introduction to chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
Science and Life Science and Life Series:Series:
CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
Introduction Introduction to to
ChemistryChemistry
June 19, 2013June 19, 2013
What makes our What makes our lifestyles now different lifestyles now different from the lifestyles 50 - from the lifestyles 50 - 100 years ago? 100 years ago? What What are the things that we are the things that we have now that people have now that people did not have before?did not have before?
Differences in LifestylesDifferences in LifestylesBEFOREBEFORE
Maraming Maraming babae ang babae ang
hindi hindi maganda.maganda.
NOWNOW
Maraming Maraming maganda, maganda, pero hindi pero hindi
naman babae.naman babae.
If the manufacturing If the manufacturing industry would industry would
cease operationscease operations, , what would most what would most
likely happen to the likely happen to the world? To the world? To the
economy?economy?
Almost everything that we now use Almost everything that we now use in our modern way of living is a in our modern way of living is a
product of chemical processing, in product of chemical processing, in one way or another. Without one way or another. Without
scientific discoveries on the nature scientific discoveries on the nature of matter and how materials can be of matter and how materials can be transformed into useful products transformed into useful products for mankind, probably life would for mankind, probably life would
still be so primitive. still be so primitive.
RAW MATERIALS FROM NATURE
mines, forests, sea, oceans, rivers, lakes, mountains, air, oil, brine, gas wells, desert, etc.
RAW MATERIALS FROM NATURE
mines, forests, sea, oceans, rivers, lakes, mountains, air, oil, brine, gas wells, desert, etc.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRYCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
CHEMICALS
Acids, alkalis, salts, organic and inorganic compounds, solvents, compressed gases,
pigments, dyes, and others
CHEMICALS
Acids, alkalis, salts, organic and inorganic compounds, solvents, compressed gases,
pigments, dyes, and others
CHEMICAL INDUSTRYto produce
cosmetics, pesticides, detergents and soaps, plastic
materials, drugs and medicines, sanitizing
chemicals, dyes and inks, synthetic fibers, explosives, synthetic rubbers, fertilizers,
paints, and a lot more
CHEMICAL INDUSTRYto produce
cosmetics, pesticides, detergents and soaps, plastic
materials, drugs and medicines, sanitizing
chemicals, dyes and inks, synthetic fibers, explosives, synthetic rubbers, fertilizers,
paints, and a lot more
OTHER INDUSTRIESto produce
building materials, beverages, electrical equipment, food products, furniture and fixtures, leather and
leather products, hardware, lumber products, packaging, machinery, paper and paper products,
metal products, petroleum and coal products, motor vehicles and equipment, transportation and
communications equipment, rubber products, textiles, electronic gadgets, and other products
OTHER INDUSTRIESto produce
building materials, beverages, electrical equipment, food products, furniture and fixtures, leather and
leather products, hardware, lumber products, packaging, machinery, paper and paper products,
metal products, petroleum and coal products, motor vehicles and equipment, transportation and
communications equipment, rubber products, textiles, electronic gadgets, and other products
THE ULTIMATE MARKETthe satisfaction of fundamental human needs
health, food, clothing, shelter, transportation, communication, defense, and other needs
THE ULTIMATE MARKETthe satisfaction of fundamental human needs
health, food, clothing, shelter, transportation, communication, defense, and other needs
The science of chemistry has The science of chemistry has played a great role in played a great role in
enhancing the way we live enhancing the way we live now. Because of pivotal role now. Because of pivotal role of chemistry, many consider of chemistry, many consider
it to be a central science it to be a central science from which other sciences from which other sciences
branch out.branch out.
Chemistry
Biology
Plant Sciences
Geology
Environmental Science
Health and MedicineNuclear Chemistry
Physics
Astronomy
Biochemistry
Biology
“The Central Science”
How do you think How do you think did Chemistry did Chemistry develop into develop into
what it is now?what it is now?
Chemical knowledge traces Chemical knowledge traces its origins several hundred its origins several hundred years before Christ.years before Christ.
Cite specific evidences Cite specific evidences that even early that even early
biblical events/people biblical events/people knew something knew something about chemical about chemical
processes.processes.
Sheep skin for wineSheep skin for wine
The curiosity of the early The curiosity of the early alchemists opened the gates alchemists opened the gates of discovery about materials.of discovery about materials.
The alchemists developed a lot of processes in The alchemists developed a lot of processes in science, including the invention of several science, including the invention of several crude laboratory equipment.crude laboratory equipment.
