1_plagiarism how to write article

7/31/2019 1_plagiarism How to Write Article

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Plagiarism-a not to do subject

Definition

Plagiarism is defined as presenting someone elses work, including the

work of other students, as ones own. Any ideas or materials taken

from another source for either written or oral use must be fully

acknowledged, unless the information is common knowledge. What is

considered common knowledge may differ from course to course.

A student must not adopt or reproduce ideas, opinions, theories,

formulas, graphics or pictures of another person without

acknowledgment.

Offering materials assembled or collected by others in the form

of projects or collections without acknowledgment, is also a

form of plagiarism.

NOTE:


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Avoid plagiarism by giving credit, when

You use another persons ideas, opinions or theories.

You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music, etc., or any other type of

information that does not comprise common knowledge.

You use quotations from another persons spoken or written word.

You paraphrase another persons spoken or written word.


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To avoid plagiarism

Begin the writing process by stating your ideas; then go back to the

authors original work.

Use quotation marks and credit the source (author) when you copy exact

wording.

Use your own words (paraphrase) instead of copying directly whenpossible.

Even when paraphrase another authors writings, you must give

credit to that author.

If the form of citation and reference are not correct, the attribution to

the original author is likely to be incomplete. Therefore, improper use

of style can result in plagiarism. Get a style manual and use it.


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Figure below helps to avoid plagiarism

My Words?

My Idea?

Yes No

Direct Quote

Direct Quote or

Block QuoteParaphrase

CitationProper acknowledgement of original author(s)

And

References

Full bibliographic reference, so the reader can find the right

publication

YesNo


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A Plagiarism Case detected in EURO-PAR95

Details:

C.V.Papadopoulos is the real person who has registered as a Ph.D student at theUniv. of Piraeus, GR. (earlier he was registered at the National Technical Univ. of

Athens, but he was expelled because of plagiarism cases)

He has managed to publish several plagiarized papers to international journals

and conferences.

FTP over the internet seems to be the means, he used for his actions.

Unfortunately, the current state of the art in the area of authentication, access

control, authors rights, etc., are unable to identify, beyond doubt, the intruders

FTP action.

All plagiarism cases though they involve various names of authors and

affiliations, they all give as correspondence address that of C.V.Papadopoulos.


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Plagiarized published papers of C.V.Papadopoulos

Paper of C.V.Papadopoulos

Title:On the heterogeneity of Distributed databases-Integrating CommitProtocols

Authors: Constantinos V.Papadopoulos, Univ. of Piraeus and KEPYO,GR.

Published at: IEEE Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Distributed

Computing Systems, Poland, June 1994.

Source of Plagiarism

Title:Integration of Commit Protocols in Heterogeneous Databases

Authors: Ayellet Tal (Princeton Univ), Rafael Alonso (Matsushita Information

Technology Laboratory)Source: Princeton technical report TR-375-92


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Plagiarized PUBLISHED papers of C.V.Papadopoulos


Title:"Provably Optimal Algorithms for Signal Routing

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, Univ. of Piraeus, GR

Published at: Journal of Computer Systems Science and

Engineering, November 1994, vol.9, no 4.


Title: "Provably Good Performance-Driven Global Routing

Authors: Jason Cong, Andrew Kahng, Gabriel Robins, UCLA

Sources: UCLA technical report CSD-910013, April 91 and

IEEE CAD, vol 11, no 6, 1992.


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Title: A New Hashing Algorithm for Parallel Processors"

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, National Technical

Univ. of Athens, GR

Published at: Parallel Algorithms and Application Journal,

Vol 4, November 1994


Title: "Work Efficient Hashing on Parallel and VectorComputers"

Authors: Thomas J. Sheffler and Randal E. Bryant, CMU

Source: CMU report MCU-CS-92-172


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Title: "On the Parallel Execution of Combinatorial Heuristics"


Published at: IEEE Proceedings of the 1st International

Conference on Massively Parallel Computing Systems (MPCS),Los Alamitos, CA, May 1994


Title: "A Massively Distributed Parallel Genetic Algorithm(mdpGA)"

Authors: Shumeet Baluja, CMU

Sources: CMU technical report CMU-CS-92-196R.


