201005003+project seminar+report

Download 201005003+Project Seminar+Report

If you can't read please download the document

Upload: prakashraja

Post on 07-Apr-2015

253 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

TRANSCRIPT

Strategies for 3E Generation BuildingsHari Om GuptaProposing a Building typology which shall meet the 3E Criteria i.e. Zero Energy, Zero Emission & Responsive to Ecology to attain the energy security without increasing the carbon footprint of future developments. Strategies which shall be needed to achieve such a building. This Seminar report talks about various aspects of 3E generation Buildings. Starting from the literature study, definition of associated concepts, Case Studies regarding 3E and strategies for achieving such buildings, Also Indian suitability of such a building typology, Case studies, Challenges and opportunities relating to 3E generation Buildings.

Project Seminar

I

Second Semester, MBEM School of Planning & Architecture New Delhi, India. 3/1/2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

2

Chapters: Strategies for 3E Generation Buildings 1. Introduction. 1.1. Context/Need. 1.2. Aim. 1.3. Objective. 1.4. Methodology. 1.5. Scope. 2. Literature Study. 2.1. Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition, P. Torcellini, S. Pless, and M. Deru, NREL, D. Crawley U.S. DOE. 2.2. Net Zero-Energy Buildings, Prof. Karsten Voss, University Wuppertal. 2.3. Seeking Zero Energy Roger Frechette, Russell Gilchrist, SOM. 2.4. Case Study of Net Zero City - Qatar Aerospace City Mr. Varun Kohli. 2.5. Carbon Emissions Commitments and Obligations. 2.5.1. Goals 2012. 2.5.2. Goals 2020. 2.5.3. Goals 2050. 3. 3E Generation Buildings. 3.1. Zero Energy Buildings/Projects. 3.2. Energy Positive Buildings/Projects. 3.3. Zero Carbon Emission Buildings/Projects. 3.4. Ecology Responsive Buildings/Projects. 3.5. Defining 3E Generation Buildings. 3.6. Advantages and Disadvantages of 3E Generation Buildings. 4. Case Studies. 4.1. Pearl River Tower, Ghonghzou, China. 4.2. Elithis Tower, Paris, France. 4.3. The Audubon Centre, Debs Park, Los Angeles, US. 4.4. The Lighthouse, BRE, London, UK. 4.5. PTM Zero Energy Office (ZEO) Building, Malaysia. 4.6. Department of Energy Sciences and Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai. 4.7. Spire Edge, Manesar, Gurgaon, IndiaHari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

3

5. How to achieve 3E Generation Buildings. 5.1. Strategies for Zero Energy Buildings. 5.1.1. Reduction. 5.1.1.1. 5.1.1.2. Passive Measures. Active Measures.

5.1.2. Absorption. 5.1.2.1. 5.1.2.2. 5.1.2.3. Wind Power. Solar Power. Geo Thermals.

5.1.3. Reclamation. 5.1.3.1. 5.1.3.2. 5.1.3.3. Hot and Cold Recovery Systems. Combined Heat and Power. Solar Trigeneration.

5.1.4. Generation. 5.1.4.1. 5.1.4.2. Micro Turbines. Hydel Power.

5.1.5. New Technologies/Ideas. 5.2. Strategies for Zero Emission Buildings. 5.3. Strategies for Ecologically responsive Buildings. 6. Indian Context. 6.1. Introduction. 6.1.1. Renewable Technologies. 6.1.1.1. 6.1.1.2. Solar Energy. Wind Energy.

6.1.2. Sensitive Architeural design and construction processes. 6.1.3. Green Roofing Technologies. 6.2. Technologies/products Available. 6.3. Case Studies. 6.3.1. Rabi Rashmi Abashan Housing Complex, Kolkata. 6.3.2. Suzlon One Earth, Pune. 6.4. Legislation in context. 6.4.1. Energy Conservation Building Code. 6.4.2. TERI Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment. 7. Summary, Conclusion and Suggestions.Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

4

Annexure I Products/Technologies available in India. Bibliography/References.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

5

Context/ Need: Construction Industry in India is one of the rapidly growing sectors and contributes significantly to the nations economy. The sector contributes 10% to the Indian GDP. Indian construction sector is growing at a rate of 9.2%, as against worlds average of 5.5%. Buildings annually consume more than 20% of electricity used in India. Rising population, increasing standard of living and rapid urbanisation result in an increase in building construction activities. This will demand a larger share of energy available in an already strained energy supply scenario. About 75% of the electricity consumed in India is generated by thermal power plants, 21% by hydroelectric power plants and 4% by nuclear power plants. Thus 75% Electricity is obtained by burning fossil fuels, which produce Carbon Dioxide and other green house gases responsible for Global Warming. India contributed 2.63% to the global CO2 emissions in 1990 which rose to 4.07% in 2003, an increase of 155%. In the same time frame USA registered no growth in the CO2 emissions. The Government of India has an ambitious mission of POWER FOR ALL BY 2012. This mission would require that the installed generation capacity should be at least 200,000 MW by 2012 from the present level of 144,564.97 MW. Power requirement will double by 2020 to 400,000MW. This is mostly being obtained from burning Fossil fuels, which will further increase Indias share in global carbon emissions. The Copenhagen Summit requires India to cut carbon emission intensity by 2025% below 2005 levels by 2020, for slowing down the Global Warming phenomenon. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that the global mean temperature may rise between 1.4 and 5.8 degree Celsius by 2100. This Unprecedented increase is expected to have severe impacts on the global hydrological systems, ecosystems, sea level, crop production and related processes. This Impact would be particularly severe in the tropical areas of all the countries including India. The biology of life operates within a certain range of temperatures. Due to Global Warming and related phenomenon, the existing Ecosystems are being affected severely. It is said that, if the predictions relating to global warming made by the IPCC come to fruition, climate-related factors could cause India's GDP to decline by up to 9%; contributing to this would be shifting growing seasons for major crops such as rice, production of which could fall by 40%. Around seven million people are projected to be displaced due to, among other factors, submersion of parts of Mumbai and Chennai, if global temperatures were to rise by a mere 2C. Such a situation needs to be avoided by reducing the carbon footprint of future developments.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

6

Today, every project boasts of 100 percent power back up, usually in form of highly polluting Diesel Gen sets to address the acute power shortages which most of Indian cities face. This clubbed with an annual consumption of 40% of the total electricity by buildings makes this a major factor impacting the environment. Can we, as Building Professionals do something about this? Can we make buildings which are free from the grid, do not contribute to carbon emissions and try to mitigate the Global Warming? There is a lot of buzz regarding Green Buildings, Clean Development Mechanisms, Sustainability etc, but are these sufficient to achieve the collective strategies of the energy security and environmental protection without decelerating the growth? The answer is 3E Generation Buildings. 3E stands for Energy, Emission and Ecology. Such a building is an amalgamation of Zero Energy Buildings, Zero Carbon Emission Buildings and Ecologically Responsive Buildings to meet the issues of energy and environment discussed above.

Aim: To study different strategies for 3E Generation buildings and to come up with a reference material on 3EG. Study its relevance in India towards meeting its commitments and obligations in reducing carbon emissions. Objective: 1. To propose a Building typology which is inclusive in terms of Energy, Emission & Ecology. 2. Such a building will help in reducing carbon footprint of the buildings. 3. Providing examples of similar buildings. 4. Strategizing on how to achieve such buildings. 5. What is the relevance of such buildings in India and what are the developments on that front.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

C

CC

C

7 C 7

C

C

C

C

C

Q

C

8 C

C

A6 7 A6 8 I B C 74 C

C

8 U

C

77 C

C

6 AA7 B C

56 4 C

C

6 7 86 7 865 6 9 B F C C 6 C C C

7 4 C C

C

C

C

C

7 6R7 C

6 CF C

C 5

8 C

Q

IC

C C

D6 7 C

8 AA C I C 6 9

C

C

D6 5 C 9 8

C

C

C

C

6 7 4 B C

)

#

#

%

"$ " #

a

s fo E

n a on Bu

n s, o

m na

2 1!

$

"

0"

!(

$ '&$

$

!" "

!

!

