16_divya_carbon emission of icts

Summer Training

Submitted to the Amity University Uttar Pradesh In partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the Degree of

M.Sc. (Applied Physics)

By

Divya Aggarwal

Enrolment No: A4450014016

CARBON EMISSION OF ICTs

Under the Supervision of:

Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh

Sector 125, Noida – 201303 (India)

Dr. Jyoti Katyal

Amity Institute of Applied SciencesNoidaUttar Pradesh, India

Mr. Chandra Shekhar Azad

Joint Secretary,SEEM (Society of energy engineers and managers)Asst. Director (Elec.),Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited &Hony. Consultant, Energy Management Training Institute,Ghaziabad

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Annexure-C

DECLARATION

I Divya Aggarwal student of Amity University, Noida hereby declare that the Summer Internship titled “Carbon Emission by ICT” Which is submitted by me to Department of Physics, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the degree of M.Sc. (Applied Physics), has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar title or recognition.

Noida

Date: 12 July 2015

Divya Aggarwal(M.Sc. Applied Physics

2014-2016)

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Annexure-D

CERTIFICATE

On the basis of declaration submitted by Divya Aggarwal, student of Amity

University, I hereby certify that the Summer Internship titled “ Carbon emission of

ICTs ” which is submitted to Department of Physics, Amity Institute of Applied

Sciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfilment of requirement

for the award of the degree of M.Sc. Physics, is an original contribution with existing

knowledge and faithful record of work carried out by her under my guidance and

supervision.

To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted in part or full for any

Degree or Diploma to this University or elsewhere.

Noida

Date: 12 July 2015

Mr. Chandra Shekhar Azad

(Joint Secretary,SEEM (Society of energy engineers and managers)

Asst. Director (Elec.),Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited &

Hony. Consultant, Energy Management Training Institute,

Ghaziabad)

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Annexure-D

CERTIFICATE

On the basis of declaration submitted by Divya Aggarwal, student of Amity

University, I hereby certify that the Summer Internship titled “ Carbon emission OF

ICTs ” which is submitted to Department of Physics, Amity Institute of Applied

Sciences, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfillment of

requirement for the award of the degree of M.Sc. Physics, is an original contribution

with existing knowledge and faithful record of work carried out by her under my

guidance and supervision.

To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted in part or full for any

Degree or Diploma to this University or elsewhere.

Noida

Date: 12 July 2015

Dr. Jyoti Katyal

Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and wish to thank Dr. Jyoti Katyal, my

internship in charge for her useful advice, support and constant gratitude which made

this internship a success. My heartfelt thanks go to head in charge Mr. Chandra

Shekhar Azad, who guided me in this Endeavour. I am also grateful to Amity

University for having provided all the facilities for carrying out the research work. I

am thankful to all the teachers related to this internship and my family for their

continuous support and guidance. I would like to thank my fellow mates who made

this internship a success and helped me see beyond this project. Thank you all.

Divya AggarwalM.sc. (Applied Physics)

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CONTENT

1. Introduction2. Objective3. Abstract4. ICT (Information and communications Technology)5. BTS (Base Transceiver Station)6. Telecom Operator

i. Aircel Limitedii. Reliance Communication

iii. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limitediv. Idea Cellularv. Loop Mobile

vi. Mahanagar Telephone Nigamvii. Reliance Communication

viii. Tata Teleservicesix. Vodafone India

7. Indian Scenario8. Diesel Consumption & CO2 emission9. Formula10. Carbon Reduction Technologies11. Energy consumption by telecom Operators

i. Vodafoneii. Vodafone India

iii. Relianceiv. NTT Japanv. China mobile

vi. Idea12. Result

i. Eletricity Requirementii. Carbon emission

13. Conclusion14. Reference

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Introduction

SEEM is professional body of Energy Engineers and Energy Managers (EnergyAuditors) in India. SEEM is supported by ADME Government of France andAssociation Technique Energy Environment (ATEE) of France. It works incollaboration with national and international energy organizations likeBEE,TERI, REAP , UNFCC, Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation etc. SEEM National convention 2015 was inaugurated by Director General Bureau ofEnergy Efficiency (BEE) Dr.Ajay Mathur at National Power Training Institute,Ministry of Power on 16th may 2015

Their vision is a world where the entire spectrum of human activities exist in harmony with a clean and green earth by integrating energy efficiency and conservation of natural resources into these activities

Their mission is to apply their professional knowledge and expertise, periodically enriched, to

Foster energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy Facilitate and aid in policy level interventions to circumvent the bottlenecks

for speedy implementation of energy conservation efforts

OBJECTIVE• Disseminate data in regards to vitality proficiency systems, apparatuses, practices and procedures through different media including productions, presentations; by encouraging and/or sorting out specialized review administration, specialized enquiry administration, documentation focus and library;

• Encourage and help with usage of projects identified with the target of change of vitality proficiency by directing vitality reviews and actualizing the proposals emerging thereof;

• Facilitate specialized trade by sorting out vitality protection/administration groups in associations and by masterminding bury plant visits;

• Research Organize vitality related preparing/courses of different levels of administration agents, specialists, and so forth.

• Support /facilitate /organise energy related research.

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ABSTRACT:

Global warming is turning into a major issue and carbon emanations from a mixed bag of sources are the reason for it. To control emission, a number of carbon emission reduction policies and schemes, for example, the Kyoto Protocol & COP15 settlement

have been come to and put set up. Numerous bookkeeping models, have as of now been proposed in the present writing to take care of the issue of obligation vagueness. Be that as it may, In ICT industry, it includes a blend of global and national elements, for example, responsibility issues (eg. the gathering in charge of the carbon discharge)

and the implications of participants and non-participants of those environmental change moderation arrangements in diverse nations. Consequently, taking into record all the determinant elements and distinctive partners included during the time spent

the carbon bookkeeping. In the research, the aggregate carbon emanation is ascertained and how the organizations are attempting to manage it is likewise

considered. This examination will take a science and building methodology and the result of this exploration would be significant to the global combat against climate

change.

ICT ( Information and communications technology )

Mechanical advancements have changed society in the past and will keep on doing as such. The steam motor opened the route to the mechanical society and the plane upset voyaging. From the phone to the web, ICT is putting us on the way to a completely interconnected and profoundly distinctive world .ICT is normally considered as PCs, other office gear, amusement gadgets, phones and comparative electronic hardware.

