T.C. KLTR BAKANLIGIANITLAR VE MUZELER GENEL MUOURLUx.ARASTIRMAS O N U C L A R " ,TOPLANTISIANKARA -25-29 MAVIS 1992ISBN: 975 - 17 - 1151- 7Not: Bildiriler, ve gre ANKARA ANKARA - 1993 SayfaPeter GROSSMANNEine Survey Aufnahme der KircheVon Alakilise 1KazuoASANOSurvey of the Byzantine Sites on Lycian Coast NearFethiye by Osaka University, Japan : 7Stephen HILL, James CROW1991 Amasra Yzey 19Robert L. VANNA Survey of Ancient Harbors in Rough Cilicia: the1991Prelirninary Survey 29Hseyin Magnesia, Knidos, ini, Ke1enderis, Tiyatro,Efes Mzesi ve Van Kalesi Buluntusu SeramiklereUygulanan Tmleme Yntemleri .41Hseyin ini 1991 Uygulanan 63Nergis 1991 Amphora AtlyeleriYzey 85Glriz KOZBEMardin Mzesi'nde Bulunan Habur anak 103Sencer Jeofizik lmlerinin Arkeolojik 121Christian MAREKForschungen inund Kastamonu 1991 135PeterFREIEpigraphisch-Topographische Forschungen in 1991 141Thomas Drew BEARAfyon Mzesi'nde Bir Heykel Definesi 147Mustafa H. SAYARTrakya'da Epigrafi ve 153Mustafa H. SAYAR, Peter SIEWERT, Hans TAEUBERKilikya'da Epigrafi ve 1991.. ..... 175David FRENCH1991 Roma Yollan,ve 199Wolfgang BLMELEpigraphische Forschungen im Westen Kariens 1991.. 207Ender V Pedasa (?) 213Blent Gler A. Vedat Termessos 1991 Epigrafya 219Kyrtacos LAMBRIANIDESPreliminary Survey of the Madra ay Delta At Near 227AydaARELEgeBlgesi Dnemi Mimarisi: 1986-1991 ....... 231E. Equini SCHNEIDERArchaeological Survey in the Ergani Area-Eastem Anatolia 249Antonio SAGONABayburt Survey 1991 261Mitchell S. ROTHMANPreliminaryReport on the Archaeological Survey in theAlpaslan Dam Reservoir Area and Plain 1991 269IV Van Blgesi'nde Urartu Baraj ve Sulama Sisteminin 1991 297Mehmet 1991 Ordu-Mesudiye Yzey .311Mehmet 1991 Burdur-eltiki veYzey 331Turan EFE1991 Ktahya, Bilecik ve Yzey 345Sachihiro OMURA1991 Anadolu'da Yrtlen Yzey 365ZGEN, Marie-Henriette GATESReport on the Bilkent University Archaeological Surveyin Ciliciaand the Northem Hatay:August 1991 387Frank KOLB, AKYELBericht Uber Feldforschungen Auf Dem Gebiet Von Kyaneai imSommer 1991/Kyaneai Antik Likya Kenti ve evresi 1991Yzey 395Kai BUSCHMANN Bei Fethiye: Das Alt1ykische Telebehi 429Anneliese PESCHLOWHerakleia am Latmos und Umgebung die Arbeiten deslahres 1991 439John James COULTONBalboura Survey 1991 459Wolf KOENIGSPriene 1991 473Prokonnesos - 1991 487v*EINE SURVEYAUFNAHME DER KIRCHEVONPeter GROSSMANN*Dieschwerzugangliche, hochimBerglanddes gelegeneKirchenanlage von Alakilise ist bereist von mehreren Besuchem gezeich-net undbeschrieben ZuletzthabenR.M. Harrison- undH.W.Nausch- sichmit demBaubeschaftigt. Beidehabensichallerdingsvorallem dem mittelalterlichen Neubau gewidtmet. Eine genauere Aufnahmedes frhchristlichen Ursprungsbaus blieb daherweiterhin ein Desiderat.Anlalslich zweier zeitlich verhaltnismallig weit auseinander liegenderBesuchedes Platzes imSommer 19764und19915konnteichden Baueingehend untersuchen undim ZugeeinerSurveyaufnahme desGesamt-bestandes wenigstens auch einige bisher bersehene Partien genauer ver-messen. Beide Besuche erfolgten mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Tr-kischen Antikendienstes.ZudenentscheidendenGliederungselementender Fassadeder Kir-che gehrendie beiden vorderen kreuzfrmigen Pfeiler des Narthex.Zwischen ihnen standen ursprnglich zwei vondenensichaller-dings nurdieStandflachen erhalten haben. Derdarber hinausheute un-gefahr imsdlichen Viertel noch aufrecht stehende, verhaltnismaigPeter GROSSMANN,(1) E. Petersen- F. von Luschan, Reisen in Lykien, Mi/yas undKibyratien,Reisen im sdwest-lichenKleinasienII (Wien 1889) 38f. Abb. 26; undvar allemH. Rott, KleinasiatischeDenkmaler aus Pisidien, Pamphylien Kappadokien und Lykien (Leipzig 1908) 318ff.Abb.26.(2) R.M. Harrison, Churches and chapels of Central Lycia. AnatSt 13, 1963, 126ff. Abb. 3.(3) H.W.Nausch, Untersuchungen zur Pfeilerbasilikaim9. Jahrhundert inKleinasien (Diss.Mnchen 1976) 12r. Abb. 65.(4) DieArbeitstandimZusammenhangmitder Bearbeitung einergrBeren Anzahl vonlyki-schen Kirchen, s. H.-G. Severin, Trk Arkeoloji Dergisi 23-2, 1976,97 ff.; weitere Teilneh-mer warenGiselaSeverin, sowieHerrMete (Antalya) alsKommissar des trki-schen Antikendientes.