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HRONIĈNO TROVANJE PESTICIDIMA

UZROK POJAVE TEŠKIH BOLESTI I

POREMEĆAJA ENDOKRINOG SISTEMA

(kratak prikaz nekih inostranih istraživanja)

Prisustvo pesticida u hrani vodi i vazduhu, prema istraživanjima poznatih institucija u

svetu, često dovode do pojave raka, leukemije, poremećaja u radu endokrinog sistema,

poremećaja u radu reproduktivnog sistema, nervnog sistema, slabljenja imuniteta itd, a

smatraju se i uzrokom pada nutritivne vrednosti hrane.

Ovo ne treba da čudi ako se imaju u vidu procene da se u ćelijama ljudskog tela nalazi

400-800 hemijskih supstanci koje nužno dovode do manjih ili većih zdravstvenih

poremećaja. Prema podacima Američke Agencije za zaštitu okoline (EPA) alarmantni

sadržaj pesticida u hrani na|en je u 95% namirnica na tržištu SAD (voće, povrće,

prehrambeni proizvodi, meso, mleko i njihove prera|evine) a Američki centar za

prevenciju i kontrolu bolesti je analizom krvi i mokraće kod 9.282 osobe utvrdio

prisustvo 13 pesticida od 23 na koje je vršena analiza.

UTICAJ PESTICIDA NA POJAVU

KANCEROGENIH BOLESTI

Prema izveštaju Kolumbija univerziteta (SAD) procenjuje se da 95% kancerogenih

oboljenja potiĉu iz hrane i otrova iz ĉovekovog okruženja.

Prema US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 60% herbicida, 90% fungicida

i 30% insekticida su dokazani

karcinogeni.

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NEKI PRIMERI:

Rak pluća

Državna komisija SAD na osnovu studije Nacionalnog Instituta za rak

saopštila da udisanje pesticida na bazi hlorpirifosa povećava rizik od raka pluća

Rak dojke

Više naučno-istraživačkih studija su pokazale da pesticidi i produkti njihovog raspadanja

dovode do stvaranja hormona poznatog kao LOŠ ESTROGEN koji dovodi do raka

dojke. Na osnovu ovih istraživanja proizilazi da je prevencija na delovanje pesticida

ključan aspekt borbe protiv raka dojke.

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Rak kože

Analiza 40.000 slučajeva raka evidentiranih u periodu 1981-1993 god. (država Kostarika)

ukazuje na veliki broj raka kože u područjima gde se koriste herbicidi na bazi bipiridila.

Leukemija

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Prema studiji Nacionalnog instituta za rak SAD, rizik od leukemije kod dece je šest puta

veći ako se na okućnici ili u blizini kuće koriste pesticidi bar jedanput mesečno.

Rak mozga kod dece

U području Baltimora (SAD) uočen je duplo veći broj raka mozga kod dece koja su bila

izložena delovanju insekticida koji se koriste u kući i na okućnici, a pet puta veći kod

dece koja su koristila šampone protiv vašiju na bazi Lindana.

Sarkom i rak limfnih žlezda

Studijom u vezi pojave sarkoma mekih tkiva i raka limfnih žlezda na području grada

Denvera (SAD) utvr|ena je čvrsta veza izme|u pojave ovih oboljenja i pesticida koji su

korišćeni na okućnici i u kući .

UTICAJ PESTICIDA NA RAD ENDOKRINOG

SISTEMA

Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides (EDP) su pesticidi koji negativno utiču na rad

pojedinih delova Endokrinog sistema. U literaturi se često nazivaju i Hormon

Disrupting Pesticide (HDP).

Posledice su teški zdravstveni poremećaji kao što su:

kardiovaskularne bolesti, bolesti pluća (astma, bronhitis)

gojaznost

dijabees

sterilitet, bolesti reproduktivnih organa i oboljenja fetusa

rak dojke, prostate, creva, pankreasa i drugih organa

neurodegenerativne bolesti (Parkinsonova bolest, Alchajmerova bolest, depresija,

itd)

psihološki poremećaji itd.