Th s m na

o :

o

o

a ous a

an

ass

s a

s, n

an

s n

hno o

s h h

47

9

67E

A

46

E

7

7 6 D F

6 7E6

8

6 7 B

5 D

78

B

86

B

4 AA7

9

@8

7

6

65

an

a o

o o u

E

n a on u

n s. Th s u

sha

o fo us on u

u

n s an

D

E

7D A7

G 47AG

4

D I

6

E

7DA7

G

7

86

6E

H 64

D

85

D

6G

sha

m

o o

sh

oo

s n

n a . so an ffo sha

ma

o ma

m su

D I

I

6@

6D

6G AA

6

A

A

86

6E

7

67E

A

5

AA6

P 68

an o h In an on

. Em has

sn

an

ha s ha

n n on ha f on

on u n

E

D

4

G I

8

E

7

655

7

9

D

D66

5

4

7D

4

7A 6 G AA

n

s an

as s u

67D

6

4 D

ons a n s:

7

8

C

C

6 A68 B

6

43

Th

a ous asso a

on

s

s.

a n

E a s

o n , h

f n on a no

a no f

D6 7 F

6A4

68

7 6D 876

E

7 A B

68

T

H E

7D 8 E68

4 D6

so h s s

a

n

a a fo

s a h an

o m n an h n fo h on f

as s u

sa

68

6 7D

6

4 6 9

A I

64

6

D

6

5

A6 6D D B

48

6 68 8

68

6 9

7

7

78

aa a

. so mos of h

o

a n

o n

,

o m ss on an

oo

a

s ons

a

68

6 7 B

5 68

AA I

47E

A

46 D

7

6

86R

E 86 I

6

86 R E

7D 8

E 68 @8

9

6

A

6AG

A7

C

B

6

ha

n n a oa , as

oo

oo o

no ha

an

omm m n s f om In a fo

u n

a on

G8

4 E

7

4 8

7D

8

6

4

I

6

B

D 7D A

4

85

V I

m ss ons, h fo us s s

on

n u

n s.

E

7DA7

G

66 8E

AA7

7

4

6

D

8G

ho o o :

E I

A

D

6W C

7

7

C

E

7

655

Ha6 B A Q S 4

m u a,

m II,

,

h

a,

.7

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

8

Literature Study: Published Works: Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition, P. Torcellini, S. Pless, and M. Deru, NREL, D. Crawley U.S. DOE. Content of the work:y

The article talks about various issues regarding Net Zero Energy Definition, the inconsistencies in its understanding across various countries.

y y

The article also tries to define various associated concepts and analyse its meaning. Following are the definitions of various associated net zero concepts.o Different definitions may be appropriate, depending on the project goals and the

values of the design team and building owner. For example, building owners typically care about energy costs. Organizations such as DOE are concerned with national energy numbers, and are typically interested in primary or source energy. A building designer may be interested in site energy use for energy code requirements. Finally, those who are concerned about pollution from power plants and the burning of fossil fuels may be interested in reducing emissions. Four commonly used definitions are: net zero site energy, net zero source energy, net zero energy costs, and net zero energy emissions.o A Net Zero-Energy Building (ZEB) is a residential or commercial building with greatly

reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can be supplied with renewable technologies.o Zero-Energy Buildings: Boundary Definitions and Energy Flows - At the strictest level, a

ZEB generates enough renewable energy on site to equal or exceed its annual energy use, but can also source renewable energy from a location which is some distance away from the site.o Net Zero Site Energy: A site ZEB produces at least as much energy as it uses in a year,

when accounted for at the site.o Net Zero Source Energy: A source ZEB produces at least as much energy as it uses in a

year, when accounted for at the source. Source energy refers to the primary energy used to generate and deliver the energy to the site. To calculate a buildings total source energy, imported and exported energy is multiplied by the appropriate site-tosource conversion multipliers.Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

9

o Net Zero Energy Costs: In a cost ZEB, the amount of money the utility pays the building

owner for the energy the building exports to the grid is at least equal to the amount the owner pays the utility for the energy services and energy used over the year.o Net Zero Energy Emissions: A net-zero emissions building produces at least as much

emissions-free renewable energy as it uses from emissions-producing energy sources. Applications to my seminar: 1. Understanding of various associated concepts regarding 3E generation buildings. 2. Ways of measurement or analysis of energy credits, their computation on an annual interval. 3. Various ways in which zero energy buildings can be achieved.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

10

Net Zero-Energy Buildings: Prof. Karsten Voss, University Wuppertal. Content of the work:y Over the past decade, buildings and settlements have been planned and constructed which are

designed to actively compensate the primary energy or the associated carbon emission needed for their operation when balanced over the whole year. They are called net zero energy buildings, zero-carbon buildings or equilibrium buildings.y Few countries are already using these concepts to politically define goals within the building

sector for saving energy and protecting the climate. This has already happened in Germany, UK and USA.y Two types of net zero energy buildings. o Buildings or settlements with a clearly reduced energy demand and a connection to the

public electricity grid.o Energy Autonomous Buildings, which are of the grid. y In net zero case; the goal is only a neutral result for an energy or balance over a year. y Absence of data for balancing the energy credits/balances. o Lack of understanding of balancing process applied. o Only calculated values are balanced, operating results are much rarer. o Also primary energy factors defined in the standards for most countries take account of only the

non-renewable energy share of the primary energy.o Authors suggestion is that the credits should take account only of the net electricity fed into the

grid with a factor which varies with time.o If a building has a monovalent energy supply based on an electricity grid that relies on renewable

resources only (e.g. Norway). Then the issue is the quality of the infrastructure, not of the building. Applications to my seminar: 1. Net Zero energy concept is an ambitious scenario in which energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources are combined. 2. The focus has to be on the larger goals of energy security and mitigating carbon emissions, net zero energy buildings are just a short term goal which will help us achieve the larger goals. 3. It is important to achieve optimal matching in time between feeding in electricity and drawing it from the grid.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

11

Seeking Zero Energy - Roger Frechette, Russell Gilchrist, SOM. Paper on Design strategies adapted for Pearl River Tower at Guangzhou, China. 1. The Author emphasize on cutting buildings contribution to the global warming by reducing carbon emissions caused by construction and operation of the buildings worldwide. 2. Design of the Pearl River tower is such as to make it a zero energy building. 3. New and innovative technologies such as: a. Radiant ceiling. b. Double wall systems. c. Building integrated photovoltaics. d. Vertical axis wind turbines. Are in place to make the tower a Net Zero. 4. Dehumidification system which uses heat from the air between the double wall system as an energy source. 5. Use of Micro Turbine technology to generate clean on site energy using biogas, methane, propane etc. 50 micro turbines are used for a 3MW generating capacity. These turbines have an efficiency of 80 percent and are much better than the fossil fuel based electrical grid with an efficiency of 30-35 percent. 6. The authors have made an attempt to clearly categorise different strategies adopted to achieve net zero energy buildings namely: a. Reduction. b. Absorption. c. Reclamation. d. Generation.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

12

Case Study of Net Zero City - Qatar Aerospace City - Mr. Varun Kohli. According to author, its critical to understand the environmental, programmatic, social and economic context of a given region and evaluate the constraints and opportunities available. Similar to the building analogy, a net-zero concept can be interpreted both in energy and carbon terms but with one exception; in the case of a city, the concept of a net zero energy becomes an oxy-moron as it may generate all its energy within its physical urban constraint and yet have no impact in mitigating global carbon footprint. Hence a Net Zero City is synonymous to Carbon-Neutral City. To make this concept more holistic, a city must be self sustainable beyond just its energy needs. This includes its ecology, natural resources, economy and culture. With the rise in global populations shifting to the metropolises all across globe especially in developing countries like India, China and the UAE, new cities are being planned and developed. This provides a unique opportunity to create Greenfield cities and towns with infrastructure that supports the notion of a Net Zero City. The Qatar Aerospace City (QAC) is designed around the aerospace industry and is intended to be built around an existing runaway on the site. Strategies are implemented at different scales of the city to mitigate its carbon footprint. In the case of QAC, these scales have been divided and defined as city level, district level, area level and building level. At each of these scales or levels, various strategies for energy, water and waste are implemented to promote inter level interaction. Passive design strategies, including high performance building envelope, thermal mass and external shading devices are used to reduce energy usage in the building. Beyond passive strategies, efficient active systems are used to further reduce building energy usage. Heat recovery is used for absorption cooling and desiccant dehumidification. BIPVs on roof surface area of roughly 50,000 SQM are designed not only to generate energy but also work as canopies and shading device to enhance occupant comfort. At the district level seven fuel cells with a rated power of 400kw are employed to generate electricity. The fuel cells are powered by biogas which is generated from the waste water treatment plant. The climate analysis reveals that high solar radiation is available in this climate. This led to the decision of using solar concentrators as a main source of power generation for QAC.Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