EmpedoclesEmpedocles
EmpedoclesEmpedocles
Fire
Air Earth
Water
There are There are 4 elements4 elements that that comprised all matter. Matter is comprised all matter. Matter is allegedly a combination of allegedly a combination of
FireFire, , EarthEarth, ,
WaterWater, and , and AirAir..
LeucippusLeucippus andand DemocritusDemocritus
Leucippus & DemocritusLeucippus & Democritus
Because of his great contribution in the Because of his great contribution in the advancement of scientific thought, advancement of scientific thought,
Democritus of Abdera is now immortalized Democritus of Abdera is now immortalized by this bank note of Greece. Note the by this bank note of Greece. Note the
modern symbol of the atom on the right.modern symbol of the atom on the right.
EgyptiansEgyptians
The Egyptian The Egyptian pharaohs pharaohs lived lived luxurious luxurious lives because lives because of the of the ingenuity of ingenuity of the early the early “chemists.”“chemists.”
The Egyptians had attained The Egyptians had attained real skill on the use of real skill on the use of
goldgold, , coppercopper, ,
ironiron, , leadlead, , tintin, ,
and and mercurymercury. .
They discovered or knew about the They discovered or knew about the
manufacturemanufacture of of glassglass, ,
soapsoap, , turpentineturpentine, ,
sugarsugar, , blue vitriolblue vitriol, , alumalum, , natural natural dyesdyes, and , and
pigmentspigments..
AristotleAristotle
Aristotle Aristotle ignited the curiosity ignited the curiosity of many on of many on how how to turn base to turn base metals into metals into other metalsother metals, , especially into especially into
goldgold..
AlchemyAlchemy
The chief aim of alchemy was the The chief aim of alchemy was the
transmutationtransmutation of common of common
metals metals into goldinto gold and the and the
search for the search for the alkahestalkahest, , whom they called the whom they called the
philosopher’s philosopher’s stonestone. .
In fact, in the court of many In fact, in the court of many
kings, the kings, the alchemistsalchemists occupied important places occupied important places because of their because of their
potentials topotentials to
‘‘cookcook’’ goldgold!!
King Henry VI of England, for instance, even
required the required the study of study of alchemyalchemy to all noblemen, theologians, and scholars during his time.
So chemistry originated So chemistry originated from alchemy. from alchemy.
AlchemyAlchemy was the was the empirical stage of empirical stage of chemical knowledge chemical knowledge characterized by characterized by
speculative theoriesspeculative theories..
Alchemy as a word was Alchemy as a word was coined from the Arabic coined from the Arabic
words “words “alal”, which means ”, which means
““thethe” and “” and “kīmīyakīmīya” ” from the Greek word from the Greek word
““quēmeiaquēmeia””, meaning , meaning
““black artblack art””..
ChineseChinese
The Chinese discovered the The Chinese discovered the preparation of a mixture that preparation of a mixture that
explodes once ignited, the gun explodes once ignited, the gun powder. powder.
Abu Musa Abu Musa Jabir ibn Jabir ibn Hayyam Hayyam
Arabian alchemist Arabian alchemist Abu Musa Abu Musa Jabir ibn HayyamJabir ibn Hayyam, also , also known as Abu Abdallah Jaber known as Abu Abdallah Jaber (721 – 815) or simply Geber, (721 – 815) or simply Geber, discovered several chemical discovered several chemical compoundscompounds, described , described calcinationcalcination and and reductionreduction reactions, and developed reactions, and developed methods for methods for evaporationevaporation, , sublimationsublimation, and , and crystallizationcrystallization. .
The discoveries The discoveries
of of sulfuricsulfuric and and
nitric acidsnitric acids are are attributed to him.attributed to him.
Roger Roger BaconBacon
Roger BaconRoger Bacon
believed that believed that
observation and observation and experimentationexperimentation could could bring about a greater bring about a greater understanding of the natural understanding of the natural world.world.
Robert Robert BoyleBoyle
By the 1600s, the Irish scientist By the 1600s, the Irish scientist
Robert BoyleRobert Boyle
(1627-1691) published his book (1627-1691) published his book
The Sceptical ChymistThe Sceptical Chymist stressing the importance of stressing the importance of experimentation to test ideas experimentation to test ideas obtained by reason. obtained by reason.