(5) WeitereTeilnehmer warenJ.K. Grossmannundals Kommissar destrkisehenAntikendi-enstes Herr Koray (Ankara).1starkerodierte monolithePfeiler entstammt erst einer jngeren Zeit undgehrt zumBestand des mittelalterlichen Umbaus, der durch eine an demlinken kreuzfrmigen Pfeiler nocherhaltenen Weihe-Inschrift in das Jahr812 n.Chr. datiert ists, An diekreuzfrmigen Pfeiler waren vonWestendie Portikussaulen des Atriumsangeschlossen. Sonst haben sich vomAt-rium keine unmittelbaren Bestandteile in situerhalten'.Die rckwartigenSchenkel der beidenKreuzpfeiler verbindendieNarthexfront mit der Westwand des Naos, vor der an den entsprechendenStellenebenfallsje eine Vorlageerhaltenist. Diese Vorlagensind alshochgestellte Monolithe ausgefhrt undstehenmitder eigentlichen Na-oswandnicht imVerband. Siesinddaher unddamitzwangslaufig -auchder gesamte Narthexals jngere Anbauten anzusehen.Auf derInnenseitederwestlichenNaoswandlassensichauf beidenSeiten diezur der ehemaligen inneren Sttzenstellung der Kirchevermit-telndeninnerenWandvorlagennoch deutlich vonder mittelalterlichenberbauung trennen. ber ihreZugehrigkeit zum Ursprungsbau bestehtdaher keine ZweifeL.Zudemsindsiein Bezugaufdie etwa aufentspre-chender Hhe befindlichen AuBenvorlagen jeweils um10 cm bzw. 15 cmnachSdenversetzt, wodurchauchvondieser Seitebestatigt wird, daBdie genanntenAuBenvorlagenunabhangigvonder Ausfhrungder In-nenvorlagen und damit erst zu einemspateren Zeitpunkt hinzugefgtwurden. .Weitere Verbesserungen derbisherigen KenntnisdesBaueskonntenam stende der Kirche, im Bereich des Sanktuariums erzielt werden. De-utlich lauft die Stimwand der Apsisnicht parallel zur Westwand desNa-os, wieauf allenbisherpubliziertenPlanen dieser Kirchevorausgesetztwird", sondem ist dazu nicht unerheblich verschwenkt. Im Innem sind dievolleRundungder Apsis sowie die auf beiden Seiten anschlieBendenPfeilervorlagen fr die ehemaligen inneren Sttzenstellungen noch zwei-felsfrei zuerkennen. Auf der NordseitelieB sichsogar nocheinkurzesStckder stwanddes nrdlichen Seitenschiffs verfolgen. Die An-schluBeckeandienrdlicheAuBenwandwirdjedoch vonmittelalterlic-hemMauerwerkberlagert undist somit unsichtbar. Auf beidenSeitender Apsisbefinden sich femer schmale, dicht an der Ecke in die Rundungeingearbeitete Nute, die wahrscheinlich fr den AnschluB der Presbyteri-umsschranken bestimmt waren.(6) Text bei Rott a.O. 320.(7) DiebeidenvonHarrisona.O. Abb. 3, imWesten derKirche beobachtetenWinkelpfeilermgen zudenhinterenEcksttzendes Atriums gehrt haben, stehenaber deutlichnichtmehr in der originalenPosition.(8) s.o, Anm. .2DieAuBenseitederApsis istpolygonalummantelt. Eigentmlicher-weise ist jedoch deren Mittelachse betrachtlich gegen dieHauptachse derKirche verschwenkt. Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach geschah das ausRcksicht auf denim Sdosten an dieKirche angefgten KreuzfrmigenAnnex, womit sich dieser zugleich als zum originalen Bestand der Kirchegehrigerweist. Darberhinaus ist aber .auchdas Apsispolygonselbstungleichrnaig gefaltet, und die einzelnen Wandabschnitte der Apsis sindvon sehr unterschiedlicher Starke. Reste der Fenster und deren Zwi-schenpfeilerkonntenanmehrerenStellennachgewiesenwerden. Auchsiesind-wennman sievonder AuBenseitebetrachtet-aullerstasymmet-risch verteilt. Von den beiden seitlichen Mantelflachen besaB nur diesd-liche ein normales Fenster, wahrend die nrdliche auf ganzer Lange gesc-hlossenwar, Diemittlere MantelflacheschlieBlich enthielt eine grBere,allerdings keineswegs achsial sitzende ffnung. Diese zunachst befremd-lichen Unregelmaigkeiten werden verstandlich, wenn man sich klarmacht, daB die Anordnung der Fenster sich nicht nachden Mantelflachender AuBenseite, sondemnach der Symmetrieachsedes Innemrichtete.DiedemRauminnem zugewendete vordere Ecke derlinken Laibung dergroBen Fensterffnung(voninnen gesehen)unddieentsprechende Eckeder rechten Laibung deskleinen Fensters liegen ziemlich genau auf glei-cher Hhe. Erganzt mannun-wiederum bezogen auf die innere Rundung-zudemerhaltenenkleinenZwischenpfeiler auf der rechten .SeiteeinenentsprechendschmalenPfeilerauf der linkenSeite, soverbleibt inderAchse der Kirche eine etwas breitere ffnung, in deren Mitte man einenweiteren kleinen Pfeiler eingestellt haben drfte.Beachtung verdient der Anschluf des kreuzfrmigen Sdostannex andie Kirche. Obgleichdie inder Nordwanddes Annexverschwindendevordere rechte Mantelflache der Apsis im Mauerwerks nochdeutlich aus-zumachen