13

Hyperbolic solar concentrator use linear parabolic reflector to concentrate the solar radiation and create electricity at almost 60% efficiency. The super heated oil from the solar concentrator is looped through a heat exchanger where steam is generated using water from the sea and the canal. The steam is then used to generate electricity. Vertical axis wind turbines generate supplemental energy from QACs 15km/hr winds. They are grouped into a corridor flanking the cities western edge and a corridor at the harbour entrance, taking advantage of offshore breezes. Water is a scarce resource in this part of the world with average annual rainfall amounting to a mere 100mm. QAC uses a desalinisation plant covering salt water from the Persian gulf for fresh potable water. The desalinisation plant at QAC uses solar energy, thus eliminating any carbon emission. This becomes the only source of potable water for the entire city. QAC will use a underground vacuum system to collect waste from various locations of the city. This eliminates the need to collect and transport waste from individual buildings. The vacuum system delivers the waste to a collection centre, where its sorted. At QAC, solar radiation, wind and sea are its constraints but can be termed into opportunities with the right design approach.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

v u ut s r

Y qep ieh g f d

ed

cb a

` YX

l

l

l

l

l

l

m l

l

l

l

l

l

l

n ll

m om m l

l

l

n s l

l

n ll

m v l

l o

l

l l

l

n s l

{ o n so y l

oz l

l

l

l

l

l

so l

so l

n m l

l

n l p

o tm l

l

n s l

oo l

l

l

eh

d

y w x

x

y x xw

a

s fo E

n a on Bu

n s, o

m na

y

y

y

a on Em ss ons: omm m n an

a ons

d

Bu

n sa sn

a

s on

u o s o a on Em ss ons. Va ous oun

s a ma n

d

f

e

e

d

d

d

u

a on m ss ons an m

a

h

o a amn

h nom non. o o n f u

mons a s

d

d

g

i

h d

g

d

e e

h

u

n s on

u ons o a ous as

j

e

d

o o n

o n s mus

a n n o a oun fo s a

s.

s n o a s a on u s:

e

e

g

d

d

ee

f

. Coun

s

no m

m s s on

u on a

s

hou su o n

n

ff

n

ffo s o

a ns n

n

n t

s v

onsn

o

t mo v

o t

uu

rom

n

n

o

qqn

p

o nm

h d

h

u

n s

o.

m

t

nrqn

w o

. Th

u

n s

o has h mos

o n a fo

n s n f an an

os ff

H

{

s r

sn n tn

t

n mo nqo r m y

q n

o

u

o

m

t

nrqn

m ss on

r om

n

n

o x

w o

l k

g

.

o n o

u ons.

s,

hno o

s an

no

a a

s o

us n u

n

t

nr qn

w

n

s uoor mo nqo r y

n o

r v

o mq

otro q

p

~ r

o nt

q

so

onsnq

u

y

a

H

m ss ons.

n

n

o {

{ ro

qom m} |

. Th

u

n n us

s omm

o a on an n man oun

s sa a

a n a a n

t

nr

oq

t

n

v

qu

r v

o mq

n

o nm

s

v

n r

ro

s

n

r

n t

nr qn

w o

o .

oq

m

.

a u

o n ou a

n

ff

n

an

o

a on h n u

n n

o

of n

qqn

p

t n

o p

t

nrqn

w

o

p

wm

sz

p

q r

s v

o nsn

oz t mo v

o ot

m

s o

om

qn

o

oun

s no h

sa an a s of oo

fo m n

u

n s fo

a s.

or

sor m

t

nrqn

w t

n

m

mou m

u

ot

r y

nr o

n

onm

. CDM mus

fo m

o su o

n sm n n n

ff

n

u

n

o amm s n

n

o

mt

mu t

nr qn

w

o nsn

o

t mo v

o

n

o

o

y

n

uu

ro

m

om o w

o n

oun

onm

s t nu

qo o r y

s ~s

q

ou

: Bu

n an Clima Chan

s.

umma fo

ision ma

s U E

}

mo ~

sor m

m v

ot

o

r

Ca on sa in s any t nrqn o sm i

a hieved du in follo in s a es of o du in lifep p

le of uildin s.14

t

w

s s v

t

m

~m

t

t

t

m

s

ow

s

t

wm

Ha

m u a,

m II,

,

h

a,

ollowing is a sna shot of measures eing ta en world over related to Carbon Emissions and ero

Energy Buildings:

. U : ovt has set out intention to require all new dwellings to be ero carbon by

.

. U to go carbon free by . ustralia.

.

.

-25

reduction from 2000 levels.

2. 60% reduction from 2000 levels ll H sinclusive. .

r o.

Country

Target 2012

Target 2020

Target 2050

Ha i m u a, em II,

, ew Delhi

Ma ,

a egies fo E genera ion Buildings, ro ect eminar

15

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

16

1 2 3

Belarus Canada United States 14 20% from 2005 levels

0 10% reduction from 1990 levels. 20% reduction from 2006 levels 83% from 2005 levels As for EU 27 20 30% from 1990 levels 20 30% from 1990 levels 15% from 1990 levels) 4 7% from 1990 levels Kyoto target maintained (0% of 1990) as 2020 position not yet announced 30% from 1990 levels Kyoto target maintained as 2020 position not yet announced 20 30% from 1990 levels 20% reduction from 1990 levels

Not yet Announced 60 70% reduction from 2006 levels All GHGs incl. LULUCF As for EU 27 80 95% from 1990 industrial gases. 80 95% from 1990 industrial gases. 50 75% from 1990 levels 60 80% reduction from 2005 levels

4

Croatia European Union 27 (EU 27) Iceland Japan

5

6 7

8

New Zealand

50% reduction from 1990 levels

9

Norway

100% from 1990 levels

10

Russian Federation

30% from 1990

11 12

Switzerland Ukraine

100% from1990 after 2030 50% by 2050 from 1990 levels

3E Generation Buildings:

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

trategies for E generation Buildings, ro ect eminar 1

1.1 ero Energy Building/Pro ects. et ero Energy Building is a general term a lied to a building's use with ero net energy consum tion

and ero carbon emissions annually. ero energy buildings can be used autonomous fromthe energy grid su ly energy can be harvested on site. lternatively, if the total electricity consumed by lighting, HV C, um s, fire fighting equipment,

appliances, computers, hot water etc is equal to the total energy produced by renewable energy so rces u like solar, wind, geothermal etc. Then the building is said to be a et ero Energy Building ( EB). E : udubon Centre, os ngeles, U

, PTM ero Energy office complex, Malaysia.

1.2 Energy Positive Buildings/Pro ects. This is the next step in ero energy movement. Buildings which produce more energy than the operational demand energy of the building is termed as Energy Positive Buildings. Ex: Elithis Tower, Dijon, rance, olar rk, ifu, Japan.

1.

ero Carbon Building/Zero Emissions Building.

The carbon emissions generated from on site or off site fossil fuel use are balanced by the amount of on site renewable energy production. Ex: The EcoTerra TM House in Eastman, uebec, Canada. more stringent ero carbon building will pay back the carbon invested in its construction through

exporting ero carbon energy back into the national grid.

Hari m u ta, em II,

, ew Delhi

May, 2010

17

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

18

1.4 Responsive to Ecology. An Ecological Building is a structure that is designed to create and sustain mutually beneficial relationships with all of the elements of its local ecology. A building's local ecology, or environment, is made up of particular physical and biological elements and their interactions. Buildings which seamlessly bring the Built and Natural environment together. Providing an urban solution that has little or no impact on the local ecology, and retains the natural beauty of the area. Buildings designed by Dr. Ken Yeang and the Buildings at the Auroville Centre are good examples of such typology. This concept is distinctly different from green building or sustainable architecture where the goal is to "minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings". Ecological building is a positive design goal that sets out to increase beneficial interactions, where as green building is a negative design outlook that seeks only the reduction of negative interactions. Inherent in green buildin is the g assumption that any human interaction with a site is unavoidably negative, and that mitigating these negative impacts is the best that is possible. With Ecological Building, the designer acknowledges that humans can play an integral, beneficial role in improving and sustaining the health and vitality of their local ecology. 1.5 3E Generation Buildings. Buildings which consume Zero Energy in operation, produce Zero carbon Emission and are Responsive to Ecology shall be termed as 3E Generation Buildings. This typology of buildings is aimed at achieving the collective strategies of the energy security and environmental protection without decelerating the growth. Advantages of 3E Generation Buildings:1. 2.

