2. cim fundamentals

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Computer Integrated Manufacturing


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Overview

Definitions and Origin

Key challenges

Subsystems in computerintegratedmanufacturing

CIMOS!

Development of CIM


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Definition

Computer-integrated manufacturing #CIM$ is themanufacturing approach of using computers tocontrol the entire production process

%his integration allows individual processes toe&change info with each other and initiate actions

%hrough the computers integration' manufacturingcan be faster and less errorprone' although the main

advantage is the ability to create automatedmanufacturing processes

%ypically CIMrelies on closedloop control processes'based on realtime input from sensors

It is also (nown asflexible design and manufacturing


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Definition

CIMencompasses the entire range of product development

and manufacturing activities with all the functions being

carried out with the help of dedicated S* pac(ages%he data re+uired for various functions are passed from one

application S* to another in a seamless manner,or e&ample' the product data is created during design%his data has to be transferred from the modeling S* to

manufacturing S* without any loss of data

CIMuse a common D- wherever feasible and communtech tointegrate design' manufacturing and associated business

CIMreduces the human component of manufacturing and

thereby relieves the process of its slow' e&pensive and error

prone component


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Manufacturing Systems Integration Program


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Origin

CIMalso encompasses the whole lot of enablingtechnologies including total +uality management'business process reengineering' concurrent engineering'wor(flow automation' enterprise resource planning and

fle&ible manufacturing! distinct feature of manufacturing today is mass

customization

%his implies that though the products are manufactured

in large +uantities' products must incorporate customerspecific changes to satisfy the diverse re+uirements of thecustomers

%his re+uires e&tremely high fle&ibility in the

manufacturing system


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Challenges in Manufacturing

Challenges in Manufacturing


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Three Distinguished Components

!s a method of manufacturing' three components

distinguish CIMfrom other manufacturing

methodologies6

Means for data storage' retrieval' manipulationand presentation

Mechanisms for sensing state and modifying

processes!lgorithms for uniting the data processing

component with the sensor7modification

component


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Definition

CIMis an e&ample of the implementation of info andcommon technologies in manufacturing

CIM implies that there are at least two computerse&changing info' eg the controller of an arm robot and a

microcontroller of a Computer 9umerical Control#C9C$machine

Some factors involved when considering a CIMimplementation are the production volume' the

e&perience of the company or personnel to ma(e theintegration' the level of the integration into the productitself and the integration of the production processes

CIMis most useful where a high level of IC%is used inthe company or facility' such as C!D7C!Msystems


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Definition

Manufacturing engineers are re+uired to achievethe following ob:ectives to be competitive in aglobal conte&t

;eduction in inventory =roduction changes=rocess > ?+uipment change

Change of personnel


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-enefit from CIM

Integrationof technologies brings following benefits61 Creation of a truly interactive system that enables

manufacturing functions to communicate easily withother relevant functional units

2 !ccurate data transferability among manufacturingplant or subcontracting facilities at implant ordiverse locations

" ,aster responses to datachanges for manufacturing

fle&ibility) Increased fle&ibility towards introduction of new

products. Improved accuracy and +uality in the manufacturing

process #continued


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-enefit from CIM

/ Improved +uality of the products

3 Control of dataflow among various units and

maintenance of userlibrary for systemwide

data4 ;eduction of lead times which generates a

competitive advantage

5 Streamlined manufacturing flow from orderto delivery

18 ?asier training and retraining facilities


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?volution of Computer Integrated

ManufacturingCIM is considered a natural evolution of the technology of

C!D7C!M which by itself evolved by the integration of C!Dand C!M

Massachusetts Institute of %echnology #MI%' @S!$ is credited

with pioneering the development in both C!D and C!M%he need to meet the design and manufacturing re+uirementsof aerospace industries after the Second *orld *arnecessitated the development these technologies

%he manufacturing technology available during late )8As and

early .8As could not meet the design and manufacturingchallenges arising out of the need to develop sophisticatedaircraft and satellite launch vehicles

%his prompted the @S !ir ,orce to approach MI% to developsuitable control systems' drives and programming techni+ues

for machine tools using electronic control

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Digital Manufacturing

%he idea of 0digital manufacturing0 wasprominent the 1548s' when computerintegratedmanufacturingwas developed and promoted by

machine tool manufacturers and the Computerand !utomated Systems !ssociation and Societyof Manufacturing ?ngineers#C!S!7SM?$

0CIMis the integration of total manufacturing

enterprise by using integrated systems and datacommunication coupled with new managerialphilosophies that improve organiational andpersonnel efficiency0

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Key challenges three ma!or challenges

Integration of components from different suppliers6when different machines' such as C9C' conveyors androbots' are using different communications protocols

Data integrity6 %he higher the degree of automation'

the more critical is the integrity of the data used tocontrol the machine*hile the CIM system saves on labor of operating

the machines' it re+uires e&tra human labor inensuring that there are proper safeguards for the

control data signals=rocess control6 Computers may be used to assist thehuman operators of manufacturing facility' but theremust always be a competent engineer to handlecircumstances which could not be foreseen by S*

designers

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CIM > production control system

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Subsystems in computerintegrated

manufacturing

CIM ma(es full use of the capabilities of the digitalcomputer to improve manufacturing %wo of them are6

i Bariable and =rogrammable automation

ii ;eal time optimiation! computerintegrated manufacturing system is not the

same as a 0lightsout0 factory'which would run completely independent of human

intervention' although it is a big step in that direction

=art of the system involves fle&ible manufacturing' wherethe factory can be +uic(ly modified to produce differentproducts' or where the volume of products can bechanged +uic(ly with the aid of computers