ist, undauchdiezudersdlichen Mittelschiffskolonnade ver-mittelnde innereOstwandvor1agetrotz ihrer Einbettungindas Mauer-werk deskreuzfrmigen Annex ebenfalls noch klar zu erkennen ist, stehtalles miteinander im Verband, so daBdie originale Zugehrigkeit desAn-nexzum Bau derKirche keinem Zweifel unterliegt. Vielleicht hatte manbeideTeilgebaude nicht vlliggleichzeitighochgezogen, sondemdenBau der Kirche immerummindestens eineSteinlagevorausschreitenlassen, sodaBdie Fugen, die beideBauteiletrennen, erhaltenblieben.Bezeichnenderweiseisteine eigentlicheOstwanddes sdlichenSeitens-chiffs. der Kirchenicht vorhanden. Vie1mehr kommt dieses bereits aufder Hhe der indasKircheninnere eindringenden Nordwestecke desan-nexzum AbschluB. Unmittelbar jenseits dieser wand liegt der Nordwest-licheEckraumdesAnnex. Der Raumselbstbesitzt einegroBe tiefeNi-sche in der Nordwand, deren westliche Wandung in der Ebene der3Apsisstirnflache zu liegen kommt. Darher hinaus scheint es so, daBdurch den genannten Eckraum auch der Zugang aus der Kirche erfolgte.Sonst hatsich fr dieGestalt des AnnexnichtsNeuesergehen. DerGrundriBist jedoch - vor alIem im Osten - stark paralIelogrammartig ver-zogen. Wir mchten femer das Wlkbungssystem in einer anderen Weiseerganzen, als es R.M. Harrison gezeichnet hat. Seine DarstelIung erwecktden Eindruck, daB er sich dieWlbungwiedieeines Tetrakonchosvor-stellr'. Eine solche hat es jedoch hier sicher nicht gegeben. Vielmehr sindber den vier Seitenarmen desKreuzes Tonnengewlhe anzunehmen und. vielIeicht einKreugratgewlbeber der Vierung. Auf jedenFalI solIteletzteresetwashheralsdie seitlichenTonnengewlhehinaufgeragt ha-ben, um Platz freinpaar Fenster in den zu gewinnen.DieEckraume trugen Hangekuppeln. Ihre Belichtung erfolgte durch schmale,nach auBenenger werdende Schlitzfenster, dieanmehreren StelIen nochzu sehen sind.Typologicshgehrt dieser Annexzueiner GruppevonkirchlichenBauanlagen, wie sieimOsten desReiches nicht selten anzutreffen sind'v.Sie kommenmit undohneNebenraumevor undzeichnensichjeweilsdurch eine bereinstimmende Tiefe alIer vier Kreuzarme aus. FunktionelIdrftees sichinden meistenFallen-wenn nichtsogar inalIen-umGrab-bauten handeln.(9) a.O. Abb. 3.(10) Beispiele zusammengcstellt bei P. Grossmann, Felkav. 127/130, 1984/1985, 253ff. bes.256ff;; hinzuzufgen sind femer ein gleichartiger Anbau auf der Sdseiteder unter der TritisSeptembriou-Strae inThessalonike festgestellten frhchristlichen Basilika, s.E. Marke- Arch.Eph, 1981, Arch. Chron. 53 ff. [nach ByzZ 77, 1984, 187], allerdings ohneNebenraume;einkrzlichyonH. Buschhausen, Diespatrmischen Metallscrinia undfrh-christlichenReliquiare(Wien 1971) 219ff. (unterB10) Abb. 8(unten) neubesprochenerBauaus Samagher(Istrien), aufdessemvonA. Gnirs, Jb. d. k.k,Zentr. Komm. f. Ku. u.hist. Denkm. 4, 232ff. Abb. 94,bemommenen Planallerdings die Bauphasen nichtrichtigkenntlichgemacht sind, wodurchdasVerstandnisbeeintrachtigtwird(dieKapelle imNOunddie Sdwanddes hinteren sdwestL. Nebenraumes drftenjngerenUrsprungssein);undschlieBlich die kleineKirchebei Gerbekse(sdlichvonBayirky) an der Sdkste yonKarien, diefreilichnachdemCharakter desMauerwerks erst indas 13. Jh. datiert wird, s.V. Ruggeri, Or. Chr. Per. 55, 1989, 370ff. Abb. 14.4-I~,i,iiii,i,: __L.:~i, ,!}!I' ~ p- ~ :,., ', ,r-..J i- ,~-- -- ...i,ii,,i,ro,"l.,r ~ LAbb. 1- Die frhchristlichen Reste derKirche von Alakilise5*(1)SURVEY OF THE BYZANTINE SITES ONLYCIAN COAST NEARBY OSAKA UNIVERSITY, JAPANKazuo ASANO*Thepresent surveyproject wasbegun in1991. Dr. Shigebumi Tsuji,Professor of art history at Osaka Universityand the director of our team,ushered the project severalyearsago when he alonevisited some archae-ological siteson Lycian coast between Antalya and Since then, ourattention has been attracted to the ruins of medieval citieson twoislands,the oneGemiler Ada and the other Karacaren Ada, bothnear the city ofFethiye- (Map: 1). Though delayed by the so-called Gulf War forseveralmonths, aparty ofthree, inc1udingProf. Tsuji and the author, visitedtheseislandsin thespring of 1991. Thechief objective of the expeditionwasto c1arify thedimension of thesitesto construct ourprogram of thefollowing, more organizedsurvey, andwefoundthat thesites deservecontinuous researches of more than ten years. In the fall of the