irish scientist

Robert BoyleRobert Boyle

(1627-1691) published his book (1627-1691) published his book

The Sceptical ChymistThe Sceptical Chymist stressing the importance of stressing the importance of experimentation to test ideas experimentation to test ideas obtained by reason. obtained by reason.

He pioneered in the He pioneered in the investigation of the investigation of the behavior of gases behavior of gases bringing about the bringing about the

gas lawsgas laws. .

The The Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law, for , for

instance, states that if the instance, states that if the temperature is constant, the temperature is constant, the pressure of a given quantity of a pressure of a given quantity of a gas is inversely proportional to gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies,the volume it occupies,

pV = pV = kk. .

He suggested that He suggested that basic basic pure chemicalspure chemicals

or or elementselements could be combined to could be combined to produceproduce particular particular

compoundscompounds..

Joseph Joseph Priestley Priestley

and and Antoine Antoine LaurLauréént nt

LavoisiLavoisiéérr

Then in the late 1700s, Then in the late 1700s, Joseph Joseph PriestleyPriestley (1733-1804) and (1733-1804) and

Antoine Laurént Antoine Laurént LavoisiérLavoisiér (1743 – 1794) (1743 – 1794) proved that air, one of Aristotle’s proved that air, one of Aristotle’s basic elements, was actually a basic elements, was actually a mixture of different gases, mixture of different gases, including oxygen and nitrogen.including oxygen and nitrogen.

FatherFather of of

ModernModern Chem-Chem-istryistry

John John DaltonDalton

English chemist English chemist John John DaltonDalton (1766-1844) put (1766-1844) put

forward his forward his atomic atomic theorytheory which explains which explains that all the atoms of an that all the atoms of an element are identical but element are identical but different from the atoms of different from the atoms of every other element.every other element.

Dalton’s Dalton’s Atomic Atomic SymbolsSymbols

Dalton listed around Dalton listed around

2020 elements from elements from 1803. By 1830, chemists 1803. By 1830, chemists already discovered already discovered 5555. . By the end of the 19th By the end of the 19th

century, century, 8080 elements elements were already known.were already known.

Dalton’s atomic theory Dalton’s atomic theory generated interest on the generated interest on the nature of atoms. People nature of atoms. People thought that these atoms thought that these atoms could never be split up, could never be split up, destroyed, or created. They destroyed, or created. They were thought to be minute were thought to be minute solid ball-like structures solid ball-like structures which are indestructible.which are indestructible.

Amedeo Amedeo AvogadroAvogadro

Three years later, Italian physicist Three years later, Italian physicist

Amedeo Amedeo AvogadroAvogadro (1776-1856) (1776-1856) showed that water is a showed that water is a combination of an atom of combination of an atom of oxygen and two atoms of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. This paved the way to hydrogen. This paved the way to a new idea of the existence of the a new idea of the existence of the

so-called so-called moleculesmolecules..

Sir Sir Joseph Joseph

John John ThomsonThomson

Sir Joseph John Sir Joseph John ThomsonThomson (1856-1940), a (1856-1940), a British physicist, who British physicist, who forwarded the idea, through forwarded the idea, through his cathode ray gun his cathode ray gun experiments, that there are experiments, that there are particles, particles, around 1,800 times around 1,800 times smaller than the smallest smaller than the smallest atomsatoms, which are parts of the , which are parts of the atom itself. atom itself.

He called them He called them

““electronselectrons” ” which he believed are which he believed are embedded on the embedded on the surface of the atom surface of the atom something like raisins something like raisins on a raisin bread.on a raisin bread.

Ernest Ernest Ruther-Ruther-

fordford

In 1911, further experiments In 1911, further experiments proved otherwise as proved otherwise as

Ernest Ernest RutherfordRutherford discovered that at the heart discovered that at the heart of every atom is a tiny but of every atom is a tiny but very dense very dense

““nucleusnucleus”. ”.

He believed that the He believed that the electrons simply swirl electrons simply swirl around this nucleus around this nucleus forming an electron forming an electron cloud which is largely cloud which is largely an empty space.an empty space.

Niels Niels BohrBohr

In 1913, Danish physicist In 1913, Danish physicist Neils Bohr suggested Neils Bohr suggested that the electrons spin that the electrons spin around the nucleus in around the nucleus in orbits, much like the orbits, much like the planets around the Sun. planets around the Sun. These orbits are These orbits are arranged in layers or arranged in layers or “shells”.“shells”.

James James ChadwickChadwick

another kind of particle was another kind of particle was discovered in the nucleus discovered in the nucleus

by by James James ChadwickChadwick. Because . Because these particles did not have these particles did not have charge, they were referred charge, they were referred

to as “to as “neutronsneutrons”.”.