Posebno su opasni tzv. Lipofilni pesticidi koji se talože u masnim tkivima, a mogu se

preneti na fetus ili kroz mleko na novoro|enče sa posledicama koje se mogu uočiti tek u i

posle puberteta, mišljenje je mnogih naučnika.

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Za mnoge pesticide je utvr|eno da deluju estrogeno i/ili antiandrogeno, u veoma malim

koncentracijama ( 10-6

M do 10-11

M), gde je M = molekulska težina pesticida.

U eksperimentima na miševima veoma male doze pesticida su imale efekat na estrogen.

Tako je 0,5 mikrograma Metoksihlora dnevno izazvalo ubrazan pubertet, a potom i

ubrzan sterilitet.

Prema studiji Univerziteta u Vašingtonu pad nataliteta počinje 50-tih godina prošlog

veka, kada i počinje masovna primena pesticida u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji (rezultati

ovih istraživanja objavljeni su prošle godine). Na osnovu njih izveden je zaključak da se

izazvani poremećaj u hormonskom sistemu kod roditelja prenosi i na potomke sve do

četvrte generacije, mada nisu uočene promene na DNA. U ovom eksperimentu na

miševima korišćen je i nama dobro poznati pesticid Vinkozolin.

Prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku pad nataliteta u Srbiji, tako|e počinje

50-ih godina prošlog veka kada je počela ozbiljnija primena pesticida kod nas.

Brojna ispitivanja u zemljama Zapada (61 studija) daju povod za strah naučnika da će

muškarci do 2035 god. izgubiti moć oplodnje jer će kvalitet i broj spermatozoida u

spermi pasti ispod granice koja omogućuje oplodnju jajne ćelije. Prema istim

ispitivanjima impotencija i frigidnost su 12 puta češći kod osoba izloženih dejstvu

pesticida.

Naučnike tako|e brine i opasnost blokiranja androgenih receptora od strane pesticida i

drugih industrijskih hemikalija, jer mogu dovesti do znatnog smanjenja muške

populacije.

Način delovanja nekih pesticida na endokrini sistem dat je u sledećoj tabeli:

Persistent organohalogens

Compound(s) Hormone system

affected

Mechanism if

knonjn References

Benzenehexachloride

(BHC) Thyroid

Akhtar et al. 1996

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1,2-dibromoethane Reproductive Brittebo et al. 1987

Chloroform Reproductive Brittebo et al. 1987

Dioxins and furans

(in order of antiestrogenic potency : 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin > 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran > 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-furan > 1,2,3,7,9-pentachlorodibenzofuran > 1,3,6,8-tetrachlo-rodibenzofuran)

Estrogen

njork as anti-estrogen through binding njith Ah receptor, njhich then inhibits estrogen receptor binding to estrogen response elements, thereby inhibiting estrogen action

Krishnan and Safe 1993

Klinge et al. 1999

Octachlorostyrene Thyroid Sandan et al. 2000

PBBs Estrogen/ Thyroid Bahn et al. 1980

PCBs

(in order of antiestrogenic potency: 3,3' -pentachlorobiphenyl > 3,3,4,4,5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4-tetrachlorobiphenyl > 2,3,3',4,4',5'-hexa, 2,3,3',4,4'- and 2,3,4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl > Aroclors 1221, 1232. 1248, 1254, and 1260 njere inactive as antiestrogens at the highest concentrations used in this study (10-6 Ni)

Estrogen/androgen/Thyroid

Adverse outcomes in reproductive systems.

Inhibits estrogen binding to the receptor; njorks as anti-estrogen.

anti-androgenic via Ah receptor interaction

Korach et al. 1988

PCB, hydroxylated Thyroid

Binds to thyroid hormone binding protein, but not to the thyroid hormone receptor.

Cheek et al. 1999

PBDEs Thyroid

Interfere njith thyroxine (T4) binding njith transthryetin

Ilonka et al. 2000

Pentachlorophenol Thyroid

Reduces thyroid hormone possibly through a direct effect on the thyroid gland.

Bear et al. 1999

Food Antioxidant

Compound Hormone

system affected Mechanism References

Butylated

hydroxyanisole (BHA) Estrogen

Inhibits binding to the estrogen receptor.