Some or all of the following subsystems may be found in a

CIMoperation see next slide

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manufacturing

Computeraided techni+ues6

C!D #computeraided design$

C!? #computeraided engineering$

C!M #computeraided manufacturing$C!== #computeraided process planning$

C! #computeraided +uality assurance$

==C #production planning and control$

?;= #enterprise resource planning$

! business system integrated by a commondatabase

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manufacturing

Computer-aided design "C#Dalso known ascomputeraided design and drafting(C!DD)is theuse of computer technology for the process of designand designdocumentation

C#Ddescribes the process of drafting with acomputer providing the user with inputtools for thepurpose of streamlining design processesE drafting'documentation

C#Doutput is often in the form of electronic files forprint or machining operationsC#Dbased S* is in direct correlation with the

processesE industrybased S* typically uses vectorbased#linear$ environments whereas graphicbased

S* utilies rasterbased one

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manufacturingComputeraided engineering #C!?$ is the broad usage of

computer software to aid in engineering tas(s

It includes computeraided design #C!D$' computeraidedanalysis #C!!$' computerintegrated manufacturing #CIM$'

computeraided manufacturing #C!M$' material re+uirementsplanning #M;=$' and computeraided planning #C!=$

Computeraided process planning #C!==$ is the use ofcomputer technology to aid in the process planning of a partor product' in manufacturing

C!== is the lin( between C!D and C!M in that it providesfor the planning of the process to be used in producing adesigned part

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manufacturingComputer-aided manufacturing "C#M is the use of computer

S* to control machine tools and related machinery in themanufacturing of wor( pieces

C!M may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all

operations of a manufacturing plant' including planning'management' transportation and storage

=rimary purpose is to create a faster production process andcomponents and tooling with more precise dimensions andmaterial consistency' which in some cases' uses only the

re+uired amount of raw material while simultaneouslyreducing energy consumption

Computer-aided $uality assurance "C#% is the engineeringapplication of computers and computer controlled machines

for the definition and inspection of the +uality of products

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manufacturingPro!ect management soft&are is covering many types of S*

including estimation and planning' scheduling' cost controland budget management' resource allocation' collaborationS*' communication' +uality management and documentation

which are used to deal with the complexity of large pro!ects'nterprise resource planning "'(P$ integrates internal and

e&ternal management info across an entire organiation'embracing finance7accounting' manufacturing' sales andservice' customer relationship management

It automate this activity with an integrated S* application Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of info between all business

functions inside the boundaries of the organiation andmanage the connections to outside sta(eholders

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CIM )ard&are and Soft&are

CIM software comprises computer programms tocarry out the following functions6Management Information SystemSales > Mar(eting > ,inanceDatabase ManagementModeling and Design!nalysisSimulation

CommunicationsMonitoring=roduction ControlManufacturing !rea Control


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manufacturing

Ma:or ?lements of a CIM System

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manufacturing

Barious !ctivities in CIM

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manufacturingDevices and e+uipment re+uired6C9C' Computer numerical controlled machine

toolsD9C' Direct numerical control machine tools=


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manufacturing

%echnologies6,MS' #fle&ible manufacturing system$!S;S' automated storage and retrieval

system!GB' automated guided vehicle;obotics!utomated conveyance systems

Others6


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CIMOS!

CIM*S#Computer Integrated ManufacturingOpen System !rchitecture is the enterprise modelingframewor(' which aims to support the enterpriseintegration of machines' computers and people

Its framewor( is based on the system life cycleconcept' and offers a modeling language'methodology and supporting technology to supportthese goalsis a 1558s ?uropean proposal for an open system

architecture for CIM developed by the !MIC?Consortium as a series of ?S=;I% pro:ects

%he goal of CIMOS! was 0to help companies tomanage change and integrate their facilities andoperations to face world wide competition

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CIMOS!

CIM*S# provides a solution for business integrationwith four types of products6%he CIMOS! ?nterprise Modeling ,ramewor(

providing a reference architecture for enterprise

architectureCIMOS! IIS'a standard for physical and application

integrationCIMOS! Systems


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CIMOS! !rchitecture

%he main focus of CIMOS! has been to

construct6

a framewor( for enterprise modelling' a

reference architecture

an enterprise modeling language

an integrating infrastructure for model

enactment supported by

a common terminology

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CIMOS! !rchitecture

CIMOS! aims at integrating enterprise operations bymeans of efficient information e&change within theenterprise

CIMOS! models enterprises using four perspectives6

thefunction vie&describes the functional structurere+uired to satisfy the ob:ectives of an enterprise andrelated control structuresE

the information vie&describes the informationre+uired by each functionE

the resource vie&describes the resources and theirrelations to functional and control structuresE and

the organization vie&describes the responsibilitiesassigned to individuals for functional and control

structures

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Development of CIM

CIM is an integration process leading to the

integration of the manufacturing enterprise

Dictated by the needs of the individual

enterprise this process usually starts with the

need to interchange information between the

some of the so called islands of automation

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Development of CIM

,le&ible manufacturing cells' automatic storageand retrieval systems' C!D7C!M based designetc are the e&amples of islands of automation iea sort of computer based automation achieved

completely in a limited sphere of activity of anenterprise%his involves data e&change among computers'

9C machines' robots' gantry systems etc

%herefore the integration process has startedbottom up%he interconnection of physical systems was the

first re+uirement to be recognied and fulfilled

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Development of CIM

2. cim fundamentals

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