Over the world, telecom has been perceived as a helpful pointer for the social and financial advancement of a country. India has developed as quickest developing and second biggest telecom showcase on the planet driven by fast development and modernization of different financial parts

Managing environmental change is an immense test for the world and this is the place telecom industry, particularly, the remote telecom division can assume an essential part. India has around 337 000 cell towers, generally known as base stations. Around 100 000 cell base stations have been raised in the last 15 months(April 2009 to June 2010) in India .These base stations are truly vitality escalated and require continuous, constant power supply. In a nation like India, where power supply is discontinuous and unpredictable in the greater part of the towns and towns, this gets back to for force up through diesel generators. Smoldering of diesel, as a fossil fuel adds to carbon emission and builds general carbon foot shaped impression of the telecom part.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology

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With 927 million phone associations, by and large around 4 in 5 Indians (76.86%) have had a telephone in 2011. This "tele-thickness" emphatically varies between urban and rural environments. While the urban population has about 1.7 phone connections per capita to their availability, only about 37% of the rural populations have direct access to their own phone lineAlthough the urban tele-density is considered to be near saturation, the Indian telecom market still has a huge potential to grow further in untapped rural areas. The sheer size of the Indian telecommunication infrastructure brings with it a substantial amount of electric energy use. It is estimated that in the year 2010, the Indian telecom network required approx. 26 billion kWh for an uninterrupted service .This corresponded to approximately 3.5% of the entire national electricity consumption. Due to the lack of a reliable electricity grid, especially in rural areas, many base transceiver stations (BTS) are run with diesel generators (DG), either continuously as alternative source of power or intermittently in case of network failures. Diesel generators emit substantial amounts of harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases including particulate matter (PM), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon (BC), sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon dioxide (CO2). . Diesel consumption in the telecom sector has increased from 2 billion litres in 2007 to 3 billion litres by 2012. The present paper estimates and analyzes the emissions of pollutants from the Indian telecommunications sector and gives special emphasis to the role of diesel base generators. The result is the first gridded emission inventoryFor tele communication-related emissions in India. We use 2011 as the base year of this inventory, but we have also analyzed emission changes in recent years (2008e2011) and provide first estimates for emissions in the year 2020 for use in scenario model simulations. The emissions from the telecom sector are compared with available emission data from other sectors in India. Growth and trend of urban and rural tele-density Indian telephone connections increased exponentially in the last 14 years from 22.8 million in 1999 to approx. 1 billion in 2013. Tele-density is defined as the average number of telephone connections (i.e. phone numbers) per person. The urban teledensity increased by a factor of 8 from 20.79% in March 2004 to 167.46% in December 2011, while the rural tele-density rose from 1.55% to 37.52% during the same period .Wireless phones contribute 96.5% of the total number of connections . Due to the short period and rapid growth it can be assumed that the number of dead connections (phones that are taken out of operation without cancellation of the number) is negligible compared to the number of new connections added to network each year. By mid-2010, just over 50% of the Indian geographical area was connected to the telecom network With the introduction of wireless phone infrastructure in rural areas, an increasing trend in the rural tele-density was seen... The amount of emissions generated by the combustion of fossil or bio fuels is proportional to the quantity of fuel consumed and the emission factor for the corresponding combustion process or technology. In the followingSection, we briefly summarizes the method for estimating the telecom emissions. We will reviews the information that is available to estimate fossil fuel use in the telecommunications sector, and analyzes the available data on emission factors from diesel generators used to power the telecom relay points. Finally, we will estimate the emissions from the generation of electric power used to operate those infrastructures that have access to the electric grid. Due to lack of research in this direction, there is a scarcity of peer-reviewed literature. Most sources of information used here are from

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published government reports, private telecom companies' reports, non-government organizations reports, and government statistical data... Have changed society in the past and will keep on doing as such. The steam motor opened the route to the mechanical society and the plane reformed voyaging. From the phone to the web, ICT is putting us on the way to a completely interconnected and fundamentally distinctive world .ICT is typically considered as PCs, other office gear, excitement gadgets, phones and comparable electronic hardware.

Over the world, telecom has been perceived as a valuable pointer for the social and financial advancement of a country. India has risen as quickest developing and second biggest telecom advertise on the planet driven by fast development and modernization of different financial divisions

Managing environmental change is a colossal test for the world and this is the place telecom industry, particularly, the remote telecom segment can assume a vital part. India has around 337 000 cell towers (Communications Today, 2010), typically known as base stations. Around 100 000 cell base stations have been raised in the last 15 months (April 2009 to June 2010) in India .These base stations are truly vitality serious and require continuous, constant power supply. In a nation like India, where power supply is discontinuous and unpredictable in the greater part of the towns and towns, this gets back to for force up through diesel generators. Blazing of diesel, as a fossil fuel adds to carbon outflows and expands general carbon foot shaped impression of the telecom division.

With 927 million phone associations, overall around 4 in 5 Indians (76.86%) have had a telephone in 2011. This "tele-thickness" emphatically contrasts in the middle of urban and provincial situations. While the urban populace has around 1.7 telephone associations for each capita to their accessibility, just around 37% of the country populaces have direct access to their own telephone line.

In spite of the fact that the urban tele-thickness is thought to be close immersion, the Indian telecom market still has a tremendous potential to develop assist in undiscovered provincial zones. The sheer size of the Indian telecom framework carries with it a significant measure of electric vitality utilization. It is assessed that in the year 2010, the Indian telecom system obliged approx. 26 billion kWh for a continuous administration .This related to more or less 3.5% of the whole national power utilization.

Because of the absence of a dependable power framework, particularly in provincial ranges, numerous base handset stations (BTS) are keeping running with diesel generators (DG), either persistently as option wellspring of force or discontinuously in the event of system disappointments. Diesel generators discharge considerable measures of destructive air poisons and nursery gasses including particulate matter (PM), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), dark carbon (BC), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

. Diesel utilization in the telecom area has expanded from 2 billion litres in 2007 to 3 billion litters by 2012. The present paper assesses and examines the outflows of toxins from the Indian information transfers part and gives unique accentuation to the part of diesel base generators. The outcome is the initially gridded discharge stock

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For telecom related discharges in India. We utilize 2011 as the base year of this stock; however we have additionally dissected emanation changes as of late (2008e2011) and give first gauges to discharges in the year 2020 for utilization in situation model reproductions. The emanations from the telecom part are contrasted and accessible discharge information from different segments in India.