Isolation for building owners from future energy price increases. Increased comfort due to more-uniform interior temperatures (this can be demonstrated with comparative isotherm maps).

3. 4. 5.

Reduced requirement for energy austerity. Reduced total cost of ownership due to improved energy efficiency. Reduced total net monthly cost of living.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

19

6.

Improved reliability - photovoltaic systems have 25-year warranties - seldom fail during weather problems - the 1982 photovoltaic systems on the Walt Disney World EPCOT Energy Pavilion are still working fine today, after going through 3 recent hurricanes. Extra cost is minimized for new construction compared to an afterthought retrofit. Higher resale value as potential owners demand more ZEBs than available supply. The value of a ZEB building relative to similar conventional building should increase every time energy costs increase.

7. 8. 9.

10.

Future legislative restrictions and carbon emission taxes/penalties may force expensive retrofits to inefficient buildings.

Disadvantages of 3E Generation Buildings:1. 2. 3.

Initial costs can be higher - effort required to understand, apply, and qualify for ZEB subsidies Very few designers or builders have the necessary skills or experience to build ZEBs. Possible declines in future utility company renewable energy costs may lessen the value of capital invested in energy efficiency

4.

New photovoltaic solar cells equipment technology price has been falling at roughly 17% per year - It will lessen the value of capital invested in a solar electric generating system - Current subsidies will be phased out as photovoltaic mass production lowers future price

5.

Challenge to recover higher initial costs on resale of building - appraisers are uninformed - their models do not consider energy

6.

Climate-specific design may limit future ability to respond to rising-or-falling ambient temperatures (global warming)

7.

While the individual house may use an average of net zero energy over a year, it may demand energy at the time when peak demand for the grid occurs. In such a case, the capacity of the grid must still provide electricity to all loads. Therefore, a ZEB may not reduce the required power plant capacity.

8.

Without an optimized thermal envelope the embodied energy, heating and cooling energy and resource usage is higher than needed. ZEB by definition do not mandate a minimum heating and cooling performance level thus allowing oversized renewable energy systems to fill the energy gap.

9.

Solar energy capture using the house envelope only works in locations unobstructed from the South. The solar energy capture cannot be optimized in South facing shade or wooded surroundings.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

20

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

trategies for E generation Buildings, Project eminar 1

Case tudies: Pearl iver Tower, uangzhou, China. The Pearl iver Tower epitomizes the super tall corporate headquarters building of tomorrow as an iconic, high performance structure that is designed in such harmony with its environment that it potentially produces as much energy as it consumes i.e. a ear et Zero Building.

There are many innovative energy and environment related design strategies which have been put to bring this building as close as possible to a et Zero Energy Building. The designers of the project have made an attempt to clearly categorise different strategies adopted to achieve net zero energy buildings namely: a. Reduction. b. Absorption. c. Reclamation.Hari m upta, em II, PA, ew Delhi

May, 2010

21

trategies for E generation Buildings, Project eminar 1

d. Generation. Reduction: Reduction strategies were focussed on single most highest expected consumer of energy in Heating, included following: 1. An internally ventilated, high performance active double wall with mechanized blinds on the northern and southern facades. 2. High Performance triply glazed facades on the eastern and western sides of the structure. . Chilled radiant ceiling with a perimeter chilled beam system, both using chilled water delivered through a serpentine arrangement of copper ceiling system and a series of metal fins for the perimeter beams. . A decoupled ventilation system providing only fresh air that is cooled by the chill d water e system described above and delivered via a raised access floor. 5. A dehumidification system using heat collected from the double wall facade as an energy source. 6. A low energy, high efficiency lighting system using radiant panel geometry to assist in the distribution of light.

ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)

ighting component of the building. Reduction strategies

Hari m upta, em II, PA, ew Delhi

May, 2010

22

trategies for E generation Buildings, Project eminar 1

Absorption: The second design concept made it necessary to focus on strategies designed to take advantage of the natural and passive energy sources namely wind and solar, that will pass around over and under the buildings envelope. Absorption strategies are as per following: 1. A wide-scale photovoltaic system integrated into the buildings external solar shading system and glass outer skin, which is located on the southern facade. 2. Use of fixed external shades and integrated photovoltaic devices on the eastern and western facades as well as integrated photovoltaic devices within the western facades shades. . Maximising the use of natural lighting controls that respond to light and are integrated into a system of automated blinds.

.

our Vertical Axis Wind Turbines at the 2 mechanical floors, designed to take full advantage of

buildings geometry.

penings for the wind turbines at the mechanical floors

Incident olar stress model

Hari m Gupta, em II, PA, ew Delhi

May, 2010

23

trategies for E generation Buildings, Project eminar- 1

Reclamation: This relied on strategies to harvest the energy that would already be resident within the building. nce energy has been added to the building. It can be reused repeatedly. or example, the Pearl River tower is designed to use recirculated air to help heat or cool the fresh air from the outdoors before it is delivered to the occupied areas of the building; naturally, the strategy is dependent on the outside air conditions and requires absorption chillers. Generation: The final concept of generation uses the Micro-Turbine technology to generate clean power in an efficient and environmentally responsive manner. The idea was to link as many as 50 Micro Turbines, each approximately the size of a refrigerator and powered by fuels such as kerosene, diesel, methane , propane or natural gas to create generating capacity of MW. According to a report, nsite energy generation can achieve an efficiency exceeding 0% as compared to the 0% -35% efficiency of the electricity supplied through the power grid.

This indeed is an extremely high performance building in terms of energy and environment and can be taken as a role model for future skyscrapers. The towers passive and active approaches for limiting carbon emissions together with new technologies and reduction strategies can help us meet collectiveHari m Gupta, em II, PA, ew Delhi

May, 2010

24

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

25

objectives of energy security and environmental protection. Using various strategies mentioned, the designed energy reductions were achieved as per the graph shown below:

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

26

PTM Zero Energy Office, Selangor, Malaysia: The PTM Green Energy Office Building recognised in short: - GEO Building is an administration-cumresearch office for Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (Malaysia Energy Centre). The GEO building is a pilot project, a demonstrator building which marked another milestone towards greater promotion and adoption of sustainable building concept in the Malaysian building sector. It is the only such building in Malaysia that integrates the Energy Efficiency, EE and Renewable Energy, RE in one working demonstrator building. PTM Zero Energy Office General information Location Status Year of Completion Use Height Roof Top floor Technical details Floor area Companies involved Architect(s) Building Contractor BIPV Contractor Owner Project Manager Ruslan Khalid Associates Putra Perdana Construction Mitsubishi Electric, IBC Solar AG, PJ Indah, SFG Technology Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (Malaysia Energy Centre) KLCC Projects Selangor, Malaysia Completed 2007 Administration cum Research Office

The GEO building was designed to be very energy efficient, thus consuming very little fossil fuels with energy index (designed) of 65 kWh/m2year; compared to typical conventional office building in Kuala Lumpur of 250 to 300 kWh/m2year. It was built on a concept which focused on the green technology innovation to minimize energy demand load, efficient use of fossil fuel via taking into account the environmental concern, the usage of renewable energy but without compromising user comfort and safety. Some of the amount of energy used by the building is counter balanced by the amount of energy generated by its own renewable energy power generation system.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

27

Being a pilot project for sustainable office buildings of the future, benchmarked towards 2015, where fossil fuels will have to be used judicially for provision of cooling and lighting features in buildings, the building demonstrates that the GEO concept can be realized using technologies already available today while taking full advantage of an environment where solar generated electricity and daylight are plentiful. The Building Integrated Photovoltaics, BIPV panels are all integrated into the building design such that it is both architecturally and aesthetically pleasing, as well as providing some of the electricity the building uses. This BIPV system is connected to the national electricity (TNB) grid by feeding electricity into the network and shaving the peak power demand of the grid during the peak daylight hours. This combination of energy efficient measures together with the renewable energy generation system into the building design can lead to a building with a very low energy consumption, optimizing the usage of the electric grid during cheap off-peak hours, while being aesthetically attractive. The building integrates Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy elements early in the design stage. Sophisticated energy simulation software was used intensively during the early design stage which helps in the design process and reducing development cost. This result in the successful incorporation of advance energy efficient technology which also combined energy generation from renewable source. The already proven Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) integrated in the building design adds further advantage to the environment since it is non -polluting and abundantly available for free thus reducing the use of fossil fuel. The super low energy characteristic is achieved by using passive and active energy efficient elements and renewable energy elements as follows: 1. The design of the building only allows double glazing windows installed on facade facing north and south. The windows are consists of two pane glass which functioned to filter heat from both infrared and ultraviolet rays from the sun radiation before entering the building interior. This means only cold daylight entered and giving free lighting to the building. This also means that artificial electric light can be turned off during the day hence reducing the energy load of the building. Almost 100 % lighting requirements are from this free source. 2. Energy efficient T5 tube electrical lighting was installed at the entire building. However, this lighting only be used during dusk, night or during raining because the main source of lighting during the day is provided by the free and filtered natural sun.Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

