2- apa style
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APA STYLE
Guide
American Psychological Association: Sixth Edition
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
The Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association
is the style manual of choice for writers,
editors, students, and educators in the social
and behavioral sciences.
provides invaluable guidance on all aspects
of the writing process, from the ethics of
authorship to the word choice that best reduces
bias in language.
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Well-known for its authoritative and easy-to-
use reference and citation system,
thePublication Manualalso offers guidance on
choosing the headings, tables, figures, and tone
that will result in strong, simple, and elegant
scientific communication.
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Manuscript
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
General Manuscript Guidelines
Use durable paper
Margins
Papers submitted for publication use uniform margins of 1 in. (2.54 cm)at the top, bottom, and sides of each page
theses and student papers may have a wider left-hand margin, usually
1.5 in. or 4 cm. Alignment
Left margin line justification with a ragged right margin is traditional,but full justification may be used.
Hyphenation of words is permitted only with full justification. Do not breakwords at the end of a line in a ragged-right margin document.
Double-space the main text of the document. Single-spacingmay be usedfor table titles, captions, indented quotations, footnotes, and references(BUT double-spacing is required BETWEEN references).
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Organization of a Manuscript
Title page: avoid title words "that serve no purpose," including "study" and"experiment"
Abstract: dense with information but readable; 120 words or fewer
Introduction: presents the problem and describes the research strategy
Method: detailed explanation of how the study was conducted
Results: data and analysis in sufficient detail to support the conclusionsDiscussion: if brief, it may be combined with the previous section: "Results
and Discussion" or "Results and Conclusions" are common
combined headings
References: covers all citations made in the manuscript
Appendix: includes material too distracting or bulky to include in the text
Papers written for publication then include the Author note, which states institutional
affiliations and financial acknowledgments.
Place Arabic-style page numbers (1, 2, 3) in the upper right-hand corners; number the title page.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
APA Headings
APA Style uses a unique headings system to
separate and classify paper sections. There are
5 heading levels in APA.The 6th edition of the APA manual revises and simplifies previous heading
guidelines.
Regardless of the number of levels, always use
the headings in order, beginning with level 1.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Methods (Level 1)
Site of Study (Level 2)
Participant Population (Level 2)Teachers. (Level 3)
Students. (Level 3)
Results (Level 1)
Spatial Ability (Level 2)
Test One. (level 3)
Teachers with exper ience. (Level 4)
Teachers in Training. (Level 4)
Test Two. (Level 3)Kinesthetic Ability (Level 2)
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Table
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
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Figure
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
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Quotations
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Quotations
Short quotations: Quotations of fewer than 40 wordsshould be incorporated into the text of the manuscriptand enclosed by double quotation marks.
Long quotations: Quotations of 40 words or moreshould be presented as an indented blockwithoutquotation marks. The block quote is set in about 0.5 inches (1.3 cm or 5
spaces) from the left margin and is usually double-spaced. The currentAPA editors comment, "When single-spacing
would improve readability . . . it is usually encouraged"
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Direct quotation:
Johansson (2002) pointed out that in spite of the well-
known difficulty of conducting empirical research in
human psychology, "recent investigations have supported
the validity of Erikson's theory" (p. 9).
Quotation of passage containing quotation marks:
Johansson (2002) suggested that we "ask ourselves: 'Howcan I use this treatment time to facilitate wholeness for
this person?'" (p. 10).
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Long quotation (55 words), block format, first reference to
four-author study:
Early reports were so promising that they inevitably invited skepticism, if not
scorn:
With regard to performance, preliminary data seem to show that
individuals under polyphasic and ultrashort sleep schedules canfunction at levels equal to, or higher than, when they are under
comparable amounts of monophasic sleep. It appears that
polyphasic sleep-wake schedules are a viable solution to
maintaining high levels of efficiency during continuous work
situations. (Porcu, Casagrande, Ferrara, & Bellatreccia, 1998, p. 44)
The stress penalty associated with long-term polyphasic sleep is only now
becoming evident.
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Citation
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Reference Citations in Text
If the text of a sentence includes the surname of a source, then only the
year of publication is provided in parentheses, as in this example:
Pruisner (1995) found that the use of colour did not have an impact on therecall and retention of verbal information presented in graphic form .
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
If an author's surname is not incorporated into the sentence which
refers to his or her work, then the surname, the publication year,
and the page reference (if the author was quoted directly) are
supplied within parentheses at the end of the sentence:
A later study concluded "wholists show a strong inclination to use
the mode which corresponds most nearly to their verbal-imagery
style" (Riding & Mathias, 1991, p. 389).
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Reference Citations in Text
If an author is quoted directly, then the verbatim material
should be surrounded by double quotation marks. A page
reference must be supplied at the end of the sentence. The
page reference is surrounded by parentheses. The pagenumber is preceded by the abbreviation "p.":
Riding and Mathias (1991) found that "wholists show a
strong inclination to use the mode which correspondsmost nearly to their verbal-imagery style" (p. 389).
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Reference Citations in Text
If an author's surname is not incorporated into the sentence
which refers to his or her work, then the surname, the
publication year, and the page reference (if the author was
quoted directly) are supplied within parentheses at the end ofthe sentence:
A later study concluded "wholists show a strong inclination to
use the mode which corresponds most nearly to their verbal-
imagery style" (Riding & Mathias, 1991, p. 389).
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Reference Citations in Text
First reference to a multi-author source:
Brown, Dial, Sherwood, and Fontana (1994) suggested that . . . .
Subsequent first citation per paragraph:
Brown et al. (1994) found . . . .
Second and subsequent citations per paragraph:Brown et al. found . . . .