same year,apartywhichconsistsof eightmembersandisofficiallysponsoredbytheMinistryof Educationof Japanvisitedthetwoislands andworkedthere for about three weeks-.Kazuo ASANO, Hama 1-16-10, Toyonaka, 561 Osaka-JAPAN.Themonuments ontheseislandshadbeenreferredingeographica1studies and afewartic-lesby and for yacht sailors, but fromthestandpoint of archaeology andart-history theyhadnot beensystematically studiedandsurveyed before. SeeF. Stark, The LycianShore(Lon-don, 1956), p. 134; R.S. Carter, "ATurkishExplorationbyBoat,' inArchaeology38-3(May/June, 1985), pp. 16-21; 1. EIsner, Sites antiques dusud-ouestdel'Anatolies (ed. byYachting,1987), pp. 53-55.(2) Thedates, members and sponsors of thetwoexpeditions arelistedbelow: First expedition;25 April-13 May 1991, Shigebumi Tsuji (art history, Osaka University), TetsuroOhasi(photographer, Osaka University) and KazuoAsano(art history, Aichi University of Edica-tion), sponsored byKashima Art Foundation. Secondexpedition;24 September-24 October1991, Tsuji, Ohasi, Asano, SatoruAisaka(history, OsakaUniversity), Yasushi Nagatsuka(art history, Tokai University), Toshio Katsumata (archaeology, Women's Art College),Shinya Fukunaga(archaeology, OsakaUniversity), Koji Nakatani (history, OsakaUniver-sity), sponsored bytheMinistry of Education of Japan. Themembersareverymuchobli-ged to T.C. Kltr ve Mzeler Genelto his kindest collabora-tion withthem.7in theexpeditions of 1991, wewere mainly engaged in twokinds ofwork: first, wesurveyed thegeographical outline of Gemiler Ada toob-tain a map as the foundation of the future research of any kind (thege-ographical surveyof KaracarenAdawaspostponed untilthenextsea-son because of the limitationof working days); and secondly, weobserved major monuments andtheir decorations, and made sketch plansof four churches on the two Gemiler Ada measures approximately 1,000metres in its east-westwardlengthand alittleless than400metres at the widest initsnorth-south width. It is separated fromthe main land by a narrow channelof c.200metres wide, which serves asan ideal anehorage forships. Thewhole island is quite hilly, andthe highest point of theisland is about 90metres above the sea-level.The surface of Gemiler Ada is almost entirely covered by ruins of allsorts of buildings: churches and .chapels, warehouses, residences andhundredsof tombs andcistemsofvarioussizeandtypes. The existenceof at least fivechurches has been confirmed through our last expeditions.Near thewest end of theisland a ruinous building remains,which istentativelycalledChurch i (Plan: 1). It has beenalmost completelyde-stroyed by natural disasters except theapse, a part of thenorth wall, andthefoundationof asmalllateral chapel tothesouth of theapse. Totheeastside of the apse walla covered passageway is attached.Church II on the west hillside is a three-aisled basilica of slightly dis-tortedplan(Plan: 2). Its south-east lengthwithout the apse measuresabout 18 metres, andwidth 12-13 metres. The entrance to the nave is sit-uatedin the midst of a vaultedcorridor along the north wall of thechurch. The apse and the synthrononare considerablywell preserved(Fig. 1).A pairof arched doorwaysflankingthesynthronon remindsusof a vaulted passageway under thesynthronon which is foundinSt. Ni-cholas Church in Demre (ancient Myra), St. ITene Church in Istanbul andso on. But unlike these parallels, the passageways in Church II are termi-nated shortly behind thedoorways, and arenot connected to each other.From thedoorway in thenorth of the east wall, another covered passage-way leads toward the back of the apse, and is terminated there with an al-tar in theshape of aniche. Near the north-east comer of the nave there is(3) This paper was completed after the third expeditionin1992, but here i report only the resultof 1991 expeditions.8an opening in theground, butan exeavation maybe necessary to findoutwhether it is a crypt, a reliquary of a cistern,ChurchIII, also a three-aisledbasilica, is locatednear the hilltop(Plan: 3, Fig. 2). The navemeasuresc. 