28

3. The Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system provided almost 50% of everyday electrical needs. During the day, the system provides electrical energy which can be exported to the Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) grid when there is surplus of energy. At night, the electrical energy was imported back from the grid to be used for the cooling system. 4. The building's cooling system is unique because it is a combination of radiant cooling and air convection system. The radiant cooling and ice storage was charge at night and stored at the floor slabs and ice storage tank respectively. During the day, the source of cooling of these sources was distributed by the building's control system to the radiant cooling and air convection system respectively. 5. In addition to the windows orientation facing north and south only, the building was installed with adequate insulation at the roof and wall particularly facade facing east and west. The building is air tight to avoid internal cold air escapes to the exterior. All this helps to avoid the cooling system works longer hours. 6. The entire building was controlled with a Building Energy Management System where all building's system operation is controlled automatically. The system also functioned to monitor all energy consumption activities and energy generation in ensuring the building operates efficiently. Energy efficient office equipment was used such as laptops, shared centralized printers, wireless network and energy efficient centralized server. 7. Other sustainable features integrated are rain water harvest system which helps to conserve water in the building. Rain water is used for air conditioner chiller condenser cooling system, watering the landscape and general cleaning purposes. The average water consumption of the office building is very little compared to conventional office building. The 21st century is a green century in keeping the earth free from destruction caused by global warming. The GEO building was built to demonstrate that a very energy efficient building can be designed and built today by using current latest green technology with at least cost. With the success of the GEO Building, it may pave the way for such concepts to be applied widely in the building sector.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

29

Passive System: 1. Day lighting (almost 100%) - EE lighting with T5 tubes and LED task lights. 2. Double glazing windows. The lower windows or called as Vision Windows -> (heat and acoustic insulation). 50 percent daylight penetration. 3. Double glazing windows with integrated blinds. The upper windows or ca lled as Daylight Windows -> (heat, glare and acoustic insulation). 70 percent daylight penetration. 4. Mirror Light shelf, Roof light and Skylight system (also BIPV Package C) respectively. 5. Roof and wall Insulation (reduce outside heat gain). Active System: 1. EE office equipment (laptops, LCD monitors, networked printers). 2. EE IT Network & server room (75% wireless network). 3. EE air conditioning & ventilation. 4. Floor slab cooling (For radiant cooling and thermal storage). 5. Chilled Metal Ceilings (For radiant cooling). 6. River Roof (For Condenser/ Heat Sink side). 7. Ice storage cooling system (minimised air-cond chillers capacity). 8. Controls & Sensors (VSDs, VAVs, CO2, BMS / Energy monitoring). Renewable Energy (RE) Technology Used: 1. BIPV system, 92 kWp (Grid connected, sell energy to utility (national grid) / no batteries required).

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

30

The Audubon Centre, Debs Park, Los Angeles, US: It is an Urban Environment education centre that brings nature to East Los Angeles children. The Audubon centre at Debs Park is the first of hundreds of urban nature centres planned by national Audubon society for completion over the next several decades. These centres bring nature to those inner-city families with few opportunities to leave the city to experience, learn and value nature. The centre at Debs Park embodies the Audubon societys environmental ideals, modelling sustainable design to the surrounding community and serving as prototype for future Audubon centres. The design team sought to create a building that complemented the landscape, serving as a staging area for the activities in the courtyards and childrens garden, and on the trails of 17 acre site. The Audubon Centre General information Location Status Year of Completion Use Technical details Floor area Companies involved Architect(s) Building Contractor BIPV Contractor Owner Project Manager The Audubon Centre is totally powered by the suns energy and the building operates entirely grid-free and without any electric connections to the electric grid, or natural gas connections a truly sustainable power and energy solution. Therefore, the Audubon Centre receives NO electric bills or natural gas bills to pay each month. The Building Maximizes passive design strategies to significantly reduce energy requirements. 1. The building is narrow for balanced natural daylight and cross ventilation. 2. Light colored walls and ceilings reflect daylight into the spaces. 3. Exposed concrete floors and ground face CMU walls with exterior insulation provide ample thermal mass to take advantage of LAs high diurnal temperature swings.Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Debs Park, Los Angeles, US Completed 2003 Interpretive Centre, Recreation, Park 5020 sqft EHDD Architecture

The National Audubon Society, Corporation

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

31

4. Glazing and exterior walls are shaded to limit solar gain. These combined strategies resulted in a building that is comfortable in hot weather even without air conditioning. Even with an exterior temperature of 104 F, interior temperatures remain comfortable, assisted by ceiling fans. These passive strategies combined with highly-efficient active systems reduce the power loads sufficiently that the centre is off the grid. The Audubon Centre uses Solar Trigeneration system that features a 25-kilowatt solar electric power system where the energy is stored in a bank of batteries. The Centre is cooled by a 10-ton solar absorption cooling system powered by an array of very efficient solar heat pipe vacuum tube thermal collectors. The collectors heat the water to temperatures of 200 F stored in a 1,200 gallon insulated tank, another type of inexpensive battery. The Solar Trigeneration system at the Audubon not only provides the air-conditioning in the summer but also heats the building in the winter, and provides the hot water for the kitchen and bathrooms. Solar Trigeneration is defined as the simultaneous generation of cooling, heating and power with only the free solar energy from the sun providing the "fuel". Zero Energy Building Strategies: 1. Solar Cooling Loads. 1.1. Shade south windows with overhangs. 1.2. Shade south windows with exterior louvers, awnings, or trellises. 2. Day lighting for Energy Efficiency. 2.1. Use south-facing windows for day lighting. 3. Non-Solar Cooling Loads. 3.1. Use operable windows. 3.2. Make a high internal thermal mass building. 3.3. Reduce internal heat gains by improving lighting and appliance efficiency. 4. Water Heaters. 4.1. Use solar water heaters. 5. Photovoltaics. 5.1. Use a photovoltaic (PV) system to generate electricity on-site. 6. Light Sources. 6.1. Use high-efficacy T8 fluorescent lamps. 7. Ecosystem Restoration.Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

32

7.1. Replant damaged sites with native vegetation. 8. Waterless Fixtures. 8.1. Specify waterless urinals. 9. Water Conservation Education. 9.1. Educate residents about water conservation. 10. Landscape Plantings. 10.1. 10.2. Landscape with indigenous vegetation. Minimize turf area.

11. Low-Water-Use Fixtures. 11.1. Use low-flow toilets.

12. Wastewater and Gray water Recycling. 12.1. 12.2. Design buildings to use treated wastewater for non-potable uses. Plumb building to accommodate gray water separation.

13. Integration with Site Resources. 13.1. Celebrate and enhance existing landscape features.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

trategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project eminar- 1

The ight House, BRE, ondon, U : Zero Carbon Emission.The ighthouse is the first net zero carbon house in the U . The two-bedroom house is only 3.3 square meters (barely over 1000 sq. ft.) in a 2-1/2 story building. The building has solar panels and evacuated solar tubes on its roof, as well as making use of passive measures with ventilation chimneys. It also incorporates rainwater catchment as part of the building design.

The ight House General information tatus Completed of 2008 Exhibition, 1000 sqft Prototype

ocation ear

BRE Complex,

Use Technical loor area Companies Architect(s) wner

The Building Research Establishment, ondon

Hari m Gupta, em II, PA, ew Delhi

May, 2010

33

ondon,

trategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project eminar- 1

ey trategies adapted:

1. The materials used include highly insulated, airtight building fabric. 2. Provide generous daylight levels. 3. Effective solar control. . Integrated building services based around a platform of renewable and sustainable technologies.