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Reference Citations in Text
If several sources are cited at once, alphabetize the sources
by the surname of the first author. A semi-colon should
separate individual sources:
Evidence suggests that imagery improves performance on
recognition tests (Anderson & Kulhavy, 1972; Frost, 1972;
Kulhavy & Swenson, 1975; Luria, 1966).
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
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Consider these
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Reference Citations in Text
Smith (1983) compared reaction times...
In a recent study of reaction times (Smith, 1983)...
In 1983, Smith compared reaction times...
Smith and Thompson (1993) reported a similar finding...
In a recent study of aggression (Smith & Thompson, 1993)
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Reference Citations in Text
Several studies provide support for the idea that spanking is not
an effective method of disciplining preschool aged children
(Kames, 1983; Miller, 1977; Smith, 1993; Tower, 1988).
Several studies provide support for the idea that spanking is not
an effective method of disciplining preschoolers (Jones, 1993a;
Jones, 1993b). One study showed very negative effects (Jones,
1993b) while another found slightly less negative effects (Jones,
1993a).
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References
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
General Forms
Periodical:
Nonperiodical:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1994). Title
of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx.
Author, A. A. (1994). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
References to Periodicals
Journal article
Magazine
Newspaper
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
References to Periodicals
Journal article, one author:Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewitness.American
Psychologist, 48, 674-576.
Journal article, two authors:
Odom, S. L., & McEvoy, M. A. (1990). Mainstreaming at the preschoollevel: Potential barriers and tasks for the field. Topics in EarlyChildhood Special Education, 10(2), 48-61.
(10=volume number (2)=issue number; only give issue number if
each issue begins with page 1)
Winston, B. L., Reinhart, M. L., Sacker, J. R., Gottlieb, W., Oscar, B. B.,& Harris, D. P. (1983). Effect of intertrial delays on retardation inlearning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior
Processes, 9, 581-593.(Note capitalization of chapter title as compared with journal title)
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
References to Periodicals
Magazine Ar ticle:Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.
Daily Newspaper Ar ticle, No Author:
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15).
The Washington Post, p. A12.
Daily Newspaper Article, Discontinuous Pages:
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4-5.
Monthly Newspaper Article, Letter to the Edi tor:
Markovitz, M. C. (1993, May). Inpatient vs. outpatient [Letter to the editor]. APA
Monitor, p.3.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
References to Books
OneAuthor:
Shaller, G. B. (1993). The last panda. Chicago: University ofChicago Press.
Two orMore Authors, Jr. in Name, Thi rd Edition:Mitchell, T. R. , & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987).People inorganizations: An introduction to organizational behavior(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
CorporateAuthor:National Head Start Association. (1990).Head Start: The
nation's pride, a nation's challenge. Report of the SilverRibbonPanel. Alexandria, VA: Author.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
References to Books
UnknownAuthor:
The Times Atlas of the World (9th ed.). (1992). New York:
Times Books.
Editors:
Fox, R. W., & Lears, T. J. J. (Eds.). (1993). The power of
culture: Critical essays in American history. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
References to Books
EnglishTranslation of a Book:Laplace, P. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F.
W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover.(Original work published 1814)
In the text, cite the original publication date and the date ofthe translation: (Laplace, 1814/1951).
Reference to Chapter in a Edited Book:Ladd, G. W., & Coleman, C. C. (1993). Young children's
peer relationships: Forms, features, and functions. In B.Spodek (Ed.), Handbook of research on the education ofyoung children (pp. 57-76). Ames, IA: Great Books.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
References to Nonprint Sources
Film:
Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schmiechen, R. (Director). (1992).
Changing our minds: The story of Evelyn Hooker [Film].
(Available from Changing Our Minds, Inc., 170 West
End Avenue, Suite 25R, New York, NY 10023)
Television broadcast:
Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (2003, October 11). The
MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. New York and Washington,DC: Public Broadcasting Service.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
References to Nonprint Sources
Music recording:
Writer, A. (Date of Copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist ifdifferent from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording:compact disk, record, cassette, etc.]. Location: Label. (Recordingdate if different from copyright date)
Videotape:National Geographic Society (Producer). (1987). In the shadow of
Vesuvius [Videotape]. Washington, DC: National GeographicSociety.
Presentation:
Lanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the TraumaSymptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at themeeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse ofChildren, San Diego, CA.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
References to Reports
Report f rom the Government Printing Off ice (GPO):National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness
(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office.
Report fr om the Educational Resources I nformation Center (ERIC):
Mead, J.V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales thatnovice teachers bring with them (Report No., NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing,MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC DocumentReproduction Service No. ED 346 082)
Government Report not available from GPO or ERIC:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1992). Pressure ulcers in adults:Prediction and prevention (AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD:Author.
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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Article From an Online Periodical
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date ofpublication). Title of article. Title of OnlinePeriodical, volume number(issue number if
available). Retrieved fromhttp://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing theliving Web.A List Apart: For People WhoMake Websites, 149. Retrieved fromhttp://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
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Any questions?
http://www.apastyle.org/
http://sites.google.com/site/drnorizan/apa-style-
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Publication Manual of theAmerican Psychological
Association, Sixth EditionAmerican Psychological
Association
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APA STYLE Guide:
Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
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APA STYLE Guide:
Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad
Other style
Harvard Style
Vancouver Style
Chicago Style
http://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibharvard.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibvancouver.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibchicago.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibchicago.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibvancouver.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibharvard.htm -
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Terima kasih
Dr. Norizan bt. Ahmad
IPGM Kampus Pendidikan Teknikcikgu_izan@yahoo.com
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