Jobling et al. 1995

Pesticide (for information organized by pesticide class)

Compound

Hormone

system

affected

Mechanism References

Acetochlor Thyroid (decrease of thyroid hormone levels, increase in TSH)

Hurley et al. 1998

Alachlor

Thyroid (decrease of thyroid hormone levels, increase in TSH)

NJilson et al. 1996

Aldrin Estrogen Binds to estrogen receptors; competes

Jorgenson 2001

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njith estradiol.

Allethrin, d-trans Estrogen Go et al. 1999

Amitrol Thyroid

Thyroid peroxidase inhibitors; inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

Hurley et al. 1998

Atrazine

Neuroendocrine-pituitary (depression of LH surge), testosterone metabolism.

Inhibits ligand binding to androgen and estrogen receptors.

Danzo 1997

Carbaryl Estrogen and progesterone

Klotz et al. 1997

Chlofentezine Thyroid Enhances secretion of thyroid hormone.

Hurley et al. 1998

Chlordane Testosterone and progesterone

NJillingham et al. 2000

Cypermethrin Disruption of reproductive function

Moore and NJaring 2001

DDT Estrogen

DDT and related compounds act in a number of njays to disrupt endocrine function by binding njith the estrogen receptor, including estrogen mimickry and antagonism, altering the pattern of synthesis or metabolism of hormones, and (4) modifying hormone receptor levels

Soto et al. 1994

DDT Metabolite, p,p'-DDE Androgen

Inhibits androgen binding to the androgen receptor, androgen-induced transcriptional activity, and androgen action in developing, pubertal and adult male rats.

Kelce 1995

Dicofol (Kelthane) Estrogen Vinggaard et al. 1999

Dieldrin Estrogen Binds to estrogen receptor;competes njith estradiol.

Soto et al. 1994

Endosulfan Estrogen Soto et al. 1994, Soto et al. 1995

Ethylene thiourea Thyroid Thyroid peroxidase inhibitor.

Hurley et al. 1998

Fenarimol Estrogen Estrogen receptor agonist.

Vinggaard et al. 1999

Fenbuconazole Thyroid Enhances secretion of thyroid hormone.

Hurley et al. 1998

Fenitrothion Antiandrogen Competitive androgen receptor antagonist.

Tamura et al. 2001

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Fenvalerate Estrogen Go et al. 1999

Fipronil Thyroid Enhances secretion of thyroid hormone.

Hurley et al. 1998

Heptachlor Thyroid Akhtar et al. 1996

Heptachlor-epoxide Thyroid/Reproductive Metabolite of heptachlor

Reuber 1987

Iprodione Inhibition of testosterone synthesis

Benhamed 1996

Karate Thyroid

A decrease of thyroid hormone in serum; direct effect on the thyroid gland?

Akhtar et al. 1996

Kepone (Chlordecone) Estrogen

Displays androgen and estrogen receptor-binding affinities.

NJaller et al. 1996

Ketoconazole Effects on reproductive systems

Marty et al. 1999

Lindane

(Hexachlorocyclohexane

)

Estrogen/Androgen

Inhibits ligand binding to androgen and estrogen receptors.

Danzo 1997

Linuron Androgen Androgen receptor antagonist.

NJaller et al. 1996

Malathion Thyroid

Significant decrease of thyroid hormone in serum, njith perhaps a direct effect on the thyroid gland.

Akhtar et al. 1996

Mancozeb Thyroid Thyroid peroxidase inhibitors.

Hurley et al. 1998

Maneb Thyroid

The metabolite ethylenthiourea inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

Toppari et al. 1995

Methomyl Thyroid Porter et al. 1993

Methoxychlor Estrogen

Through mechanisms other than receptor antagonism. Precise mechanism still unclear.

Pickford and Morris 1999

Metribuzin Thyroid Porter et al. 1993

Mirex

Antiandrogenic activity; inhibits production of LH. Potentially thyroid.

Chen et al. 1986

Nitrofen Thyroid

Structural similarities to the thyroid hormones; nitrofen or its metabolite may have thyroid hormone activities.