Development and pattern of urban and country tele-thickness Indian phone associations expanded exponentially in the most recent 14 years from 22.8 million in 1999 to approx. 1 billion in 2013. Tele-thickness is characterized as the normal number of phone associations (i.e. telephone numbers) per individual. The urban teledensity expanded by a component of 8 from 20.79% in March 2004 to 167.46% in December 2011, while the rustic tele-thickness ascended from 1.55% to 37.52% amid the same period .Wireless telephones contribute 96.5% of the aggregate number of associations. Because of the brief time and fast development it can be expected that the quantity of dead associations (telephones that are taken out of operation without undoing of the number) is insignificant contrasted with the quantity of new associations added to arrange every year. By mid-2010, a little more than half of the Indian geological range was joined with the telecom system

With the presentation of remote telephone foundation in provincial territories, an expanding pattern in the country tele-thickness was seen...

. The measure of emanations produced by the burning of fossil or bio fuels is relative to the amount of fuel expended and the discharge element for the comparing ignition procedure or innovation. In the accompanying area, we quickly condense the technique for evaluating the telecom outflows. We will surveys the data that is accessible to gauge fossil fuel use in the information transfers area, and investigates the accessible information on discharge elements from diesel generators used to control the telecom hand-off focuses. At long last, we will appraise the emanations from the era of electric force used to work those bases that have admittance to the electric network. Because of absence of exploration in this heading, there is a shortage of companion evaluated writing. Most wellsprings of data utilized here are from distributed government reports, private telecom organizations' reports, non-government association’s reports, and government factual information...

BTS ( Base transceiver station ) A base transceiver station (BTS) is a bit of gear that encourages remote correspondence between user equipment (UE) and a system. UEs are gadgets like cellular telephones (handsets), WLL telephones, PCs with remote Internet network. The system can be that of any of the remote correspondence advances like GSM, CDMA, remote nearby circle, Wi-Fi, WiMAX or other wide area network (WAN) innovation.

In spite of the fact that the term BTS can be material to any of the remote correspondence principles, it is by and large connected with portable correspondence innovations like GSM and CDMA. In such manner, a BTS structures piece of the base station subsystem (BSS) advancements for framework administration. It might likewise have gear for scrambling and unscrambling correspondences, range sifting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_transceiver_station

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instruments (band pass channels), and so forth receiving wires might likewise be considered as segments of BTS all in all sense as they encourage the working of BTS. Ordinarily a BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which permit it to serve a few distinct frequencies and diverse parts of the cell (on account of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a guardian base station controller by means of the base station control capacity (BCF). The BCF is actualized as a discrete unit or even joined in a TRX in conservative base stations. The BCF gives an operations and upkeep (O&M) association with the system administration framework (NMS), and oversees operational conditions of each TRX, and also programming taking care of and alert gathering. The fundamental structure and elements of the BTS continues as before paying little mind to the remote advances.

Figure1: Typical base station site powered by diesel generator

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Table 1: LSA Wise BTS List

Telecom operators:

Aircel Limited: This is a joint venture company which was founded in 1999 by Chinnakannan

Sivasankaran and has it’s headquarter in Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.It is India’s fifth largest GSM mobile service provider with a subscriber base

of over 80 million with a market share of 8% among wireless operators in the country.The slogan of Aircel is “The Joy Of A Little Extra”.

The services provided by Aircel are: 2G 3G 4G Business Solution

The service areas of Aircel are:

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Service Area

Tamil NaduChennaiWBOrissaAssamNEJ & KBiharHPKolkataDelhiAPKarnatakaKeralaUP (W)UP (E)

Table 2: service area Total revenue in 2009 was:

January-march 694.08 April-June 729.50 July-September 799.38 October-December 779.01

Total ARPU in 2009 was: January-march 134.57 April-June 121.34 July-September 112.13 October-December 91.89

Total revenue in 2010 was: January-march 962.52 April-June 1052.58 July-September 1100.37 October-December 1092.12


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Reliance communication:

This is a public company type telecommunication industry which was founded in 1995 and has its headquarters in Mumbai. The founder of reliance communication is Anil Ambani, with its head quarter in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

The CEO s Shaiq Wani and the president is Anil Ambani.there were total of 109.80 million members in April 2015 with 18,070 members working under them. Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is the Parent company.

The subsidiaries of reliance communications are:a. Reliance Globalcom Limitedb. Reliance Big TV Limited

Revenue in 2013 was 218 billion dollar.Net income in 2013 was 6.72 billion rupees. Total assests is 902 billion rupees in 2013.

Revenue for 2009:a. Jan-march 366.72b. April-June 385.29c. July-September 387.83d. October-December 407.67

ARPU FOR 2009:A. Jan-march 111.61B. April-June 105.31C. July-September 92.19D. October-December 97.33

Service areaKolkataM.POrissaHPWB

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AssamNEBihar

Table 3: Service Area

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited :

It is a state owned enterprise type of telecommunication industry which was founded in 15 September 2000 in New Delhi, India. The chairman and MD of this enterprise is Anupam Shrivastav. This is a government enterprise with its owner as the government and have 2, 38,277 employees as noted on 31st march 2014.

On 30 November 2013, BSNL had 12.9% market share in India, 67% market share in ADSL Services and stood as 5th in the ranking in telecom operators

The services provided by it are:a. Fixed line telephonyb. Mobile telephonyc. Internet servicesd. Digital televisione. IPTV

Revenue as collected on a. 2013 was 271.29 billion rupees b. 2012 was 279.33 billion rupees

Operating income as collected ona. 2013 was -79.55 billion rupeesb. 2012 was -88.21 billion rupees

Net income as seen ina. 2013 was -78.84 billion rupeesb. 2012 was -88.51 billion rupees

Total assets as seen ina. 2013 was 956.89 billion rupeesb. 2012 was 1018.35 billion rupees

Total equity as seen ina. 2013 was 956.89 billion rupeesb. 2012 was 1018.35 billion rupees

Idea Cellular:

It is a Public Limited Company which provides Telecom Services. It was founded in 1995, with headquarters in Kalina, Mumbai.

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Chairman Kumar Mangalam Birla have 15.05 crore members and 6,481 employees working under him in 2010. The total revenue of the company in 2013-2014 was 265 billion rupees, with net income of 19.68 billion rupees and total assets of 5.334 billion US$ in 2010.

The operator has traffic of over 1.5 billion minutes a day.The services provided by operator are:

a. 2Gb. 3Gc. GPRS Services

Idea has even launched its 3G handsets (Idea 3G Smartphone Blade and Idea 3G Smartphone)

The total number of subscribers for Idea stood at 161.50 million at the end of April 2015 till now.