5. Include water efficiency techniques, renewable energy technologies, passive cooling and ventilation, as well as mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR). 6. A biomass boiler burns fuel pellets (which are considered carbon neutral because the carbon they release is offset by growing the plants that are used to make new fuel). . A typical house of this size would be expected to have an annual energy bill of around 500 pounds, the lighthouse's annual energy bill would be roughly 31 pounds.

1. Wind catcher, for summer ventilation. 2. olar array at back of house for hot water and electricity. 3. High-level of wall insulation. . Biomass boiler.

Hari m Gupta, em II, PA, ew Delhi

May, 2010

34

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

35

Department of Energy Sciences and Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai: Zero Energy Building. A new building is proposed for the Department Of Energy Sciences And Engineering at IIT, Bombay. The building shall house following specialized facilities: 1. Efficiency laboratory. 2. Solar PV laboratory. 3. Fuel cells and Hydrogen laboratory. 4. Energy Innovation Laboratory. 5. Alternative fuels laboratory. 6. Solar and Energy Systems Laboratories.

Department of Energy Sciences & Engineering General information Location Status Use Technical details Floor area Cost Payback Period Owner 80,000 sqft 30 Crores ( Approx.), 20% Higher than a Normal 2 Years. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay IIT Bombay, India Proposed, Design Stage. Academic, Research facilities.

This building is being designed using key Zero Energy Building strategies, which are as per following: 1. Passive solar. 2. Building integrated PV. 3. Extensive Day lighting. 4. Solar reflectors for reflecting light inside the building to maximise daylight. 5. water Conservation. 6. Solar concentrators.Photovoltaic Cells.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

36

Spire Edge, IT Complex, Manesar, Gurgaon: Green Building. Spire Edge is a mixed use development considered to be self sufficient complex with a variety of functional spaces which include Offices of various sizes, BPO, ITES, Retail Space, Convention and Conferences, Multiplex, Business Hotel, SPA & Gymnasium. The building has been designed by legendary Dr. Ken Yeang who is pioneer of ecologically green skyscrapers across the world. Spire Edge General information Location Status Year of Completion Use Technical details Floor area Building Ht. Companies involved Architect(s) Building Contractor Owner Project Manager T R Hamzah & Yeang Sdn Bhd, Abaxial Architects. B. L. Gupta Constructions. A N Buildwell & Millennium Spire. Feedback Ventures. 2,64,000 sqft 270 ft. Manesar, Gurgaon, India Ongoing 2011 (Expected) IT offices, Auditorium, Exhibition.

The Building and open spaces are designed using passive and active means of climatic responsiveness. Smarter comfort strategies are devised by the understanding and use of various elements of the built environment. Greens are made an integral part of the built environment and the facade is created using materials which maximise daylight into the offices, while reducing heat gain, as a result the quality of usable environment is improved while energy consumption and direct costs are reduced.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

trategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project eminar- 1

The Building eatures two Eco-cells on the orth and outh acade. These are basically Vertical Green ramps which start from the lowermost third basement level and go through intermidiate floors to the ky Garden on the top most floor. This continuous green belt can provide a medium for the development of natural eco-systems. It doubles up as a purification system for the rain water incident on the terrace. The vertical green improves the surrounding environment quality." " !

Hari m Gupta, em II, PA, ew Delhi

May, 2010

37

trategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project eminar- 1

ection through ky Garden'

The sky garden provides excellent solution to rehabilitatethe ecological disturbances caused due to any development by providing green space equivalent to the building footprint on the ground. It also provides occupants with an opportunity to experience and observe the biodiversity prevalent in nature, increasing the fresh air and overall environment quality in buildings This becomes indispensable for social sustainability especially in case of tall buildings.

Hari m Gupta, em II, PA, ew Delhi

May, 2010

&

& % $ $ # '

38

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

39

How to achieve 3E Generation Buildings: Buildings respond differently to the issues regarding energy and environment based on their scale, use and location. Designers are involved in the constant endeavour of optimising buildings performance with regard to energy and environment, this often results in innovative design solutions for that building type or project. While new ideas, designs and technology are good for projects in the initial stage, very few of the initial ideas are able to sustain rigors of design development due to cost or technical factors. As building professionals or project managers our role becomes very important in seeing these initial ideas through the implementation stage. For 3E generation Buildings, strategies are to be adopted for all the 3 Es i.e. 1. Energy. 2. Emission. 3. Ecology. Strategies for Zero Energy Buildings: There are many innovative energy and environment related design strategies which are required to produce Zero Energy buildings. The different strategies adopted to achieve ZEB are namely: 1. Reduction. 1. Passive Strategies. 2. Active Startegies. 2. Absorption. 1. Solar radiation. 2. Wind Power. 3. Geo Thermal. 3. Reclamation. 1. Hot and Cold Recovery Wheels. 2. Combined Heat and power. 3. Solar Trigeneration. 4. Generation. 1. Micro Turbines. 2. Hydel power.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

40

Reduction: Reduction means to find as many opportunities as possible to reduce the amount of energy consumed by the building in its operation. Two type of reduction strategies can be adapted they are: 1. Passive strategies. 2. Active strategies. Passive Strategies: These are very well known, documented and widely published strategies which help in reduce the amount of energy required to run a building a very major component of this is the building envelope. In Indian Context following concepts may help in achieving zero energy buildings. Passive Solar Design Strategy: Architects should pay attention to the following basic design elements in an effort to reduce the energy consumption in small commercial buildings that can be operated without central HVAC System. 1. Siting and Orientation: Longer axis of the building should be in east west direction with maximum opening on the north side, also position the building on-site to facilitate breeze access. 2. Shade: Use different shading strategies to minimise solar heat gain and reduce glare inside buildings. Provide vertical louvers on the east and west side and horizontal shading devices on south side. 3. Cross- Ventilation: Building envelope should allow movement of breeze throughout the building. 4. Selective Placement of Functional Areas. 5. Selective Placement of Fenestration and optimum shading of the same. 6. Low Window Wall Ratio. 7. Thermal Mass. 8. Use of right materials and systems. 9. Efficient Building envelope. 10. Maximize Day lighting. Use light colored walls and ceiling to reflect light 11. Appropriate Insulation on walls and roofs to avoid heat gain or loss.Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

41

12. Passive cooling and heating. Active Strategies: Active Strategies are those which help us design the energy consuming services or systems in a very effective manner. Such as to reduce the energy consumption by buildings while operation. These strategies also ensure that there is no wastage of electricity by unnecessary operation of any fixture, system or equipment. Active Strategies may involve following: 1. Optimum design/sizing of the system. 2. Use of appropriate technology and systems. 3. High efficiency fixtures/Equipment/Systems. 4. Use of VFDs. 5. Radiant cooling. 6. Energy Efficient electrical lighting design. 7. Building Energy Management Systems. Absorption: Absorption is finding as many ways to trap or absorb the Natural Energy Incident on the building for its various functions/ processes. Absorption Strategies/ Technologies may involve the following: 1. Solar Radiation. 2. Wind Power. 3. Geo Thermals.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

42

Solar Radiation: India receives the maximum hours of sunshine across the global. The suns radiation is a great source of energy which can be trapped/absorbed in various forms namely light, heat, electricity etc. this great potential must be tapped to meet energy security. It is also a form of renewable energy and hence does not cause environmental degradation. Various advantages of PV are: 1. There are no moving parts, unlike the conventional energy sources, reduces the need of maintenance. 2. No fuel is necessary, this eliminate any environmental impact. 3. Long lifetime. 4. Modularity, size of the plant can be increased depending on the requirements. 5. Decentralized power generation. 6. Minimized visual intrusion can be integrated with the structures such as building. Solar PV in India: 1. India, being a tropical country, plenty of sunshine. 2. The average daily solar radiation between 4 to 7 kWh/ m2. 3. There are on an average 250 to 300 clear sunny days a year. 4. There are 8 industrial units involved in solar cell and solar PV module manufacturing 5. In 2004 the production of PV modules was about 42 MW (worldwide ~ >1100MW). Various Associated technologies regarding solar radiation are: 1. Solar Water Heater. 2. Solar PV Based lighting Equipments. 3. Solar Reflector. 4. Photovoltaic system for generating electricity. 5. Solar Trigeneration. 6. Building Integrated Phtovoltaics. 7. Solar Concentrators.