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Title: "On the Parallelism of Data"


Published at: Proceedings of Parallel Languages and

Architectures Europe, PARLE'94, Athens, 1994


Title: "Relations + Reductions = Data-Parallelism"

Authors: V.Austel, R.Bagrodia, M.Chandy, M. Dhagat, UCLA

Sources: UCLA report CSD-930009, latest version to appear in

the J. of Parallel and Distributed Computing


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Title: "A Multiprocessor Architecture for Concurrent Data

Structures"

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, IBM Zurich! (certainly

he is not there)Published at: EURO-PAR'95


Title: "Transactional Memory: Architectural Support for Lock-Free Data Structures"

Authors:: Maurice Herlihy (DEC Cambridge Res. Lab), J.Elliot

B. Moss(Univ. of Massachusetts)

Sources: DEC technical report CRL-92-07


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Plagiarized PUBLISHED papers of C.V.PapadopoulosPaper of C.V.Papadopoulos

Title: "Implementation of Dynamic Data Structures onDistributed Memory Multiprocessors"

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, IBM Zurich!

Published at: EURO-PAR'95


Title: "Supporting Dynamic Data Structures on Distributed

Memory Machines"

Authors: Anne Rogers (Princeton Univ), Martin Carlisle

(Princeton Univ), John Reppy (AT &T Bell Labs), Laurie

Hendren (McGill Univ)

Sources: Princeton report TR-447-94, also to appear in ACMTrans. Progr. Lang. and Systems


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Title: "A Formal Study on the Fault Tolerance of Parallel andDistributed Systems"


Published at: IEEE Proceedings of the 1st International

Conference on Architectures and Algorithms for ParallelProcessing (ICA^3PP 95), Australia, April 1995


Title: "On the Fault Tolerance of Some Popular Bounded-DegreeNetworks"

Authors: Tom Leighton (MIT), Bruce Maggs (NEC Research

Institute, Princeton), Ramesh Sitaraman (Princeton Univ)

Sources: Princeton report CS-TR-385-92


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Find the plagiarized context with referencea practice

Original Source Material: A nave mental model in the context of

computer programming is that a computer is an intelligent system, and

that giving directions to a computer is like giving directions to a human

being.

Source: Merrinboer, J.

J. van. (1997). Training

complex cognitive skills.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ:

Educational Technology

Publications.

Please read the original source material carefully and then select the

entry, either "A" or "B," that you think has not been plagiarized

A)One kind of mental model for the computer is the

nave model. A nave mental model in the context of

computer programming is that a computer is an

intelligent system. This model is nave because

giving directions to a computer is like givingdirections to a human being.

References: Merrinboer, J. J. van. (1997). Training

complex cognitive skills. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:

Educational Technology Publications.

B)One kind of mental model for the computer is the

nave model. According to van Merrinboer (1997),

"A nave mental model in the context of computer

programming is that a computer is an intelligent

system, and that giving directions to a computer islike giving directions to a human being" (p. 145).

References: Merrinboer, J. J. van. (1997). Training

complex cognitive skills. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:

Educational Technology Publications.

Not plagiarized

Practice 1
http://www.indiana.edu/~istd/practice1a.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~istd/practice1b.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~istd/practice1b.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~istd/practice1a.html


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Original Source Material: In the traditional behavioral paradigm,feedback is the consequence of a response, typically reinforcement for

an appropriate behavior.

Source: Driscoll, M.P. (2000). Psychology

of learning for

instruction (2nd ed.).

Needham Heights,

MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Practice 2

A) Feedback is not conceived of identically

between the various schools of thought in

instruction. "In the traditional behavioral

paradigm, feedback is the consequence of aresponse, typically reinforcement for an

appropriate behavior" (Driscoll, 2000, p. 65).

References: Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology

of learning for instruction (2nd ed.). Needham

Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

B) Feedback is not conceived of identically

between the various schools of thought in

instruction. In the traditional behavioral

paradigm, feedback is the consequence of aresponse. That response is typically

reinforcement for an appropriate behavior.

Not plagiarized
http://www.indiana.edu/~istd/practice2a.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~istd/practice2b.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~istd/practice2b.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~istd/practice2a.html


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Why do students plagiarize?

They feel apprehensive about tackling a new subject.

They fear that everything worth writing about it has

already been written.

They feel anxious about the fact that others may have

written so much better about a particular topic than

they could ever do.