23metresinlength without nar-thexandapse, and13 metresinwidth. The northand east walls aswellasthe apsearealmost destroyed, whilesouthandwest walls arefairlypreserved. Thewhole room of thenarthex, 4-5metreswide, is painstak-ingly cut out fromthebedrock. Theouterwall of theapseisattachedashort passageway, whichcontains several small niches inthewall andwascovered by a vaultceiling. To the east of thechurch thereis an addi-tional small chapeL.Fromthe north-east corner ofthe complexof ChurchIII, a longvaulted corridor,about 2.5metreswide and-extending about 160 metres,runsdownthehillsidetowardthelowerridgeintheeast of theisland(Fig, 3).Asmall plain beyond theend of thecorridor isa site of ahugeedifice. Herewe assume Church IV,a large complex including a basilica,anatriumwithafountain, andseveral lateral chapels. Thesebuildingsand theprecinct will be sarveyed in next season.Church Vonthenorthhillsideissingle-aisledandmuchsmaller inscale. The faade contains a cross-shaped windowat the apex of thegable.The churches except V must have beenrichly decorated by floor mo-saics andfrescopaintings,of which reminiscence survives until today. Itseemsthat elaborate mosaicsextend over thewholesurfaceofthefloorof Church III,though covered with thick debris at present (Fig. 4). Frescopaintings surrounding thenorth entranceofChurch IIdepict Christ Em-manuel andtwosaints , andoneintheapsewindow of thesame churchrepresentsanangel ina frontal position. Onthenorthwall ofthechapelattachedtoChurchIII, several standingfiguresandbustsinmedaUionsarepainted. Frescopaintingsalsodecorateother variousmonumentsontheisland, i n C u d i n g someplacesontheceiling and thewall of thelongcorridor, and a small tomb near the corridor.The buildings on the island, andthose onKaracaren Ada, aremost-lyconstructedwithlocal stones, whiletheuseof brickisverylimited.Ashlarmasonryischieflyadoptedtoapses, cornersanddoorways, andother partsof thewallsare made of irregular rubbles with a large quanti-ty of mortar. Thefoundations of the walls are oftencarved fromthebed-rock, utilizing the slopeof the ground. Three marble columns andseveral9capitals, besides manyfragments, havebeenfoundontheislands. Thesefindingsmaysuggesttheabundantuseofmarbleontheonehand, andthe systematic pillage sometime hefore the modern ages on the other.KARACAREN ADAWhile the site on Gemiler Ada has been and is being frequently visit-edbytouristsandcrewsof pleasuresailing, thatonKaracaren Adare-mainsrelatively intact. The island is far smaller than the first one, and thehighest plateau is occupied by a largearchitectural complex (Plan4, Fig.5). Themain church is a three-aisled basilica of 19 metreslong(withouttheapseandnarthex) and13 metres wide. Itsamainapsewithasyn-thronon is flanked by two sub-apses. The basilika is annexed on the southbya long lateral chapel alsowithan apse, and further flanked by severalrectangular chambers, In a squarespace on the south of the narthex, thereis a smallbaptismalfont in cross-plan decorated with minute glass mosa-ics. it seems that the walls of the whole complex wasdecorated richly, byfrescopaintings. To thewest of the narthexof the basilica a largecistemis dug in the ground. This place must have been an atrium with a fountainin its centre.From the art-historical point of view, the mostnotable are the frescopaintings which decorate entiresurface of the interior of a small tombtothenorth east of thechurch (Fig. 6). Thetombhasa nearlysquare plan,4.6metres by 4.3metres, and aniche is placed in eachof thefourouterwalls. Theburial chamber measures 2.6 metreslong and1.4 metreswide,andcontains arectangular pitin theground. Thepaintingsdepict Christblessing(ontheeast wall), sixmenandwomenledbyanangel (southwall), juxtaposed angel s (northwall), busts of twosaintsandleavesof aplant (west wall)and a medallion containing across raised by fourangel sinto the constellated sky (on the vault ceiling). if we are correct, this fres-coshould be dated to the pre-iconoc1astic period, i.e., fromthe Iate sixthto the earlyseventh century'.These monuments deseribedabove are only a part of the wide-spread, variegated constructions on thetwoislands, buttheywill sufficetoattesttherichcultural, religiousandcommercial activitiesonthe s lands that began in the early Byzantine period. The religious aspectseems toberelated tothevenerationandtheresultingpilgrimage of St.Nicholas, thebishop of Myrain Lyciaand the patron saint of sailorsand(4) The fresco paintings in the tomb on Karacaren Ada are deseribed and analysed by