January-march 2475.05 April-June 2565.35 July-September 2524.97 October-December 2582.08






SERVICE AREA

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Maharashtra APGujaratMPDelhiKeralaHaryanaUP(West)RajasthanUP (E)HPMumbaiPunjabKarnatakaBihar

Table 4: service area

Loop Mobile:

It was formerly known as BPL Mobile and is a private type of business entity. This is a telecommunication industry which ceased operation after expiration of license.

It was founded in 1994 in Mumbai, M Maharashtra, India with its headquarters in Maim, Mumbai, India. It was discontinue on 29 November 2014. Sandip Basu was the MD and CEO of the “Loop Mobile” with reported 550 employees in December 2013.

Loop Mobile's subscriber base as at the end of July 2011 is as follows (as of 15 May 2012 only Mumbai remains):-

Mumbai - 35,56,000 Haryana - 95 Kolkata - 1,344 Madhya Pradesh - 100 Odisha - 592 Punjab - 125 Rajasthan - 243 Northeast India - 20 Assam - 97

Totalling to 3,260,000 (Approx.) or 0.50% (Approx.) of the total mobile connections in India.


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Mahanagar Telephone Nigam:

This is a publicly listed state owned enterprise telecom industry, which was founded on 1st April 1986 with head quarters in New Delhi, India. One of the subsidiaries of MTNL is Mahanagar Telephone Mauritius Limited (MTML). MTNL had 45,000 employees working under it as in 2010. The chairman and Managing Director is P.K.Purwar.

The services provided by MTNL are:a. Fixed lineb. Mobile telephonyc. Wired broadbandd. Wireless broadbande. Fibre-to-the-homef. Dial up internetg. IPTVh. Digital television

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The areas served by MTNL are:a. India

1. Mumbai2. Delhi

b. Mauritius

The revenue in 2010 was 788.7 million$.Net income of the enterprise in 2010 was -567.5 million dollarTotal assets were 6.988 billion dollar in 2010.Total equity in 2010 was 1.351 billion dollar

Reliance communication:

This is a public company type telecommunication industry which was founded in 1995 and has its headquarters in Mumbai. The founder of reliance communication is Anil Ambani, with its head quarter in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

The CEO s Shaiq Wani and the president is Anil Ambani.there were total of 109.80 million members in April 2015 with 18,070 members working under them. Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is the Parent company.

The subsidiaries of reliance communications are:c. Reliance Globalcom Limitedd. Reliance Big TV Limited

Revenue in 2013 was 218 billion dollar.Net income in 2013 was 6.72 billion rupees. Total assests is 902 billion rupees in 2013.

Service areaKolkataM.POrissaHPWBAssamNEBihar

Table 5: Service area

Revenue for 2009:e. Jan-march 366.72f. April-June 385.29g. July-September 387.83h. October-December 407.67

ARPU FOR 2009:E. Jan-march 111.61F. April-June 105.31

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G. July-September 92.19H. October-December 97.33

TATA TELESERVICES:

It is a public type telecommunication industry which was found in 1996. Its headquarters is in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Chairman of TATA is Cyrus Pallonji Mistry and the MD and CEO is Srinath Narasimha. There are total 6.61 crore members in the company. The parent group is Tata group and the business division is TATA DoCoMo (CDMA/GSM).

The total revenue in 2011 was 31.91 billion rupees in 2011.

The services provided by Tata teleservices come under the following brand names:a. TATA DoCoMob. Virgin Mobilec. T24 Mobile

The products under Tata teleservices are:a. Fixed lineb. Mobile telephonyc. Broadbandd. Fixed line internet servicese. Digital televisionf. Network services

Subsidiaries:a. Tata Communications Transformation Services (TCTS)b. Tata Communications Data Centres Limited (TCDC)c. Tata Communications Payment Solutions Limited (TCPSL)

Vodafone India:

This is a private type telecommunication industry with headquarter in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The chairman of Vodafone is Kumar Mangalam Birla. It has 17.86 crore members enrolled with it with the parent company as Vodafone group. The slogan of Vodafone is “Power to you”.

The services provided are:a. Mobile telephony wireless broadbandb. 3Gc. iPhoned. M-Pesa

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Table 6: Profits by Vodafone

Table 7: Number of Vodafone Subscriber

Indian ScenarioIndia's Tele-thickness has expanded from 0.50 in March 1999 to 55.38 in May 2010iv. Telecom part has turn into the second biggest buyer of vitality in India. With 337,000 BTSs India's telecom area devours more than 2.12 billion litres of diesel

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every year, aside from the force utilization from lattice association, to keep the base stations in operation

A base station devours 3 to 4 kW of power to run the hardware, generators and cooling framework as displayed in figure 2. A completely used tower with four administrators may oblige 8 kW of electrical force from either the utility network or a diesel generator. A late research has ascertained working time for a Diesel Generator (DG) to be seven hours out of 24 hours for an urban establishment with an hourly fuel utilization rate of 2.70 litres for every hour (Hansson, A., 2010). One litre of diesel utilization radiates 2.64 kg of CO2v. With expanding entrance of versatile telephony in country regions, stack on diesel generators is expanding. The greater part of the rustic establishment obliges 12 to 24 hours power supply from generators just because of non accessibility of any framework associated power supply. On a normal the DG sets are in operation for 8-10 hours for a country site and 3-5 hours for an urban site that gets power mains too.

Figure 2: CO2 emissions of different services comparing to mobile communications services

Diesel Consumption and Co2 Emission

Each rural base station generator that is fuelled by DG discharges around 60 tons of carbon dioxide annually. A late study evaluations absolute carbon emanation from phone towers around 5.30 million tons every year taking into account 2, 50,000 towers). This is only utilization by the diesel generators; all other routine vitality assets from which network and off framework associated power are supplied to base stations is notwithstanding this. A completely diesel generator ward tower site

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requires 84 litres of diesel for each day with no vitality administration mechanical gadgets. In the event that diesel utilization for transportation of fuel is additionally accounted in the CO2 discharges will increment radically. The aggregate diesel utilization by 337 000 base station in India goes to 2.12 billion litres every year as introduced in table 2. This emanates 5.61 million tons of CO2 every year into the environment. Taking India's driving versatile administration supplier Bharti as a sample, it spends more than US$ 510 million on its vitality bill just to run its base stations consistently, principle part of the bill is diesel for generators (Green Energy Technology & IT, 2009). A hefty portion of the versatile administration suppliers do radiate more carbon from their India operations than their worldwide operations outside India. Vodafone radiates 1.90 Mt of Co2 from its India operation while its aggregate emanations overall barring India are 1.31 Mt CO2 .It implies India surpasses their worldwide foot shaped impressions.