These fears, insecurities, and frustrations are among

those that tempt students to plagiarize.

NOTE:

Whatever the reasons,plagiarism is a serious ethical violation.


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Plan your writing

Ask two questions before starting:What is new in your work?

What are you going to write?

Emphasize on the originality and

significance of your work. Organize your thinking and decide the

structure (outlines) of your paper.

Stick on your central points throughout thewhole paper and remove all unnecessarydiscussions.


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Writing

Purpose of your writing: disseminating yourresearch results.Dont write if there is nothing to writeDont make a simple problem complicated to fool people

Dont hide technical details

Reader-oriented writing: Write in a way that wouldlead readers to follow your thinking, NOT in the way ofyour thinking.Well-organize your thinking

Give enough and clear explanation (never leave reader to guess)

Try to present your idea in an accurate way (no ambiguous)

Always think how readers would interpret your writing (assume youre areader)

Use simple/ plain EnglishPurpose of technical writing: express your idea correctly & clearly.


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Choose a Right Title

The title should be very specific, not too broad. The title should be substantially different from others.Topology control for multihop wireless networks, IEEE Trans. on Comm, 93.

Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment,

infocom00.

Distributed topology control for power efficient operation in multihop wirelessnetworks, infocom01.

Avoid general / big titles, e.g.,Research on data mining,

Some research on job assignment in cluster computing,

A new framework for distributed computing,


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Write a concise Abstract

The use of an abstract: for search purpose. giving readers a paper-summary before getting into details.

An abstract should tell: the problem that the paper discusses.

the work that has been done, or method being used.

original findings / achievements.

An abstract usually does NOT have: reference numbers multiple paragraphs


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Choose a right set of keywords

The use of keywords:database search,

categorizing your work (for editors to choose reviewers).

The keywords must be specific and, as a whole,represent the main topic of the paper.

Avoid using the words that are not the main topic,

such as calculus, simulations, etc.


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Examples of an abstract / keywords


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Organization of your Thesis Top-down writing method

Planning sections and subsections

Sketching: use a sentence to represent the points(paragraphs) in each subsections

Writing details: expend a sentence in the sketchinto a paragraph

Adjustment: break / merge paragraphs, add /merge sections

N.B. keep a logical flow from section to section, paragraph toparagraph, and sentence to sentence.


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How to write a ThesisAnd be read. And respected.

Motivation and preparation

Frame of mind

Style and structure

Dirty Tricks


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Motivation

Writing papers (that are read) is the only way to be respected

as a scientist

Science: only useful if communicated

Conference talks: transitory

Reproducibility: from detailed papers

[] Authors need to maximise every opportunity to get their

message heard []; literacy will be seen, increasingly, as something

that could make or brake a paper, and with it, the career of the authors.


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Preparation

Read and critique (edit) your colleagues papers before submission

You will

develop a sense what constitutes a good paper

learn to see traps (e.g. overstating) and avoid them

learn to critique your own work hopefully be of use to your colleagues, rather than

lose all your friends!

Ideally, an editor makes the changes that the writer would

make himself, after letting the piece lie for a year.


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Preparation

Keep up with the relevant literature

Develop a data base of references that may need to be cited

Keep thinking about the relation of your own work to that

of others

Understand the arguments used in relevant work Try to explain and resolve differences between results (and

design experiments to do so, if necessary)

Make sure you cite all the relevant work


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Preparation

Discuss your work with people inside and outside your group

It is better to hear whats wrong before your paper is submitted!

Give talks or present posters at conferences

Seek out those who have worked on the subject

Discuss (by email or in person) with authors of relevant

work

Find out if your colleagues think your line of reasoning

makes sense

Pursue all the criticisms received and find an answer to

those questions


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Frame of Mind

Writing a paper is a chance, not a chore!

Recap the context of your work

Think through your results and arguments in detail

Check your logic If you get stuck while writing, be open for new ideas of

interpretation


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Frame of Mind

Get the time balance right between

writing and producing data

A week is not enough to write up five years of research!

Allow time to perform extra checks and experimentsyou

will be surprised how many issues come up once you think

through the results properly.


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How to get started

Distill your main new insight in your mind, in one sentence

Then try and argue your case.

Start with a section you find easy (Methods? Introduction?)

