2013-2014 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW

1-5 BRANCHES OF EARTH SCIENCEOceanographyMeteorologyEcologyGeologyAstronomy

2-SAFETY IN THE SCIENCE LAB- COMMON SENSE

HYPOTHESIS- possibleexplanation for a problem

THEORY- an explanation that is based on experimentationand supported by a largequantity of evidence

LAW-widely accepted as a fact,based on repeated observations

3. HOW DID THE DINOSAURS BECOME EXTINCT?

3. EVIDENCE OF METEORITE IMPACT1- high concentration of IRIDIUM in rocks that are 65 million yrs old

2- no dinosaur fossils after 65mya

3- layer of soot from worldwide wildfires

4- shocked quartz at impact sites

4. CALCULATE HOURS OF DAYLIGHT SUNRISE 7:07 a.m. SUNSET 5:13 p.m.

_____________hours _______________ minutes

5. LABEL THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH

oceanOceanic crust

Continental crust

lithosphereMOHO

Upper mantle- rigid

Upper Mantle- fluid

Lower Mantle

STATISTICS OF THE EARTHCircumference= 40,000 km

25,000 miles

Diameter = 12,800 km 8,000 miles

LITHOSPHERE

ASTHENOSPHERE

MOHO

MAG

NETO

SPHERE

The source of theEarth’s magnetic field is the liquid IRON & NICKEL in the Outer Core

TEXT

Page 29

7. OBLATE SPHERO

ID

40 000 km

8. EARTH IS AN OPEN SYSTEM WITH REGARD TO ENERGY AND CLOSED WITH MASS

9 WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM?

9 WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE EARTH SYSTEM?

1- the SUN

2- mantle convection

3. Radioactive decay

4. Gravity

10. WHAT IS A RESERVOIR?

10. WHAT IS A RESERVOIR?A place where matter or energy is stored for a long period of time

CARBON- BiosphereNitrogen-AtmospherePhosphorus- GeosphereWater- Hydrosphere

11. CREATE 2 FOOD CHAINS

12. FOOD CHAIN VS. FOOD WEB

12. FOOD CHAIN VS. FOOD WEBFood Chain- one possible path for

matter/energy

Food Web- shows every feeding relationship

ECOSYSTEMS CONSUMERS

PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

CARNIVORES

How do ecosystems respond to change?

13- LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Latitude= degrees N

or S of the Equator 69 miles (111 km)

between each degree

90⁰ degrees = Poles

Longitude = degrees E or W of Prime Meridian (Greenwich)

Lines meet at poles, get closer as move N or S

13. DIVISION OF A DEGREE There are ___________ minutes in a degree,

and ____________ degrees in a circle Latitude measures ____ and ____ of the

_______ Longitude measure ___ and ____ of the

______ ____________ which runs through ____________

Latitude measures up to ___________ which represents the _______

Longitude measures as high as __________ The coordinates of the North Pole are

_________ and the South Pole ______________

13. DIVISION OF A DEGREE There are ___60_____ minutes in a degree,

and _____360_____ degrees in a circle Latitude measures _N__ and __S_ of the

equator__ Longitude measure _E and _W_ of the

_Prime_ __Meridian__ which runs through _Greenwich, England___

Latitude measures up to ______90⁰___ which represents the Poles__

Longitude measures as high as ___180⁰___ The coordinates of the North Pole

are___90⁰N_ and the South Pole ______90⁰S____

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

If it is Monday here….What day is it here?

CONTOUR MAPS SHOW ELEVATION CONTOUR INTERVAL- distance between lines

INDEX CONTOUR- every 5th line, drawn in bold print, makes it easier to read the map

CARTOGRAPHY- map making

RELIEF- difference between highest and lowest elevation

GEOMAGNETIC NORTH- magnetic north pole, where a compass points

CONTOUR

MAP

MAP LEGEND

Explains symbols used on map and the Scale.

SCALE – the relationship betweenDistance on a map and distance onEarth.

FRACTIONAL 1: 25 000

GRAPHIC- a bar

VERBAL - one inch equals one mileCOMPASS ROSE

Geographic North

Magnetic North Pole

16. WHY DO WE HAVE SEASONS? TILT 23.5 degrees

Revolution-3651/4 day

Leap Year

Parallelism

17. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PLATE TECTONICS

17. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PLATE TECTONICS1- matching shapes of continents2- fossil evidence3- similar rock type4- mountain ranges continue across oceans

5- climate change6- earthquake and volcanic activity7- sea floor spreading8- Paleomagnetism

17. EARTHQUAKES

SEA FLOOR SPREADING : See p 243

As magma rises through rifts in the ocean floor, it captures themagnetic orientation of the age.Rocks closer to the rift areyounger. Rocks further from the Rift are older.

Harry Hess

Confirmed Wegener’s hypothesis

17. PLATE TECTONICS Alfred Wegener

Similar fossils on widely separated continents

Similar rock types or mountain ranges

Shape of coastlines

Sea floor spreading

Paleo- magnetism

17. PLATE TECTONICS

PANGAEA

PANTHALASSA

19. THE SUPERCONTINENT CYCLEThe supercontinent cycle is a geologic cycle where the Earth's continents alternatively merge into a single supercontinent, split into numerous continents, then merge again. The cycle is estimated to be 300 - 500 million years long.

20. PLATE BOUNDARIESDIVERGENT BOUNDARY- magma rises through rift between platesEx: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY- platesCollide, form trenches, mtn rangesEx: Pacific Ring of Fire

TRANSFORM BOUNDARY- two plates Slide past each other laterallyEx: San Andreas Fault

20 HOT SPOT VOLCANISM

TRANSFORM FAULT-

Someday Los Angeles will

Be NORTH WEST of

San Francisco!

RIDGE PUSH

CONVECTION CURRENTS DRIVE PLATE MOVEMENT

21. EARTHWEEK

22. SEISMIC WAVES

22. HOW DO SEISMOLOGISTS PINPOINT THE EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUAKE?

23, 24, 25,26. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

*Dinosaurs extinct- Meteoriteimpact

4600PRECAMBRIAN-88%

6%

4% * Pangea

formed

27, 28. FOSSILS FORM AND EXAMPLESMummificationFreezingPetrificationTar SeepsAmber

Cast/moldCoproliteGastrolithHard partPetrified remains

29 & 30MINERAL FAMILIES

SolidNaturally

occurringDefinite

chemical composition

InorganicCrystal system

SILICATE- 96% NON-SILICATE- 4%

WAYS TO

IDEN

TIFY AN U

NKN

OW

N

MIN

ERAL

COLOR is NOT a good way to identify a mineral.

1. Many minerals have the same color.

2. Some minerals come in a variety of colors.

3. Weathering can change color of a mineral

Tests or Properties that identify Minerals

LusterCleavage/FractureDensityHardness (Moh’s Scale p

111)Crystal SystemStreakFluorescenceRadioactivityDouble RefractionMagnetism

31. IGNEOUS ROCKS- “FROM FIRE”

From LAVA =EXTRUSIVEFine grained

From MAGMA =INTRUSIVECoarse grained

32. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

33. METAMORPHIC ROCKSCONTACT Metamorphism- when hot magma or fluids bake nearby rocks- small area

REGIONAL m.- when tectonic plates move, great heat & pressure, minerals line up in bands –widespread

34. ROCK CYCLE- ANY ROCK CAN TURN INTO ANY OTHER KIND OF ROCK

ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY

P 295

20 VOLCANOES

What is pyroclastic material?

20 ICELANDIC VOLCANOES-MID-OCEAN RIDGE