Figure 3: CO2 contribution of each stage of mobile service life cycle

Formulas

Grid Electricity Emission factor

Grid Emission factor

NEWNE 0.78

South 0.76

India 0.78

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The states under NEWNE Grid were:

A .Northern Chandigarh Delhi Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Punjab Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand

B. Eastern Bihar Jharkhand Orissa West Bengal Sikkim Andaman Nicobar

c. Western Chhattisgarh Gujarat Daman & Diu Dadar & Nagar Haveli Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Goa

D .North-Eastern Arunachal Pradesh Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Tripura

The states under Southern Grid are:Southern grid:

Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu Pondicherry Lakshadweep

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The calculation is:1. Electricity requirement = electricity consumption + t&d losses2. Carbon emission = electricity requirement in MWh x emission factor of grid.3. CO2 emission = Fossil fuel consumption in volume unit X CO2 emission

factor (Ton per volume unit)4. CH4 emission = Fossil fuel consumption in volume unit X CH4 emission

factor (Ton per volume unit)5. N2O emission = Fossil fuel consumption in volume unit X N2O emission

factor (Ton per volume unit)Total GHG emission (in tCO2 eq) = (CO2 emission) + (CH4 emission X 21) + (N2O emission X 310)

CO2 emission = 100 X 0.00265 2. CH4 emission = 100 X 0.00000036 3. N2O emission = 100 X 0.000000021

Total GHG emission (in tCO2 eq) = 0.265299393 + (0.000035819 X 21) + (0.00000215 X 310)Total GHG emission (in tCO2 eq) = 0.2667

Therefore GHG emission from DG set = Total diesel consumed in litres x0.0027 (tCO2/l)

Carbon-reduction technologies:Ericsson estimates societal energy use and CO2e emissions could be reduced by 5-20 percent in the middle of now and 2020."Carbon emanations will represent one of the most serious dangers and opportunities that organizations will confront in the following five years. An organization's decision to either address this issue now, deliberately attempting to track and decrease their carbon in an attentive route, or to hold up until they are under the flame of open clamor and/or regulation, will shape their open picture, as well as their main concern," says Katie Aloft, educator of ecological administration at Niagara College.

With a bit of "realizing totally new possibilities," telecoms can turn out to be genuine business sector pioneers in the battle against environmental change and motivate others to walk the same way. The capacity exists to diminish the

World’s carbon foot shaped impression by embracing more productive framework and advances, and encouraging

Less carbon-serious work practices. These advances are an incredible approach to cut operations costs (OpEx) in the wake of rising vitality costs, and in addition profiting the earth. It's a well known fact various businesses and organizations are endeavouring to lessen vitality utilization. They are using feasible choices that are naturally agreeable. Progressively, ecological issues are being conveyed to the front line of political stages, media and instructive organizations. Individuals are at long last starting to make strides to enhance natural positions. Outflow decrease is turning into an alluring target, and now and again might soon turn into an obligatory one. Why not change now?

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Most commercial enterprises need to grasp supportability however are still hesitant to change the routes in which they work. Organizations are attempting to do their part to devour less vitality, for example,

• using recyclable materials,

• staggering their lighting frameworks

• creating work-at-home projects where representatives get to be "remote workers."

Be that as it may, they are moving around the genuine issue, neglecting to see the master plan and really use

"Green" innovations accessible to them. It is truly about ecological obligation regarding those commercial enterprises with noteworthy carbon emanations. As per Ericsson.com, it is evaluated by WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and ETNO (European Telecommunication Network Operators) that societal behavioural change using telecommunications could result in a reduction of energy change.

Energy Conservation by telecom operators:[A]

NAME: Vodafone

YEAR: 2013-2014

SAVING (RUPEES): Around 1,500 buses in the Netherlands have been fitted with tracking devices provided by telemetric solutions provider Sycada, which deliver real-time feedback on driver performance. These tracking devices, connected using Vodafone’s M2M technology, are expected to improve fuel efficiency by more than 5% over a year, saving the Connexion transport group €3 million.

ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURE:

A. Minimize carbon footprintBy investing in more efficient technologies and exploring innovative solutions that cut CO2 emissions by reducing energy consumption or using renewable energy.

B. Network efficiency: 1. single RAN base stations (which combine 2G, 3G and 4G technologies),

more efficient power amplifiers, free cooling2. using fresh air to cool network equipment to reduce the need for energy-

intensive air conditioning3. High capacity voice and data switching nodes.4. Our hybrid power systems, which combine diesel generators with

batteries for greater fuel efficiency, use smart controls to cut diesel use by

xxviii

up to 70% at sites that depend on diesel generators for primary or back-up power in areas with limited access to reliable grid electricity.

5. For sites with higher power requirements, batteries can be supplemented with solar and wind power

6. Sharing network equipment with other operators can also deliver energy savings

C. Rolling out free air cooling at a further 13,997 base station sites, saving between 2,000kWh and 3,500kWh of energy per year per site by reducing the need for air conditioning

D. Introducing batteries that can withstand higher temperatures (up to 35°C) at around 600 sites, to reduce the need for air conditioning in hot countries

E. Deploying hybrid solutions – a combination of diesel generators and batteries that cut diesel use by up to 70% per site – at a further 656 sites, so these are now in place at more than 3,600 base station sites across the Group

F. Installing efficient Single RAN technology (allowing multiple network radio technologies, 2G, 3G and 4G to be run from a single base station) at a further 33,162 sites – now installed at 45% of our sites in total

G. Deploying a further 50,000 energy-saving software features at our base stations – such as transceivers that switch-off automatically in periods of low traffic – reducing energy use of each base station by up to 10%

H. Adopting free air cooling at 45% of our mobile telephone exchange sites, changing the layout of equipment and increasing the temperature at which air conditioning is triggered to 25°C to further benefit from free cooling at 36% of these sites

I. Extending tri-generation (combined heat, power and cooling), piloted at one of our mobile telephone exchange sites in Italy, where it enabled us to reduce energy use by 20% and related CO2 emissions by 15%.