Do not worry too much about wording and word countcut

and edit later

Imagine you explain your work to a colleaguewrite down

what you would say, in plain language


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Style: Clarity first!

Write with care and try to communicate

Think of those with limited command of English (but superior

command of physics)

Make short, simple, concrete sentences & avoid buzzwords

Use only words whose meaning you know


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Technicalities

Look at the journal you are planning to submit to

Adhere to the Guide to Authors

Test your figures on your grandmothercan she read the

symbols?

Do not use 20 shades of green

Make sure you cite all relevant work - few referees like being

ignored


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Finishing touches

Critique your own work

Think hard about the main new message of your paper; then

write the Abstract and Conclusions

Ask a critical colleague to read and edit

Fill in any holes with literature or new experiments

this can take several iterations


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plagiarism

Why botherwith references?

good researchgood communication


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Plagiarism

The most blatant form of plagiarism is to repeat

as your own someone elses sentences, more or

less verbatim . . . Other forms of plagiarisminclude repeating someone elses . . . apt phrasewithout appropriate acknowledgement,paraphrasing another persons argument as your

own, and presenting anothers line of thinking asthough it were your own.

The MLA Handbook(New York: MLA, 1988), pp. 22-23.


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as your own

Everything you write in an essay which

you do not explicitly say is someone

elses thoughts or words is therebybeing presented as your own.

Including something in a bibliography does

not tell us which sentences of the essay

come from that source and which you areclaiming as your own. So we must take

them ALL to be presented as your own.


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Forms of Plagiarism 1

Submitting the work of another person in

its entirety as if it were your own.

Buying essays from the internet

Copying another students essay


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Taking anothers essay, retyping it and

making occasional changes

Deleting some ideas

Adding new ideas

Changing the conclusion


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Inserting all or part of a sentence or

paragraph from another source into youressay without putting the inserted material

in quotation marks

Even if you cite the source


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Taking an idea from another source withoutciting it

Even if you put the idea into your own words

What matters here is causation not whether youare original

Most of your own ideas will have been thought up bysomeone else

That is OK, as long as they get into your essaybecause you thought them up for yourself.


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Paraphrasing a sentence or paragraph

from another source without saying this iswhat you are doing

Even if you put the source in yourbibliography


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Ways to Avoid Plagiarism 1

Bad note-taking is the most commonsource of unintentional plagiarism

Spend time thinking about what you haveread before taking any notes

Notes should summarize what you haveread

Do not cut and paste material from theinternet into a notes file.


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Using the Web

the good,the bad, and theunder-construction

Websites are sources which mustbe acknowledged


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But take care

Many traditionalacademic resources areavailable online

E.g. primary texts,

journals, researchpapers

But the internet also contains much obscureand unreliable material.

If there is no named author or the author does not havean academic affiliation (i.e. does not give a Universityaddress), dont use the source.

If you are not sure, ask your tutor before using it in youressay


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The principles of good referencing are just asimportant in note-taking as in essays Enclose all material copied from another source into

your notes in quotation marks with the source

attributed. Add references as you go along, even when the

essay is in very rough draft

When you are writing the essay you will be under

much more pressure, so dont assume that you cancheck references later


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If you do not have enough time to write aproper essay before the deadline: ask for anextension.

For procedural work: ask your module tutor

For assessed work: ask the Examinations Officer

(Christian Piller in Philosophy)


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Responsibility

Issues of plagiarism fall under the principle ofstrict liability.

Even if you did not mean to plagiarise, you are just asresponsible as if you did mean to do so.

So, you must actively strive to avoid plagiarism at allcosts.

The prohibition against plagiarism applies toboth proceduralwork and assessedwork.


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Plagiarism DetectionYou will not get away

with it! Every year we catch students

Six so far this year

Lecturers are trained experts Electronic detection tools

If you found the source, so can we!


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Penalties for Plagiarism

University offence - we have to report it

and follow rules

Range of consequences:

fail module,

lower degree class,

fail degree.