Stevens and Summer 1991

Nonachlor, trans- Estrogen Estrogen receptor agonist?

NJillingham et al. 2000

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Oxychlordane Reproductive Guillette et al. 1999

Pendimethalin Thyroid Enhances secretion of thyroid hormone.

Hurley et al. 1998

Pentachloronitrobenzene Thyroid Enhances secretion of thyroid hormone.

Hurley et al. 1998

Permethrin Estrogenic Go et al. 1999

Procymidone Androgen Androgen receptor antagonist.

Ostby et al. 1999

Prodiamine Thyroid Enhances secretion of thyroid hormone.

Hurley et al. 1998

Pyrimethanil Thyroid Enhances secretion of thyroid hormone.

Hurley et al. 1998

Sumithrin Androgen Go et al. 1999

Tarstar Thyroid

A decrease of thyroid hormone in serum; direct effect on the thyroid gland?

Akhtar et al. 1996

Thiazopyr Thyroid Enhances secretion of thyroid hormone.

Hurley et al. 1998

Thiram

Neuroendocrine-pituitary (depression of LH surge), thyroid (decrease of T4, increase of TSH)

Stoker et al. 1993

Toxaphene Estrogen/ Thyroid Soto et al. 1994

Triadimefon Estrogen Estrogen receptor agonist.

Vinggaard et al. 1999

Triadimenol Estrogen Estrogen receptor agonist

Vinggaard et al. 1999

Tributyltin Reproductive Horiguchi et al. 2000

Trifluralin

Reproductive/ Metabolic

Ranjlings et al. 1998

Vinclozolin Androgen

Anti-androgenic. (Competes njith androgens for the androgen receptor (AR), inhibits AR-DNA binding, and alters androgen-dependent gene expression.)

Soto et al. 1994

Zineb Thyroid

The metabolite ethylenthiourea inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

Toppari et al. 1995

Ziram Thyroid

Inhibits the iodide peroxidase. Structural similarities betnjeen ziram and thiram; ziram can be metabolized to thiram in the environment.

Marinovich et al. 1997

Phthalate

Compound Hormones

affected Mechanism

Reference

s

http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#guilletteetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#guilletteetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#pentachloronitrobenzenehttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#goetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#ostbyetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#ostbyetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#goetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#goetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#akhtaretal1996http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#akhtaretal1996http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#hurleyetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#thiramhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#stokeretal1993http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#stokeretal1993http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#toxaphenehttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#sotoetal1994http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#sotoetal1994http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#vinggaardetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#vinggaardetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#vinggaardetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#vinggaardetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#horiguchietal2000http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#horiguchietal2000http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#trifluralinhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#rawlingsetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#rawlingsetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#sotoetal1994http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#sotoetal1994http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#zinebhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#topparietal1995http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#topparietal1995http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#ziramhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#marinovichetal1997http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#marinovichetal1997

14

Butyl benzyl phthalate

(BBP) Estrogen

Inhibits binding to the estrogen receptor

Jobling et al. 1995

Di-n-butyl phthalate

(DBP)

Estrogen

Androgen

Inhibits binding to the estrogen receptor.

anti-androgenic

Jobling et al. 1995

Di-ethylhexyl phthalate

(DEHP)

Estrogen

Androgen

Inhibits binding to the estrogen receptor.

anti-androgenic

Jobling et al. 1995

Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Estrogen Harris et al. 1997

Other Compounds

Compound Hormones

affected Mechanism References

Benzophenone Estrogen

Binds njeakly to estrogen receptors, roles of its metabolite remain to be clarified.

Schlumpf et al. 2001

Bisphenol A Estrogen Estrogenic; binds to estrogen receptor

Fisher et al. 1999

Bisphenol F Estrogen Estrogenic; b inds to estrogen receptor

Perez et al. 1998

Benzo(a)pyrene Androgen anti-androgenic Thomas 1990

Carbendazim Reproductive Gray et al. 1990

Ethane Dimethane

Sulphonate Reproductive

Gray et al. 1999

Perfluorooctane

sulfonate

(PFOS)

Thyroid, reproductive suppression of T3,T4; mechanism unknonjn

3M data

Nonylphenol, octylphenol Estrogen Estrogen receptor agonists; reduces estradiol binding to the estrogen receptor.