ENERGY SAVING:

a. Employees often need to meet with colleagues from other countries so they are working to reduce the need for business travel – and associated greenhouse gas emissions – by equipping our offices with state-of-the-art technology to enable people to communicate and work together. Our unified communications system combines internal voice, data and video applications into one online experience so employees can contact colleagues through voice, video, instant messaging or web based conferencing programmers.

b. data centers – which account for around 10% of total CO2 emissions – must become more efficient to reduce energy use

c. Installing more efficient hardware and innovative technology, such as dry coolers, which optimize energy efficiency

d. Reducing the number of physical servers needed to store the same or more data by increasing the amount of virtual servers used

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RENEWABLE ENERGY MEASURES:

A. Base stations use renewable energy, mostly solar and wind powerB. The use of our network to provide not just telecommunications services but

clean energy to remote communities.C. replacing carbon intensive fossil fuels, and provides an opportunity for us to

contribute to development by extending access to energyD. In addition to using small-scale renewable energy to power parts of our

network, we purchase some electricity from the grid that is generated from renewable sources

E. report both a gross and net total for their CO2 emissionsF. Allowing e-waste to be processed within the emerging market despite a lack of

suitable facilities, and helping to build recycling capacity for the future

[B]

NAME: Vodafone India

YEAR: 2013-2014

SAVING (RUPEES): energy savings of about 94.6 GJ and to a carbon footprint reduction of 21.5 tonnes per annum.


Vodafone India proactively works toward managing and minimising its environmental impact. It ensures that its environmental initiatives preserve and enrich the planet. Its commitment towards environmental sustainability is reflected in its

a. energy conservationb. waste minimization c. Carbon footprint reduction initiatives.

The key focus areas include:

1. advisory on energy conservation and green telecom2. waste recycling3. offsetting carbon footprint 4. Other sustainability development initiatives.5. Focus on LEED certified offices6. green network7. green data centers8. sourcing renewable energy9. comprehensive waste management10. reducing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions

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To foster evolution of environmental sustainability, Vodafone India is seeking membership of TERI’s Business Council for Sustainable Development and intends to play an active role in furthering its cause and objective.

Focus on LEED certified offices, green network, green data centres, sourcing renewable energy, comprehensive waste management, reducing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions

ENERGY SAVING:

Consolidation of databases by clubbing smaller databases has relieved unused resources and made available additional computing capabilities in the server. 17 databases have been consolidated giving rise to energy savings of about 94.6 GJ


This helps Vodafone India ensure recycle, reuse and be responsible in its disposal of waste. The company has structured a Waste Management manual which ensures waste minimisation and handling of waste according to regulatory norms.

Figure 4: Electricity and Diesel Consumption

[C]

NAME: Reliance

YEAR: 2011-2012

SAVING (RUPEES): 2, 49,500 Rs.


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a. The Company is making all efforts to conserve energy by monitoring energy costs and periodically reviews of the consumption of energy.

b. It also takes appropriate steps to reduce the consumption through efficiency in usage and timely maintenance/ installation/ up gradation of energy saving devices.

c. RCOM facilitates 3,00,000 hours of video conferencing in a year and thus helps save over 35,000 tons of carbon emission annually by cutting down the need to travel.

ENERGY SAVING:

It is taking appropriate steps to reduce the consumption through efficiency in usage and timely maintenance/ installation/ up gradation of energy saving devices.


To promote green telecommunications, DoT gave guidelines directing the adoption of renewable energy technologies and reducing the carbon footprint. Service providers should aim at Carbon emission reduction targets for the mobile network at 5 per cent by the year 2012-2013, 8 per cent by the year 2014-2015, 12 per cent by the year 2016- 2017 and 17 per cent by the year 2018-2019.

[D]

NAME: NTT Japan

YEAR: 2013-2014

SAVING (kWh): 180 million kWh in 2004


NTT Research Centre has taken a leading position and is conducting research and development in various fields of clean-energy, such as

a. fuel cellsb. environmental monitoring systemsc. Low-power-consumption devices.

In Addition, research on environmental impact assessment of information-communication is being carried out, such as

xxxii

1. the verification of environmental loads through lifecycle assessment of the information-communication system

2. Quantification of the environmental contribution through enhancement of the Information-Communication Technology (ICT) service.

3. Enhancement of energy management in approximately 4000 buildings owned by the NTT Group in Japan

4. introduction of electrical equipment and air conditioners with higher efficiency or renewal of older inefficient ones

5. Introduction of energy-saving appliances and improvement of the self-sufficiency ratio of clean-energy electric power.

6. The NTT Energy and Environment Systems Laboratories developed a high-power portable generator ‘Solar Card Power’. This equipment has a compact size and uses a clean-energy solar cell generator without any CO2 emission, and a single generator is capable of supplying power to various types of portable equipment.

ENERGY SAVING:

a. Development of ICT services and enhancement of its use, if the data Communication equipment is supplied with DC power, the number of conversion stages is decreased and the Resultant improvement in energy efficiency is about 20%. Therefore, if a comparison is made on reliability of power supply systems, DC feeding will be more reliable than AC feeding, owing to the difference in the number of conversion stages and will consume less energy.

b. NTT Group started energy-saving campaigns, which were called 1. ‘Save POWER Campaign’ in 19872. ‘Super Save POWER Campaign’ in 1995 3. ‘Total Power Revolution (TPR) Campaign’ in 1997,

The enhancement of the application of ICT will make the movement of people and goods more efficient, which will then contribute to energy saving in the entire society. The NTT Group, on the basis of the philosophy in ‘Ecology Program 21’, aims to continuously conduct energy-saving activities and research and development for prevention of global warming


a. NTT Group will further enhance the three-R activities, namely, reduce, reuse and recycle resources in order to establish a recycling-oriented society.

b. NTT Energy and Environment Systems Laboratories developed an experimental micro solid-molecular type fuel cell (micro PEFC (Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell C) ), which uses hydrogen gas as fuel and is to be directly installed in cellular phones.

c. The NTT Energy and Environment Systems Laboratories developed a high-power portable generator ‘Solar Card Power’. This equipment has a compact size and uses a clean-energy solar cell generator without any CO2 emission, and a single generator is capable of supplying power to various types of portable equipment.

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d. The recycling ratio reached 99.2% in 2004 with regard to waste generated when transmission facilities were removed, and a ‘zero-emission’ target was achieved for the first time in this area.