He pioneered in the He pioneered in the investigation of the investigation of the behavior of gases behavior of gases bringing about the bringing about the
gas lawsgas laws. .
The The Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law, for , for
instance, states that if the instance, states that if the temperature is constant, the temperature is constant, the pressure of a given quantity of a pressure of a given quantity of a gas is inversely proportional to gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies,the volume it occupies,
pV = pV = kk. .
He suggested that He suggested that basic basic pure chemicalspure chemicals
or or elementselements could be combined to could be combined to produceproduce particular particular
compoundscompounds..
Joseph Joseph Priestley Priestley
and and Antoine Antoine LaurLauréént nt
LavoisiLavoisiéérr
Then in the late 1700s, Then in the late 1700s, Joseph Joseph PriestleyPriestley (1733-1804) and (1733-1804) and
Antoine Laurént Antoine Laurént LavoisiérLavoisiér (1743 – 1794) (1743 – 1794) proved that air, one of Aristotle’s proved that air, one of Aristotle’s basic elements, was actually a basic elements, was actually a mixture of different gases, mixture of different gases, including oxygen and nitrogen.including oxygen and nitrogen.
FatherFather of of
ModernModern Chem-Chem-istryistry
John John DaltonDalton
English chemist English chemist John John DaltonDalton (1766-1844) put (1766-1844) put
forward his forward his atomic atomic theorytheory which explains which explains that all the atoms of an that all the atoms of an element are identical but element are identical but different from the atoms of different from the atoms of every other element.every other element.
Dalton’s Dalton’s Atomic Atomic SymbolsSymbols
Dalton listed around Dalton listed around
2020 elements from elements from 1803. By 1830, chemists 1803. By 1830, chemists already discovered already discovered 5555. . By the end of the 19th By the end of the 19th
century, century, 8080 elements elements were already known.were already known.
Dalton’s atomic theory Dalton’s atomic theory generated interest on the generated interest on the nature of atoms. People nature of atoms. People thought that these atoms thought that these atoms could never be split up, could never be split up, destroyed, or created. They destroyed, or created. They were thought to be minute were thought to be minute solid ball-like structures solid ball-like structures which are indestructible.which are indestructible.
Amedeo Amedeo AvogadroAvogadro
Three years later, Italian physicist Three years later, Italian physicist
Amedeo Amedeo AvogadroAvogadro (1776-1856) (1776-1856) showed that water is a showed that water is a combination of an atom of combination of an atom of oxygen and two atoms of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. This paved the way to hydrogen. This paved the way to a new idea of the existence of the a new idea of the existence of the
so-called so-called moleculesmolecules..
Sir Sir Joseph Joseph
John John ThomsonThomson
Sir Joseph John Sir Joseph John ThomsonThomson (1856-1940), a (1856-1940), a British physicist, who British physicist, who forwarded the idea, through forwarded the idea, through his cathode ray gun his cathode ray gun experiments, that there are experiments, that there are particles, particles, around 1,800 times around 1,800 times smaller than the smallest smaller than the smallest atomsatoms, which are parts of the , which are parts of the atom itself. atom itself.
He called them He called them
““electronselectrons” ” which he believed are which he believed are embedded on the embedded on the surface of the atom surface of the atom something like raisins something like raisins on a raisin bread.on a raisin bread.
Ernest Ernest Ruther-Ruther-
fordford
In 1911, further experiments In 1911, further experiments proved otherwise as proved otherwise as
Ernest Ernest RutherfordRutherford discovered that at the heart discovered that at the heart of every atom is a tiny but of every atom is a tiny but very dense very dense
““nucleusnucleus”. ”.
He believed that the He believed that the electrons simply swirl electrons simply swirl around this nucleus around this nucleus forming an electron forming an electron cloud which is largely cloud which is largely an empty space.an empty space.
Niels Niels BohrBohr
In 1913, Danish physicist In 1913, Danish physicist Neils Bohr suggested Neils Bohr suggested that the electrons spin that the electrons spin around the nucleus in around the nucleus in orbits, much like the orbits, much like the planets around the Sun. planets around the Sun. These orbits are These orbits are arranged in layers or arranged in layers or “shells”.“shells”.
James James ChadwickChadwick
another kind of particle was another kind of particle was discovered in the nucleus discovered in the nucleus
by by James James ChadwickChadwick. Because . Because these particles did not have these particles did not have charge, they were referred charge, they were referred
to as “to as “neutronsneutrons”.”.