Soto et al. 1991

Lascombe et al. 2000

Resorcinol Thyroid Lindsay et al. 1989

Styrene dimers and

trimers Estrogen Estrogen receptor agonists

Ohyama et al. 2001

Metals

Compound Hormones

affected Mechanism

Reference

s

Arsenic Glucocorticoid

Selective inhibition of DNA transcription normally stimulated by the glucocorticoid-GR complex.

Kaltreider et al. 2001

Cadmium Estrogenic

Activates estrogen receptor through an interaction njith the hormone-binding domain of the receptor.

Stoica et al. 2000

Lead Reproductive Telisman et al. 2000

http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#BBPhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#BBPhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#joblingetal1995http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#DBPhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#DBPhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#joblingetal1995http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#joblingetal1995http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#joblingetal1995http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#DEHPhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#DEHPhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#joblingetal1995http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#joblingetal1995http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#harrisetal1997http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#harrisetal1997http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#harrisetal1997http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#benzophenonehttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#schlumpfetal2001http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#schlumpfetal2001http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#schlumpfetal2001http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#bisphenolahttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#fisheretal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#fisheretal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#perezetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#perezetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#perezetal1998http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#benzoapyrenehttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#thomas1990http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#grayetal1990http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#grayetal1990http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#grayetal1990http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#grayetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#grayetal1999http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/PFOS/2001-04pfosproblems.htmhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/PFOS/2001-04pfosproblems.htmhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/PFOS/2001-04pfosproblems.htmhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#phenolbutylhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#sotoetal1991http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#sotoetal1991http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#lascombeetal2000http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#lascombeetal2000http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#lascombeetal2000http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#lindsay1989http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#lindsay1989http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#lindsay1989http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/styrene/2001ohyamaetal.htmhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/styrene/2001ohyamaetal.htmhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/styrene/2001ohyamaetal.htmhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#arsenitehttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/2001kaltreideretal.htmhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/2001kaltreideretal.htmhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/2001kaltreideretal.htmhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Basics/chemuses.htm#cadmiumhttp://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#stoicaetal2000http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#stoicaetal2000http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#stoicaetal2000http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#telismanetal2000http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#telismanetal2000

15

Mercury

Reproductive/ Thyroid

Facemire et al. 1995

Prema Holandskoj studiji (posmatrano 836 braĉnih parova) mogućnost da dobiju dete

ĉetiri puta je manja kod bračnih parova kod kojih je muž izložen delovanju pesticida.

Ako se trudnica izloži delovanju pesticida od 3 do 8 nedelje trudnoće, postoji skoro 100%

verovatnoća da će roditi dete sa uro|enim manama koje mogu dovest i do smrti deteta.

Pesticidi na bazi organofosfata i karbamata blokiraju aktivnost enzima

HOLINESTERAZE. Posledice po ljudsko zdravlje nije potrebno posebno navoditi .

[panski naučnici smatraju da Dijabetes - tip 2 i Gojaznost nastaju tako što se u jetri pod

uticajem pesticida hiperprodukuje šećer.

Porast broja obolelih zemljoradnika od Dijabetesa - tip 2 za 53% u SAD - Minesota,

Montana, Severna i Južna Dakota (period 1988-1999) posledica je primene herbicida,

zaključak je istraživačkog tima.

Mnoge studije pokazuju negativan uticaj pesticida na imunitet. U jednoj studiji uočeno je

smanjenje antitela za 70% kod izlaganja pesticidima kao što su kaptan, lindan i malation,

kao i znatno smanjenje sekundarnog imuniteta.

Najnovija naučna istraživanja menjaju predstavu o genetskim bolestima. Naime naučnici

su došli do zaključka da pesticidi koji deluju na Endokrini sistem, u stvari, pogrešno

usmeravaju dobre gene koje smo nasledili od roditelja i da nije reč o naslednim

bolestima.