[E]

NAME: china mobile

YEAR: 2013-2014

SAVING (RUPEES):


a. Large-scale adoption of intelligent lighting systemsb. Reducing energy consumption with inverter technology c. Shutting off unnecessary power-consuming equipment and devicesd. Using less paper cups Using biodegradable green office supplies e. electronic documents and digital filesf. Managing paper usage and promoting double-sided printing and paperless

workingg. Promoting green travelh. strengthening vehicle management to reduce energy consumptioni. They launched the group-wide 2013 Energy Conservation Awareness Week

event with the theme “Green Creates Future”, in which 2.1 million Web fans and 2.68 million Faction customers were engaged. 3.5 million MMS and 500,000 APP text messages were sent.

j. They held the “2013 Hundred Energy Conserving Employees Selection” and also launched the “Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction Knowledge Contest”

k. Updated a number of energy saving grading standards and saved more than 100,000 cubic meters of timbers through Green Packaging

ENERGY SAVING:

a. Promoted green supply chain cooperation by actively encouraging and leading partners to develop eco-friendly technologies and products.

b. They also collaborated with suppliers to develop more green solutions.

c. Since they developed the telecommunication equipment energy conservation grading standards in 2009, they have applied the standards to different modules such as

a. equipment selectionb. network access testingc. network planning

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d. engineering designe. network management f. Maintenance.

The standards promoted and led device manufacturers to

optimize structure improve device integration energy saving performance Promoting Green Supply Chain Cooperation Improving Telecommunication Equipment Energy Cons

d. In 2013, we compiled supplier authentication toolkits for 19 product categories that covering 35 categories of first-level centralized procurement products. The toolkits assess the performance of suppliers in energy saving and emissions reduction, labor management, health and safety management and good faith business and requires ISO 14001 (The criteria for an environmental management system) and SA8000 (Social Accountability 8000 International Standard) certifications for potential

e. They hosted a “Go Green” section on our Intranet to post latest environmental information to raise the environmental awareness of employees and encourage them to go green at work.


In Shanxi, we required GSM equipment suppliers to use the “paper carton + metal pellet” combination and achieved 100% recycle and reuse of green packaging materials.

[F]

NAME: Idea

YEAR: 2013-2014

SAVING (Litres): The DG running has been decreased by 6 - 8 hours for each day, on a normal, sparing roughly 17,000 litres of diesel for 1,200 destinations.

ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES:

(I) Low Power devouring Telecom Hardware

(ii) Free Cooling Unit

(iii) Wind Chimney

(iv) Additives in Air Conditioner coolant

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Taking after arrangements are being sent commercially for decreasing the Diesel Consumption at Sites:

(i) Solar-DG Hybrid Solutions

(ii) Battery – DG Hybrid arrangements

(iii) Hydrogen Fuel Cell – Grid Hybrid Solutions

(iv) Grid – Battery Hybrid Solutions

(iv) Indoor to Outdoor change of destinations

Taking after arrangements are under trial for decreasing diesel utilization at Sites:

(I) High vitality thickness based Lithium Ion Battery

(ii) Quick energize Flow battery

(iii) Diesel added substances

(iv) Variable pace Diesel generators


A. a stipend of USD 1 Mn by United States Trade Development Agency (USTDA) for doing a Pilot Project on "Clean Energy for Telecom Sites".

B. Company is presently entering into Power Purchase Agreements with Renewable Power producing offices to advance the utilization of renewable vitality for Network opera

RESULT:

A. ELECTRICITY REQUIREMENT:

Total no of BTS from the list for different Telecom circles was taken and

Number of BTS in urban= 0.3*No. Of BTS in the telecom circle

Number of BTS in rural= 0.7* No. Of BTS in telecom circle

Number of Telecom Towers = Number of BTS/1.6

Number of urban telecom= Number of telecom tower*0.3

Number of rural telecom= Number of telecom tower*0.7

Annual Electricity consumed in Urban= (3*20*365*No. Of urban BTS)/1000

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Annual Electricity consumed in Rural= (3*16*365*No of rural BTS)/1000

Diesel consumption in urban (litre) = 4*4*365*urban telecom tower

Diesel consumption in rural (litre) = =4*8*365*rural telecom tower

Table 8: Energy Requirement of BTS

B. CARBON EMISSION

Electricity consumed by different Telecom Circles was calculated from the data and then the urban t&d loss was taken and using the formula electricity requirement for Urban as well as Rural was calculated.

The t&d loss for some of the states taken are:

Category State 2012-13 - REI. SPUs Andhra Pradesh 16I. SPUs Assam 26.69I. SPUs Bihar 42I. SPUs Chhattisgarh 26.27I. SPUs Gujarat 18.4I. SPUs Haryana 23.72I. SPUs Himachal Pradesh 12.39I. SPUs Jammu and Kashmir 46.72I. SPUs Jharkhand 32.58I. SPUs Karnataka 19.09I. SPUs Kerala 16.77I. SPUs Madhya Pradesh 31I. SPUs Maharashtra 17.56

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I. SPUs Meghalaya 28.28I. SPUs Punjab 16.84I. SPUs Rajasthan 23I. SPUs Tamil Nadu 20I. SPUs Uttar Pradesh 28.83I. SPUs Uttrakhand 19I. SPUs West Bengal 21.09I. SPUs Total (I) 21.84II EDs Arunachal Pradesh 42.74II EDs Goa 15.92II EDs Manipur 29.42II EDs Mizoram 30.5II EDs Nagaland 40.93II EDs Pondicherry 11.31II EDs Sikkim 16.19IIEDs Tripura 22.36II EDs Total (II) 17.21Total Total (I+II) 21.78

Urban electricity requirement= Urban electricity+ t&d lossRural electricity requirement= Rural electricity + t&d lossElectricity factor for grid can be seen from the formula listAnd thus according to the formula all the values were calculated.

Table 9: Carbon emission

xxxviii

Table 10: graph of electricity and diesel in different telecom circle

l No.

Telecom ServiceLevel Area

Electricity Consumption of BTS Sites (Million Units /Annum )

Annual Diesel Consumption of BTSSites( Million Liters /Annum)

Urban sites

Rural sites

Total Urban sites

Rural sites Total

1. Andhra Pradesh

438554

818634

1257188

73092345

341097610

414189955

2.Assam

101730

189896

291626 16954980

79123240 96078220

3. Bihar and Jharkhand

298212

556663

854875 49702050

231942900

281644950

4. Chennai 152398

284476

436873 25399620

11851560 143931180

5.Delhi

243727

454958

698685 40621215

189565670

230186885

6. Gujarat and Daman & Diu

328842

613838

942679 54806940

255765720

310572660

7.Haryana

126131

235444

361575 21021810

98101780 119123590

8. Himachal Pradesh

50602 94457 145059 8433690 39357220 47790910

9. Jammu and Kashmir

79346 148112

227458 13224315

61713470 74937785

10.Karnataka

403201

752642

1155843

67200150

313600700

380800850

11.Kerala and Lakshadweep

234017

436831

670848 39002805

182013090

221015895

12.Kolkata

137070

255864

392934 22844985

106609930

129454915

13.Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgar

449992

839986

1289978

74998740

349994120

424992860

xxxix

h14.Maharasht

ra & Goa314926

587863

902789 52487730

244942740

297430470

15.Mumbai

192146

358673

550819 32024370

149447060

181471430

16.North East

63368 118286

181654 10561275

49285950 59847225

17.Orissa

142024

265111

407135 23670615

110462870

134133485

18.Punjab

198802

371096

569898 33133605

154623490

187757095

19.Rajasthan

251572

469601

721173 41928645

195667010

237595655

20.Tamil Nadu

329269

614635

943904 54878115

256097870

310975985

21.UP (East)

34456 637385

978841 56909340

265576920

322486260

22.