Solar Trigeneration:Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

43

Solar Trigeneration is defined as the simultaneous generation of cooling, heating and power with only the free solar energy from the sun providing the "fuel". Solar Trigeneration system that features a 25-kilowatt solar electric power system where the energy is stored in a bank of batteries. The Center is cooled by a 10-ton solar absorption cooling system powered by an array of very efficient solar heat pipe vacuum tube thermal collectors. The collectors heat the water to temperatures of 200+ degree F stored in a 1,200 gallon insulated tank, another type of inexpensive battery. The Solar Trigeneration system at the Audubon not only provides the airconditioning in the summer but also heats the building in the winter, and provides the hot water for the kitchen and bathrooms.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

44

Building Integrated Photovoltaics: Photovoltaics (PV) convert light into electricity directly, without emissions and when it is needed. The system can be used decentralized. This means it can be deployed in close proximity to the user avoiding energy looses by long transportation. PV that is integrated into the fabric of a building has become very popular in Europe. Known as Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) they can be used on both new and existing buildings. Their use in the building envelope is very varied and opens many opportunities for creative designers. The public has become sensitive to the economic and ecological consequences of global warming and environmental devastation. The objective is to replace the use of fossil fuel energy with renewable forms of energy, and to move in the direction of rational energy use. In the domain of building construction, this leads to new legislation frameworks and radical changes in how we design our buildings. Design strategies and techniques to make use of solar energy and cut down total energy demand are under development worldwide. Many zero energy homes and offices have already been built. On an average year these buildings do not need any outside sources of energy while they are in use. However, energy is still required to construct the buildings and to pull them down at the end of their lifetime.

To create truly sustainable buildings our long term goal must be to design and construct buildings that do not need more energy over their entire life than they can produce. For this reason Our Buildings Need To Be Converted From Energy Users to Energy Producers.

Steps in this direction are: 1. Conserve as much energy as possible. 2. Increase energy efficiency. 3. Use active solar systems, such as solar thermal and photovoltaics.

BIPV systems are able to contribute significantly to meet the goal of true sustainable building design. Electricity will be the only power source needed in our future sustainable buildings. A building integrated PV system is therefore a future-oriented investment!

A BIPV system will be integrated successfully if it is incorporated into the building fabric with good design and structure and with a sensible energy concept. Increasing faade performance expectations have led to the envelope to become a more complex and multifunctional element of a building. New technological developments allow radical changes to the design of faades and roofs.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

45

Today PV can be used in the building envelope to provide: 1. Weather protection. 2. Heat insulation. 3. Sun protection. 4. Noise protection. 5. Modulation of daylight and. 6. Security. Furthermore, PV systems can also be used as small stand-alone power units. They can be used to regulate the intake of daylight to a building by powering an automatic sun-blind, operate an enginedriven ventilation opening or even as emergency lighting. Our built environment allows for many kinds of PV applications to be integrated into different parts of the building fabric. PV is applied to: 1. Roofs. 2. External building walls. 3. Semi-transparent faades. 4. Skylights. 5. Shading systems.

Roofs: Roofs are ideally suited for PV integration. Usually there is less shadowing at roof height than at ground Level. Roofs often provide a large, unused surface for integration. A distinction between pitched and flat roofs must be made. Pitched Roofs: PV modules can easily be fixed on top of pitched roofs. This type of low-cost application is often used for private homes and existing roofs and is known as Building Adapted PV (BAPV). A more elegant way to integrate PV is to use PV Shingles or PV Tiles. The PV module is mounted like any shingle or tile and the work can be carried out by a roofing contractor.

Flat Roofs: Flat roofs have the advantage of good accessibility, easy installation and provide a free choice for the orientation of the PV units. Care must be taken during the fixing of the array to avoid breaking the integrity of the roof. The added weight of the PV array on the roof must be considered, as must the uplifting force of the wind, which can blow the modules away.Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

46

External Building Walls: PV modules can be added to existing walls to improve the aesthetic appearance of the faade. They are simply added on to the structure. There is no need to provide a weather-tight barrier as this role is already performed by the structure underneath the modules. PV modules can also be an integral part of the building faade. Glass PV laminates, replacing conventional cladding material, are basically the same as tinted glass. They provide long-lasting weather protection and can be tailor-made to any size, shape, pattern and colour. PV modules can be also configured as a multifunctional building element.

Semi-Transparent Faades: Glass PV laminates can be applied to windows providing a semi-transparent faade. The transparency is normally achieved using either of the following methods: 1. The PV cell can be so thin or laser grooved that it is possible to see through. This will provide a filtered vision to the outside. Semitransparent thin-film modules are especially appropriate for this application. Another option is to use semi-transparent crystalline solar cells. 2. Crystalline solar cells on the laminate are spaced so that partial light filters through the PV module and illuminates the room. Light effects from these panels lead to an ever changing pattern of shades in the building itself. The room remains shaded, yet not constrained. 3. Adding layers of glass to the base unit of a semitransparent PV glass module can offer for example thermal and acoustic insulation. Other special requirements can also be designed according to the individual requirements of each application. Such PV glass modules are truly multifunctional building components.

Skylights: Skylight structures are usually one of the most interesting places to apply PV. They combine the advantage of light diffusion in the building while providing an unobstructed surface for the installation of PV modules or laminates. In this type of application, PV elements provide both electricity and light to the building. The PV modules and support structures used for this type of application are similar to those used in semi-transparent glass faades. The structures, which may be unspectacular from the outside, produces fascinating light hallway walks and floors and allow a stimulating architectural design of light and shadow.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

47

Shading Systems: There is a growing need for carefully designed shading systems due to an increase in the use of large window openings and curtain walls in todays architecture. PV modules of different shapes can be used as shading elements above windows or as part of a overhead glazing structure. Since many buildings already provide some sort of structure to shade windows, the use of PV shades should not involve any additional load for the building structure. The exploitation of synergy effect reduces the total costs of such installations and creates added values to the PV as well as to the building and its shading system. PV shading systems may also use one-way trackers to tilt the PV array for maximum power while providing a variable degree of shading.

Facts about BIPV: 1. BIPV systems are highly reliable in the long term. The average guarantee for this type of building product is 20-25 years. 2. PV will be cost competitive with retail electricity prices in five to ten years. 3. The energy-payback time of PV systems is between 1 and 3 years depending on cell type and location. 4. PV modules are almost maintenance-free. 5. PV modules are a strategic business area with very high growth potential, especially in the building sector. 6. The Average Economic Payback time of a PV system is about 10 years when adapted support schemes are in place. Afterwards, the annual return of investment is approximately 7% of the initial investment. 7. PV is ready for many building applications today. 8. In the long term it will become indispensable.

By designing buildings as power suppliers with numerous faades and roofs integrating PV, a vision of a city that powers itself without emissions is in reach. Innovative built examples, such as the Solarsiedlung am Schlierberg, in Freiburg, Germany, provides already the proof, that it will be possible to put such a vision into practice on a large scale. Solar Concentrators:

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

48

Hyperbolic solar concentrator use linear parabolic reflector to concentrate the solar radiation and create electricity at almost 60% efficiency. The super heated oil from the solar concentrator is looped through a heat exchanger where steam is generated using water from the sea and the canal. The steam is then used to generate electricity.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

49

Wind Power: 1. Wind Turbines. 2. Vertical axes wind turbines. Vertical axis wind turbines generate supplemental energy from QACs 15km/hr winds. They are grouped into a corridor flanking the cities western edge and a corridor at the harbour entrance, taking advantage of offshore breezes.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

50

Geo Thermals: The temperature few meters below earths surface does not undergo any change with variable temperature on the surface i.e. it remains constant at any given time. This unique property can be effectively used for either pre cooling or pre heating the fresh air entering a space. This property finds great application in HVAC systems. Following are some examples of such applications: 1. Geothermal Power 2. Ground Source Heat Pump. 3. Earth Air Tunneling. Geothermal Power: Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat) is power extracted from heat stored in the earth. This geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface. It has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but is now better known for generating electricity. Worldwide, geothermal plants have the capacity to generate about 10 Gigawatts of electricity as of 2007, and in practice supply 0.3% of global electricity demand. An additional 28 Gigawatts of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications. Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. Recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications such as home heating, opening a potential for widespread exploitation. Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. As a result, geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate global warming if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels. The Earth's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs, but only a very small fraction of it may be profitably exploited. Drilling and exploration for deep resources costs tens of millions of dollars, and success is not guaranteed. Forecasts for the future penetration of geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology growth, the price of energy, subsidies, and interest rates.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