UTICAJ PESTICIDA NA ZDRAVLJE DECE

U 1997 god. kancer je postao treći po redu uzroĉnik smrti dece o 1-19 godine u SAD,

objavilo je Američko udruženje za rak 2000 god.

Izlaganje delovanju neurotoksiĉnih pesticida (organofosfati, organohloridi, karbamati,

sintetički piretroidi i neki herbicidi) dovodi do ozbiljnih i dugoročnih poremećaja

mentalnog i motoriĉkog zdravlja deteta( agresivnost, slabo učenje,pad inteligencije i

pamćenja,emocionalni problemi itd, zaključci su mnogih studija.

Studija iz Meksika to najbolje ilustruje na sledećem crtežu:

http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#facemireetal1995http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Sources/chemsources.htm#facemireetal1995

16

UTICAJ PESTICIDA NA NUTRITIVNU VREDNOST HRANE

Pesticidi nesumnjivo utiču na kvalitet hrane. Danas već postoje simulacioni modeli na

osnovu kojih naučnici predvi|aju kakva će se hrana dobiti ako se u proizvodnji te hrane

koristi odabrana grupa pesticida. ^ak šta više mnogi naučnici smatraju da pesticidi

dovode do genetske modifikacije biljaka na isti način na koji pesticidi dovode do

genetskih promena kod čoveka.

Studije Američkih nutricionista nedvosmisleno potvr|uju da pesticidi smanjuju nutritivnu

vrednost hrane. Tako Američka studija za 12 vrsta povrća pokazuje da je u periodu 1975-

1997 god došlo do pada nutritivnih vrednosti i to:

Kalcijuma za 27%, Gvož|a za 37%, Vitamina A za 21%, Vitamina C za 30%

Studija iz 1997 god u vezi nutritivne vrednosti paradajiza pokazuje pad sadržaja

Kalcijuma sa 71 na 13 mg, Magnezijuma sa 109 na 14 mg i Gvož|a sa 29,8 na 0,5 mg, uz

pad sadržaja vitamina i drugih hranljivih materija (nisu navedene vrednosti). Zaključak

studije: uzrok za smanjenje nutritivnih vrednosti hrane jeste primena pesticida u

poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji.

Sa druge strane Studija Američkog Hemijskog Društva pokazuje da je sadržaj minerala i

vitamina u hrani proizvedenoj bez upotrebe pesticida (Ekološki= Organski metod

proizvodnje) tzv ZDRAVA HRANA, u odnosu na hranu proizvedenu uz upotrebu

pesticida znatno veći. Tako zdrava hrana sadrži 63% više Kalcijuma, 118% više Hroma,

178% više Magnezijuma, 91% više Molibdena, 125% više Fosfora, 60% više Kalijuma,

više Cinka, kvalitetnih belančevina i amino kiselina. Zaključak ove studije je da pesticidi

pored ostalog sprečavaju stvaranje fenolnih jedinjenja važnih za zdravlje biljaka i

zdravlje ljudi.

Danski naučnici su došli do zaključka da pesticidi sprečavaju stvaranje Flavonoida

važnih supstanci u borbi protiv opakih bolesti.

Veliki broj Studija i naučnika smatraju da se čovek radi opstanka i zdravlja mora što pre

vratiti zdravoj hrani.

INTERAKCIJE LEKOVA I PESTICIDA

Ovo je oblast kojoj se sve više posvećuje pažnja u naučnim i medicinskim krugovima u

svetu zbog toga što hemijske reakcije izme|u pesticida i lekova u organizmu mogu da

izazovu ozbiljne zdravstvene probleme.

Navodim rezultate dve studije :

1. Ako se bolesnicima od Majastenije gravis, koji koriste preparat protiv komaraca na

bazi deet -a i permetrina (kod nas AUTAN ), daje lek na bazi piridostigminbromida

mogu nastupiti ozbiljni problemi i dugoročno negativni efekt na zdravlje bolesnika.

2. Lek za čir na želudcu Tagamet reagujući sa pesticidima na bazi organofosfata stvara

opasne neuro i imuno toksine, koji dugoročno ugrožavaju zdravlje bolesnika.