UP (West) and Uttarakhand

269725

503486

773211 44954130

209785940

254740070

23.

West Bengal

201029

375254

576283 33504810

156255780

189860590

Total 5348138

9983190

15331328

891356280

4159662640

5051018920

Table 11: Electricity-diesel consumption of BTS

l No.

Telecom Service Area

Annual Carbon emission of Urban BTS sites (Million Tonnes)

Annual Carbon emission of Rural BTS sites (Million Tonnes)

Grid Electricity

Diesel Total Grid Electricity

Diesel Total

1.

Andhra Pradesh

333313.2532

197349.3315

530662.6

622174.2006

920963.547

1543137.7

2.

Assam 79370.1246

45778.446

125148.6

148139.5235

213632.748

361772.27

3.

Bihar and Jharkhand

232638.354

134195.535

366833.9

434229.8688

626245.83

1060475.7

4.

Chennai 118890.7122

68578.974

187469.7

221911.5709

31999.212

253910.78

5.

Delhi 190107.4656

109677.2805

299784.7

354867.1136

511827.309

866694.42

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India#endnote_leg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India#endnote_leg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India#cite_note-35

xl

6.

Gujarat and Daman & Diu 256510.83

12147978

.738404489

.6478807.

7798690567.

444116937

5.27.

Haryana 98400.5724

56758.887

155159.5

183665.0338

264874.806

448539.84

8.

Himachal Pradesh

39479.3334

22770.963

62250.3

73686.38004

106264.494

179950.87

9.

Jammu and Kashmir

61926.2358

35705.6505

97631.89

115564.0574

166626.369

282190.43

10.

Karnataka 306447.1924

181440.405

487887.6

572022.1852

846721.89

1418744.1

11.

Kerala and Lakshadweep

177865.536

105307.5735

283173.1

332004.6214

491435.343

823439.96

12.

Kolkata106930.98

61681.4595

168612.4

199590.2392

287846.811

487437.05

13.

Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh 351007.8

202496.598

553504.4

655202.6894

944984.124

1600186.8

14.

Maharashtra & Goa

245666.7564

141716.871

387383.6

458556.9893

661345.398

1119902.4

15.

Mumbai 149874.2076

86465.799 236340

279765.0523

403507.062

683272.11

16.

North East 49440.1908

28515.4425

77955.63

92276.7222

133072.065

225348.79

17.

Orissa 110778.4782

63910.6605

174689.1

206786.4926

298249.749

505036.24

18.

Punjab 155078.4066

89460.7335

244539.1

289468.3085

417483.423

706951.73

19.

Rajasthan 196243.9986

113207.3415

309451.3

366306.5827

528300.927

894607.51

20.

Tamil Nadu 250259.4044

148170.9105

398430.3

467137.7149

691464.249

1158602

21.

UP (East) 266358.1986

153655.218

420013.4

497182.4816

717057.684

1214240.2

22.

UP (West) and Uttarakhand

210407.8158

121376.151 331784

392741.7671

566422.038

959163.81

23.

West Bengal 156818.961

90462.987

247281.9

292714.4704

421890.606

714605.08

Total

4143814.809 2406661.956

6550476.8

7734801.845

10942783.13

10141463.8

Table 12: Carbon emission

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Conclusion

India has seen startling growth in its telecom market and at many fronts it has surpassed various speculations. Development comes at a cost and same is the case with Indian telecom market. It is substantially adding to the total carbon emissions of the country. Erratic power supply and middling energy infrastructure contributes a lot to the carbon emissions from cellular base stations. With the huge scope for the sector to expand, competition in the market and struggle to survive at decreasing ARPU, the carbon footprint of the whole telephony business is set to increase. Many companies have already calculated there carbon emissions and set targets to reduce them by switching to renewable energy resources. A few companies are going in far off areas only with the renewable energy based power supply. If all these initiatives in the telecom market can be brought under one umbrella, to earn additional benefits, it can bring in billions of dollars in the Indian economy. The Indian telecom market presents good opportunities to implement CDM PoA at the national level and then replicate the same in other developing countries, especially in those Asian countries that have good growth rate in the telecom market. The greatest impact of ICT on global carbon missions will come from the positive role that ICT can play in enabling a low-carbon economy. To help the industry better understand what is possible and the scale of the likely benefit, we need suitable ways to quantify and communicate the impacts. The advent of principled carbon footprinting methodologies will help achieve this, enabling calculation of the direct emissions associated with running the ICT equipment itself, as well as estimation of the benefits of ICT services for other sectors. Our own sector has a responsibility to continue to push hard for improvements in both aspects and indeed the industry can be seen to be moving in this direction with the advent of new standardisation efforts and tailored guidance. Companies are also increasingly looking to enable positive carbon impacts for their customers and society whilst reducing the direct carbon emissions associated with ICT.The emerging guidelines for carbon footprinting of ICT provide a valuable opportunity for the industry to work together to minimise GHG emissionsand demonstrate our commitment to protecting the environment, using uniform methods for gathering information that will be meaningful to consumers,Businesses and governments.

REFERENCES:

1. 20121113_Carbon_footprint_of_the_ICT_sector_.pdf2. CarbonFootprintingofNetworkServices.pdf3. Cellular-Base-Stations-Infrastructure-Sharing-Carbon-Emissions-CDM-Project-

Opportunities.pdf4. Critical_pollutant_emissions_from_the_Indian_telecom_network.pdf5. CEA_lgbr_report.pdf

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6. MobileCarbonFootprint.pdf7. NTP_japan.pdf8. Reliance.pdf9. Souchon_6_233_energy_demand_for_ict_infra.pdf10. WireIE_Carbon_Reduction_Technologies.pdf

16_divya_carbon emission of icts

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