51

Ground Source Heat Pump: A geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and/or cooling system that pumps heat to or from the ground. It uses the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer). This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems, and may be combined with solar heating to form a geosolar system with even greater efficiency. Geothermal heat pumps are also known by a variety of other names, including geoexchange, earth-coupled, earth energy or water-source heat pumps. The engineering and scientific communities prefer the terms "geoexchange" or "ground source heat pumps" because geothermal power traditionally refers to heat originating from deep in the Earth's mantle. Ground source heat pumps harvest a combination of geothermal power and heat from the sun when heating, but work against these heat sources when used for air conditioning. Earth Air Tunneling: A ground-coupled heat exchanger is an underground heat exchanger loop that can capture or dissipate heat to or from the ground. They use the earth's near constant subterranean temperature to warm or cool air or other fluids for residential, agricultural or industrial uses. If building air is blown through the heat exchanger for heat recovery ventilation, they are called earth tubes (also known as earth cooling tubes or earth warming tubes ) in Europe or earth-air heat exchangers (EAHE or EAHX) in North America. These systems are known by several other names, including: air-to-soil heat exchanger, earth channels, earth canals, earth-air tunnel systems, ground tube heat exchanger, hypocausts, subsoil heat exchangers, underground air pipes, and others. Earth tubes are often a viable and economical alternative or supplement to conventional central heating or air conditioning systems since there are no compressors, chemicals or burners and only blowers are required to move the air. These are used for either partial or full cooling and/or heating of facility ventilation air. Their use can help buildings meet the German Passive House standards or the North American LEED's (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building rating system. Earth-air heat exchangers have been used in agricultural facilities (animal buildings) and horticultural facilities (greenhouses) in the United States over the past several decades and have been used in conjunction with solar chimneys in hot arid areas for thousands of years, probably beginning in the Persian Empire. Implementation of these systems in Austria, Denmark, Germany, and India has become fairly common since the mid-1990s, and is slowly being adopted into North America.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

52

Ground-coupled heat exchanger may also use water or antifreeze as a heat transfer fluid, often in conjunction with a geothermal heat pump. See, for example downhole heat exchangers.[1] The rest of this article deals primarily with earth-air heat exchangers or earth tubes.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

53

Reclamation: Reclamation is a process to reclaim the residual energy remaining from the various energy consuming processes of the building. Various means of reclamation are:1. Heat or cold Recovery wheel. a. Cold wheel recovery. b. Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery. 2. Air recirculation. a. Re-circulating air to heat or cool the fresh air from the outdoors.

Energy Recovery: Energy recovery systems typically incorporate heat exchange equipment to reduce energy costs by extracting heat from the facility's exhaust air stream before it is vented outside. Energy recovery from the laboratory's exhaust should be considered when significant portions of operating hours are at ambient temperature of 50F (10C) and below. Another recoverable energy source is provided by chiller/DX condensers. Water cooled condensers can be piped to reject waste back into the labs HVAC system to provide reheat capacity, to augment run-around coil systems, and to dry regenerative heat wheels. When properly designed, these energy recovery systems can reduce installed HVAC system capacity by one-half; reduce operating energy from one-third to two-thirds, depending upon mode of operation; and have life-cycle cost paybacks from immediate to three years. The four major energy recovery systems include run-around coil systems, regenerative heat wheels, heat pipes, and fixed-plate exchangers.y

Run-around coil systems

These systems can recover energy in other ways besides recapturing the heat in the exhaust air. For example, waste heat in the process cooling water from the laboratory equipment can be recovered. Water chiller waste heat can provide domestic hot water and space heating for laboratories and offices with a run-around coil system The following types of energy recovery systems require side-by-side exhaust and supply ducting.y

Regenerative heat wheelsMay, 2010

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

54

A regenerative heat wheel is a revolving disc filled with an air-permeable medium including a desiccant. When the air passes through the medium, heat energy and moisture are transferred to the medium. As the medium rotates into the opposing air stream, the warmed, moist medium transfers the heat and moisture to the opposite-flowing air stream. Therefore, a heat wheel can either: reduce entry of warm, moist outside air into the lab building, or recover heat and moisture that would have been simply exhausted for the building. There has been a renewed interest in heat wheels since molecular sieve coatings have been used that ensure minimal contaminant transfer.y

Heat pipes

Heat pipes offer a unique, compactly sized method of energy recovery that requires no external energy; however, they are not often used because of the restrictions they place on location of supply and exhaust air streams.y

Fixed-plate exchangers

Typically, fixed-plate energy recovery systems are coated, air-to-air aluminium heat exchangers; they may have to be quite large to perform effectively.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

55

Generation: Generation is to generate energy on site for the various requirements of the building. At the district level seven fuel cells with a rated power of 400kw are employed to generate electricity. The fuel cells are powered by biogas which is generated from the waste water treatment plant. Various means of generation are: Micro-Turbine technology Generates clean power in an efficient and environmentally responsive manner.

A biomass boiler

Burns fuel pellets to make new fuel.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

56

Strategies for Zero Carbon Emissions: Following strategies can be adopted for zero carbon emissions:1. Go for Zero Energy Buildings Zero Energy buildings are self sufficient for their energy

requirements. This is usually in the form of renewable energy, which does not emit GHG for energy generation. Hence help in becoming Zero Carbon Emission.2. Use high efficiency energy generation and supply system usually electricity received from the

electrical grid is 30-35% efficient due to energy losses in its transportation, better alternative could be an onsite power generation unit which have a much higher efficiency (up to 80%).3. Avoid or at least limit the use of fossil fuels which on burning produce GHG. Plant trees or

supply back power from renewable sources to compensate for the GHGs emitted.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

57

Strategies for making buildings ecologically responsive: Buildings need to be responsive to ecology for sustainability and improved environment quality. Following strategies can be adopted for this objective:1. Provision for continuous greens on building facade. 2. Eco-cells are good concept and have benefits of providing an effective rain water harvesting

system and therefore they shall be used wherever possible.3. Compensate for the green area lost on the land because of building footprint. Typically by

providing a sky garden on the terrace. This shall increase the green cover of the neighbourhood, shall reduce heat island effect and provide insulation from the solar radiation.

Hari Om Gupta, Sem II, SPA, New Delhi

May, 2010

Strategies for 3E generation Buildings, Project Seminar - 1

58

6. Indian Scenario: 6.1. Introduction India is the 5th largest contributor to the worldwide Carbon Emissions. The Copenhagen Summit requires India to cut carbon emission intensity by 2025% below 2005 levels by 2020, for slowing down the Global Warming phenomenon. Moreover there is Government of Indias ambitious vision of POWER FOR ALL BY 2012. This mission would require that the installed generation capacity should be at least 200,000 MW by 2012 from the present level of 144,564.97 MW. Power requirement will double by 2020 to 400,000MW. This is mostly being obtained from burning Fossil fuels, which will further increase Indias share in global carbon emissions. It is also said that India will build at a much faster rate in the next decade. All this will result in steep rise in Indias contribution to global Carbon Emissions. This leaves very little doubt over the urgency for radical changes in the Building Sector, the way in which Buildings are constructed and operated in India. Buildings need to be changed from Energy consumers to Energy producers that too in an ecologically responsive manner. Here concept of 3E Generation Buildings come to rescue and provides a solution to the problems like Energy security, Environmental Protection and reduces the effect of global warming. We find many examples of Energy Efficient and ecologically responsive Buildings in India, We also have great architects, engineers and consultants to provide support for the vision of 3E Generation Buildings. What we need to do is to go many steps further from the conventional Energy efficient, platinum ratings and high performance buildings to a level where we streamline and synergise the efforts of various individuals into one package called 3E Generation Buildings. This cannot be done overnight and is actually a step by step process. Starting from the associated concepts of Zero Energy Building, Zero Emission Building, Ecologically responsive Building and finally to 3EG buildings. We already have certain examples of buildings which exhibit associated concepts and technologies of 3EG, In fact Indian firms and products are already helping Western and Asian countries achieve ZEBs. Therefore technologies and products which shall actually constitute 3EG are already available in India. Its just the experience which is missing in this regard. There is a proposal to build a ZEB at IIT Powai, which shall act as a catalyst for development of such buildings in India. The incremental cost of such a building is in the range of 15-20% which will actually be offset in a short time period depending on the project, but t