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Procedure 1

Work that does not contribute towards your

degree, e.g. procedural work or 1st year

Sources are identified University is notified

Student formally warned that if ever caught again

registration with University will be terminated

Examiners asked to check work more carefully


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Procedure 2

Work that does contribute to your degree resultgets Penalty Marks:

The essay containing plagiarism is given anacademic mark for the work that is your own

ALL other work is checked carefully for plagiarism

If any is discovered, that work is remarked

A penalty mark reflecting the percentage of degree

affected by plagiarism is applied TO ALL YOURMODULES


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Publish or perish


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Publish and perishThe Seven Deadly Sins

Data manipulation, falsification

Duplicate manuscripts

Redundant publication

Plagiarism

Author conflicts of interest

Animal use concerns

Humans use concerns

Wh t tit t d d t


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What constitutes redundant

publication?

Data in conference abstract?

Same data, different journal?

Data on website?

Data included in review article?

Expansion of published data set?

No

Yes

Maybe

OK if later

Yes

Wh t k d h


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What makes a good research

paper?

Good science

Good writing Publication in good journals


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What constitutes good science?

Novelnew and not resembling something

formerly known or used(can be novel but notimportant)

Mechanistictesting a hypothesis - determining

the fundamental processes involved in or

responsible for an action, reaction, or other natural

phenomenon

Descriptivedescribes how are things are but

does not test how things workhypotheses are not

tested.


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What constitutes a good journal?

Impact factoraverage number of times published papers arecited up to two years after publication.

Immediacy Indexaverage number of times published papers are

cited during year of publication.


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Journal Citation Report, 2003

Journal Impact Factor Immediacy Index

Nature 30.979 06.679Science 29.162 05.589Hypertens 05.630 00.838AJ P Heart 03.658 00.675

Physiol Rev 36.831 03.727

Am J Math 00.962 00.122Ann Math 01.505 00.564

5907 journals

AM J MATH 0002-9327 002353 00.962 00.122AM J MATH 0002-9327 002353 00.962 00.122


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Things to consider before writing

1. Time to write the paper?- has a significant advancement been made?- is the hypothesis straightforward?- did the experiments test the hypothesis?- are the controls appropriate and sufficient?- can you describe the study in 1 or 2 minutes?

- can the key message be written in 1 or 2 sentences?

Those who have the

most to say usually sayit with the fewest words


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1. Time to write the paper?- has a significant advancement been made?- is the hypothesis straightforward?- did the experiments test the hypothesis?- are the controls appropriate and sufficient?- can you describe the study in 1 or 2 minutes?

- can the key message be written in 1 or 2 sentences?

2. Tables and figures- must be clear and concise

- should be self-explanatory

3. Read references- will help in choosing journal

- better insight into possible reviewers


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4. Choose journal- study instructions to authors

- think about possible reviewers

- quality of journal impact factor

5. Tentative title and summary

6. Choose authors


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Authorship

Guidelines on authorshop,International committee of Medical Journal Editors,

Reprinted by kind permission of the Editor of the British Medical Journal of Sept14, 1985. J Clin Pathol 39: 110, 1986


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Writing the manuscript

The hardest part is

getting started.


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Parts of a manuscript

Title

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References


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Write in what order?

Title

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References


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Methods and materials

Best to begin writing when experiments still in progress.

Should be detailed enough so results can be repeated

by others. Reference published methods where appropriate.

Include animal/human use approval information.

Use descriptive subheadings

Animals

Surgical procedures

Histochemistry


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Results

Briefly repeating protocols can be effective

Tables and figures must be straight forward and

concise

Present main findings referring to tables/figures.

Do not speculate or over discuss results.


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Abstract

Critical part of paper

State main objective

Summarize most important results

State major conclusions and significance

Avoid acronyms

Write and rewrite until flawless


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Title

Will determine whether paper gets read

Avoid long title (see journal rules)

Avoid abbreviations Title format:

The effects of heat on ice

Heat melts ice

The role of heat in melting ice


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Words and expressions to avoid

Jargon Preferred use

a considerable amount of much

on account of because

a number of severalReferred to as called

In a number of cases some

Has the capacity to can

It is clear that clearly

It is apparent that apparentlyEmploy use

Fabricate make

Day, RA. How to write and publish a scientific

paper, 5th edition, Oryx Press, 1998.


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Process of Research

Completion of research

Preparation of manuscript

Submission of manuscript

Assignment and review

Decision

Revision

Resubmission

Re-review

Acceptance

Publication

Rejection

Rejection


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There is no way to get

experience except throughexperience.

1_plagiarism how to write article

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