K. Asa-no, "A StylisticObservation oftheFresco Paintingsofthe TombonKaracarenIsland(Lycia, Turkey)," in Blulletin ofA i c l i University ofEducation, Vol. XLI (1992).10voyagers, whichmaybe proved partlybythefact that theGemiler Adahad been called Aya Nikola until recently, and partly by architectural de-tails such' as passageways around and between the churches to conduct amultitude of pilgrims.Our last campaignswerelimitedtothe .surveyof thegeographicaloutlineofthe islands, the locationof afewmainbuildings and theirplans. in future, however, at least a partial exeavation of the siteswill beindispensable to identify the nature and date of the urbanand cultural ac-tivities which once flourishedonthese islands. Further, witnesses aregradualy emergingwithregardtosimilar sitesandmonumentsnot onlyin theenvirons oftheislandsbutalsoall alongthecoast ofthebayofFethiye. Thusthe campaign in1992 season will incIudea general surveyof thisregionin additionto thecontinuing surveyworkonGemiler andKaracaren Ada.1112,.....PLan: 1- Church I, Gemiler AdaoPlan:2- Church II,Gemiler Ada13Plan:3- Church III, Gemiler AdaDii ir iL JPlan: 4- Church and tornbs, Karacaren Ada14Fig. 1- Church II,Gemiler AdaFig. 2- Church III, Gemiler Ada'15Fig.3- Corridor, Gemiler AdaFig. 4- Floorn o s a i c , Church III, Gemiler Ada16Fig. 5- Church, Karacaren AdaFig. 6- Fresco paintings in a tomb,KaracarenAda171991 YILI AMASRA YZEY Stephen HILL*JamesCROW1991 Amasra raporuna, ncelikle bu devamettirmemize izinveren Kltr veMzeler Genel ederekistiyorum. ca MdrZiya ve Sonerolmakzere, tmAmasraMzesi destekve grdk. ok ederiz. temsilcimiz IstanbulMzesi'nden Hatice Kendisindentm boyunca edici grdk. Ozellikle etmek isteriz.StephenHill (Universityof Warwick) veJames Crow(Universityof NewcastleuponTyne) BrianWilliams Mescidi Ca-mi'nin Christine HodgettsCenevizliler dnemihane- ait zerine StanleyIrelandiseAmasraMze-si'nde bulunan Yunan, Roma ve Bizans dnemine ait sikkelerin. Ankara Arke-olojiEnstits, British Academy,Society for the Promotion of ByzantineStudies, Universityof WarwickveUniversityof NewcastleuponTyne kaynaklarla finanse BugnkAmasra, antikAmastris Buradailkyer- GeBronz tahmin edilmektedir. Sesamos'dakiMileskolonisi ise, M.O. 7. Amastris Helle-nistikdnemde Kralie AmastrisbirbirleriyleSesa-Tieion ve Kromna meydanaM.O. 2. ve1. Pontus birClaudi-usdnemindeise, buradabirRomaordusubulunuyorduki, buordunun hem bu dnemde,hemde Trajan dneminde vali GenPliny ile ispat edilebilmektedir.*Dr. StephenHILL, Joint School ofClassics, UniversityofWarwick, CoventryCV47AL Dr. James Department of Archaeology, The University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NEI7RU, INGILTERE.19Budnemde Amastris'innemi, Pontuseyaleti iinde conventus rol iledaha belirginhale gelmektedir. Bizansdne-mindeki nemiise, ierisinde olankilise vesurdu-incelenmesi sonucundaortaya Amastriszamanladahada Paflagonyapiskoposluk statsne tir. Herac1ius dnemindenzere, Karadeniz dansrdrlen olduka denizfaaliyetlerine Yerle- 9. nemlibiraskeri merkezhalinebilinmektedir.10. itibarenAmastris Comneneilgisigrlmektedir; 14: ve 15. ise Cenevizliler'inkontrol incelemekte sur buereve ierisinde1991 kaleye ait sur zerindeki evrelerinin mimari ay- olarakincelenmesi zerinde Bu ennemli biri, Bizans dnemi enerken evresineait birblmnnokazbir bile olsa, kara hem hemdeucunda paralar halinde Hellenistik rtyor Dahance, sistemin ucundayeralanbir i iyznn Bizans dnemiblok vebudurumbizeolduka Buyeni bu Amasra'da Hellenistikdnem dikkatlice kesme har dan gzlenmektedir. yerlerdeduvarla uyum iinkayayzeyide gibi Hellenistik dnem Pontus VI. Mithridates(M.. 120-63)dnemine ait byk Klasik bakan, istihkamburundabyk budnemde akropolisti.Bizans dnemine ait sur hem akropolis hem de BozTepe evrelemektedir. Bu dnemde Boz Tepe anakaraya is-tihkam bir yol ve bir kprile Kalenin anakara ze-rindeki (ZindanKalesi) zerinde iki kilise ve sivil bir taraftan Boz Tepe (Sormagir Kalesi)ise, la rlduvarlara sahipve askeri amala sahiptir. ErkenBizansdnemine ait drt evresi, duvar-larzerindegzlenen blok Bu Klasik malzeme Unc evresi merrner oldukadekoratif bir zellikledikkat ekicidir. sonucunda, bugnAmasra'da yer alankale tmyle20ErkenBizansdneminde ortaya Bununlabera-ber, sistemeait Orta veGeBizansdnemlerindeyenideneldengeirilerek, planlanndabelirgin 