17

ZAKLJUĈNA RAZMATRANJA

U svetu se danas sve ozbiljnije shvata opasnost od pesticida po ljudsko zdravlje, bez

obzira da li je reĉ o kratkoroĉnom izlaganju većim ili dugoroĉnom izlaganju

manjim dozama pesticida jer su posledice iste -ozbiljno narušavanje zdravlja.

Mnoge društvene grupe, a naročito lekari smatraju da su države nesposobne da zaštite

stanovništvo od pogubnog delovanja pesticida i drugih štetnih hemikalija, jer daju

prednost ekonomskim interesima države nad zdravstvenim interesima stanovništva.

U mnogim razvijenim zemljama formirana su brojna društva sa osnovnim ciljem da se

stanovništvo a naročito deca i trudnice zaštite od pesticida i drugih štetnih hemikalija.

Pomenuću me|udržavnu grupu CASCADE koju čine naučnici iz 9 država EU i koja

proučava delovanje pesticida na endokrini i reproduktivni sistem; National Resourse

Defence Council u SAD sa više od 400.000 članova, National Research Council-SAD, Nortnjest coalition for alternatives to pesticide-SAD i brojna udruženja na nacionalnom nivou u svim razvijenim zemljama, čiji je osnovni zadatak da daju predloge

državnim organima i drugim institucijama radi što bezbednije primene ili zabrane

upotrebe pojedinih pesticida i da upozoravaju stanovništvo na štetne posledice upotrebe

pesticida i hrane zatrovane pesticidima.Zahvaljujući ovakvim društvima došlo je do

snažnog razvoja alternativnih preparata za zaštitu bilja i proizvodnje zdrave hrane.

Ugroženost našeg naroda zbog hronične izloženosti dejstvu pesticida nije kod nas

izučavana, bar koliko je meni poznato, ali sigurno nije ništa manja nego u razvijenim

zemljama.

PREDLOZI

1. Da se i kod nas na etiketi ili uputstvu za upotrebu pesticida, istaknu njegova

neželjena dejstva (usled akutnog i hroniĉnog trovanja) kao što je već odavno praksa

kod lekova za humanu upotrebu, kozmetičkih preparata i proizvoda od duvana, i ako

lekove koristi onaj ko je bolestan, kozmetička sredstva ograničen broj ljudi, duvan tako|e

koristi ograničen broj ljudi, a hranu, vodu i vazduh SVI.

2. Da se preporuĉi Ministarstvu poljoprivrede da podstakne i finansijski podrži

razvoj novih za ĉoveka bezopasnih pesticida kako to već dugo vremena rade mnoge

države a naroĉito razvijene zemlje, novih metoda zaštite bilja i oživljavanje

tradicionalnih a zaboravljeni metoda zaštite bilja.

3. Da se osnuje DRUŠTVO ZA ZAŠTITU NARODNOG ZDRAVLJA ovog ili

sliĉnog naziva, ĉiji bi zadatak bio da se, uz pomoć nauke i autoriteta ĉlanova, bori

18

protiv narušavanja zdravlja ljudi pesticidima i drugim po zdravlje opasnim

hemikalijama.

Procenjujem da bi ovo DRUŠTVO imalo veliku podršku pojedinaca razliĉitog

profila, preduzeća zainteresovanih za proizvodnju zdrave hrane, vladinog sektora,

politiĉkih partija, naroĉito ako bi u njegovom radu bili angažovani istaknuti ĉlanovi

Srpskog lekarskog društva, Srpskog hemijskog društva, Univerzitetski

profesori,Eksperti za zaštitu bilja i istaknuti pojedinci iz nauke, sporta i umetnosti.

4. Da se preporuči Ministarstvu zdravlja da institucijalno uspostavi uticaj na primenu

pesticida u poljoprivredi i domaćinstvu, to jest da se pesticidi ne mogu koristiti bez

saglasnosti Ministarstva zdravlja.

5. Da se preporuči Ministarstvu poljoprivrede intenziviranje napora u promovisanju i

finansijskoj podršci proizvodnji zdrave hrane,to jest hrane bez upotrebe pesticida

(Ekološki= Organski metod proizvodnje).