15. yz- Cenevizliler dneminde ise, I Kale'ninnemli vebelirgin Erken evrelere aitbloktarihlendiril-mesi tamamiyle olarak 3. evreyeait detaylarise, 8. (Nicaea) Kaleninbirbirlerine ok kulelerinedeniyle 7. ve8. Bi-zans istihkam OrtaBizansdnemine aitonanmlar ve ise, zelliklekaleninBozTepemevkiindevekalenin karadaha kk blok kendisini bellietmektedir. Buna Cenevizliler dnemindelarda, hep kk, kabaca moloz vesert,beyaz har Cenevizliler dnemindeBizansdneminde duvar siperlerindeve yineBi-zansdneminde st grlmektedir. Bu-nunla beraber bu dnemde I Kale'ye bir de kule Bu lik Zindan Kalesi'ninucundaki blgenin zel bir ama iin izlenimivermektedir. olan tmkale zerinde incelenmesi, Erken Bizans dneminde olduka yksekmiktardakeramik ierenvesuyla dahagednemde ise, daha beyaz renkli ve daha az miktarda seramik ie-ren ortaya Duvar gnm-zekadar olan harve dizileri, lenpembe vebeyaz harlardan Budiziler ile iyzeylerinde olan, dnemeait har bir Duvar noktalardadaha hariinehalinde olan moloz belirlemek Bu molozkezde velarla Sur zerindebulunan incelenmesikrono-lojinin dahaiyi zellikle gereklidir. sur Bu nedenle orijinal bir Bununla beraber, enerken evresinde ol- ilk evresinin gednemlerinde gzlenen kabaca blok da Bizansdnemine ait ikigeevreise, st Daha kk blok temsil edilen kemerin ise, sistemeOrta Bizansdneminde tahminedilmektedir. zamanda zerindeGeBizansdnemi gsterenve kk temsil edilenbir rtyznn enyksek iseCenevizlilerdnemineait-tir.21 BozTepe da, olduka yolgstericidir. En erken siper hizada olup, en az iki da-ha erken dneme ait blok sahiptir. yapangzlemekulesi duvaraerkenbir dnemde Gzlemekulesi malzemenin dikkat e-kecek Bu malzemenin iindebir de, Hatice Kal-kan olannemli bir Unc. evredegzlenen bu olduka ok miktarda malzeme, kara dnemdetahminedilenFkulesindede gre, BozTepe'ye zerindeki bu gz-leme kulesi erken evrelerde zeri bir avluyasahipti;fakatenson evresinde uzanan avlu zerine edi-len tonozla daha Bu bilgininelde edilmesin-densonra, okbir ki, gzlemekulesinin zerin-de bulunanve III. Leo Nicaea'da 8. olan kuleleri silme, Amasra'da gzlenen3. in-evresine aittir. Bylece Amastris'deki Bizansilk tari-hinin7. olmaktan zellikledikkatekici olan bir Boz Tepeilk yznn ile Bu nyzn 3. evresinin ilk kendisine olarak gzlemekulesininkoru- gnmze kadar in situolarakKkBizans kilisesinin(Mescidi Camii) rekonstrksiyonizimle-rinin olduka geirilmesi de-vam Her zerindetektek olan izim-ler hemenhemen tamamlanmakzeredir. 1991 evrelerinin konusundaoldukanemli okilgi ekicidir ki, kilise olankoruma olan harile tama-miyle Herikitipduvarzerindededuvarrg ileyzey ve kronolojik ile Bu durum, daha nce mimari incelenmesi sonucu Or-taya olan Bizansdnemi sur ve kiliseleri oldukanadirgrlenvekesin de Yeniden evresindekilisenin tmyle na bu bu evredeyeniden hizaya olanapsistezellikle belirgindir.Sur zerindeki evrelerinin olarak ile olarak, daandabilinen bu sekizi in situvesurduvar- iin tam ve terminus ante quem yerine getir-22mektedir. kronolojikseri iindeyer alanbuKaleblgesindeki iki Cenevizevresi mimari da uyum iin-dedir. 1430-1435 Di- ise stil ve ierik olarak zelliklerive Ceno-va'daki Milaneseyntemiyle dneme(1421-1436)veyahemenbirsonraki dneme denkgelmektedir. Cenevizliler dnemine ait biri birBizanshemen bir ise yer alan ve Erken Bizans dneminde blokya- kulenin, dahagebirdnemde olanbeyaz hariine Bir ncise, ba-kanBozTepesiperCenevizliler dneminde bl-mndey.er henz fakatandaIstanbul Mzesi'ndebulunanbir zerinde1407 tarihi sylenmektedir ki, henz olan bud-nemle mmkndr. bir dzenin birlikte acaba zel evre-leriyle, tarihi olaylar bir kurulabilinir mi, veya en dan evreler tarihi bir ereve ierisinde mi?Amastris'in833 askeri birstatye bi-linmektedir. ki, Theophanes kitap Dinyeper nehri zerindeSarkel'de edilmekte olanyenikalenin etmekzerePaflagonya himayesinde bir Bundan zere, butarihtendaha nceAmastris'te bir denizmevcuttu. Bizansaskeri orga- meydana gelen kilise rgt ya- meydana gelen zamanda AmastrisliSt. John'un, 9. olanbiyografisi, Paflagonya'ya Gangra metropolnde bir blgesinin Her ne kadar bu tarih birazerkenkabul edilmekteysede, 9. ilk sivil ve dini hareketlerin Karadeniz sahilinde bir hareketinodak grmemize biyografiSt George'un Kromna'da birailenin ola-rak dnyaya Biyografiye gre,St. GeorgelaAmastris'in yer alanAgrioserike inzivayaekil-mek zere evini ve sonradan, 788 seilmesi nedeniyle Konstantinopolis'e bir ziyaret yrede-ki Bonysso Her nekadar, biyografinintamve bir kronoloji syleyemezsekde, tarihlerne olanak bilgilervermektedir. Genelde Pontus blgesiArap tecrit bir blgeHalbuki bi-23yografide St. George'un bahsederken, Arapda olarak kylerdeki ierisinde ko-rumaya bahsedilmektedir. St. George'un 825 da kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu797 Amorion veya8i 1 Euchaita mmkndr. Buda 9. Amastrissur iinbir refe-rans Fakat acabadahagerilere 800 daha ncesine dnebilir miyiz?Theophanes Paf1agonya'ya kadar olan bir Arap bahsetmektedir.Buda 732-733 Muawiyah olan fakat Arap ok nadiren blge-sine kadar Amastris'in idarecisi, Gregory 805-806 sonra, bir le ilgilibir meseleyi zere de, bumzakerelerdeki roltamolarak Bundan nceki tek birlik, daha nce olanPatrik Cyrusile olanbirlikti. Patrik Cyrus, dahan-ce, Kerson'da(Cherson)srgne olanJustinianII'ye Bu nedenle Konstantinopolis'e dnmesindensonrapatriklikgreviyle AmastrisveKerson ya- buolaylariinoldukanem vebizeAmastris'inta-rihsel konumunu vebir sonraresmenkabul edi-lenKatepanate dahancedentemsil etmektedir. Paf1agon- Nicetas, St. Hyacinthus'unbiyografisinde Amastris'i, duvarlarla ev-rili trgz" olarakBu,ok uzunsreliolannemini bir keredahavurgulamakta- Tekrar St. George'un biyografisine dnersek,biyografi St. George'unlmnden sonra, Rus Amasra'ya ger- iki mucizeden bahsetmektedir.Bylece bir kereda-ha, bu tarihte 850 ncesi) var Amastris bir denizveticaret merkezi olaraknemini de ortaya nk bundansonraki 860 Konstantinopolis'eSt. George'un .anasavunmasistemiiin, tamve nus ante quem yerine getirmektedir.Bu surlara Cenevizliler tara- ensondnemok belli olmak- kulelerin veBoz Tepe yenidenen IKale'dekidikdrtgen kulenin gelecektehditlere glendirmektedir. Her ne kadar, IKale dahasonraCenevizkolonisininmerkezi haline de,tara- 24Bir araya gelenve tarihsel deliller tm Bizans dnemi boyun-caAmastris'inhemsivilhemdini merkez, hemde nemli merkezlerindenbirindedeniz ssolaraknemini zellikle nemlidnemler 7. 8. 9.ve 10. sonuve 11. Cenevizliler iseAmastrissur sondnemkoruyucusuolarak AmasraMzesi'nde bulunansikkeler 1991StanleyIreland(Universityof Warwick) Bu Amastriskentindenumizmatikfaaliyetler zelolandnemle-rin, tarihsel vedelillerinsonucuortayamo-deleuyup Herne kadar, rnek mik- ok de, ortaya sonular,ve tarihsel delillerin or-taya destekler niteliktedir.251991 AMASRA BULUNAN OLAN RAPORUStanley IRELAND*Amasra Mzesibulunan toplam375 adet antiksikkenin pek evrede olup, az bir iseolduka uzakblgelerden Azsikkeden kolleksiyonda bulunansikkeler M.O. 4. M.S. 15. kadar uzanan bir zaman diliminitemsil etmektedir. Kol-leksiyondaHellenistikveBizans dnemlerineait okzel birka sikke Bu sikkeler Alexander'a ait bir tetradrah-mi, Marcian ve II. Justinian'a ait iki adetsikke ve bir Venedik endikkat ekicileridir. Bununlaberaber kolleksiyongeneldeokuzunsre tedavlde ve bu nedenle olduka sikkelerden Ekonomik incelenmesi sz konusu olunca, ok olarak dikkatler sikke trlerine ait daha fazla rnekle ilgilibilgilere evrilmektedir. Mze genelolaraksikkelerinbirdefine iindemi, yoksa birortamdaFakat mzeye zere 13. bronz Sesamossikkeleri gruphalinde tekbirdefineden veYunan sikkeleri en byk buluntugrubunu Ikinciki ok VI. Mithridatesdnemine(M.O.120-163)tarihlenen12 adet Amisos sikkesi taraf-tanAmastris10sikke iletemsil edilmektedir.Amastris'indahilolanSesamos veKromna olansikkelerdegznne burakam28'e Bu dnemde Amastriskentinin ticaret,kendisini Karadeniz sahil blgesindenkuzey blgesindekidahilolmakzere) olansikkelerle zamanda Rodosile temsil edilenEge ve Caesarea Cappadoci-ae veSuriye gibiAsya olansikkelerle de ortaya 26Mzeye olansikkelerin sonucu, M.S.3. tarihlenen ve Philip, Trajan Decius, Trebonianus Gal-lus, Valerian, GallieriusveProbusgibi Roma ait bronzsikke1erden bir define ortaya Bununla beraber daha er-ken imparatorlar, kolleksiyonda %22 temsil edilmektedir veAugustus'danDiocletian'a uzananbirdnemi Fakat bun- budnemierisindeki tekraretme istatistikselolarakhibiranlam Buna M.S. 4. koleksiyonda y. %21'le temsil edilmektedir ve hemekonomik faaliyetlerin vege- gstermekte, hem de enflasyonu Kronolojik hi en grupAnastasi-us'danzereBizans dnemidir ve koleksiyonun % 32'sini Buen gruptayer alansikkeler %40Bizansdnemimalzemesindenve M.S. 969-1081 ait olan isimsizsikke1erden delillerde, sikkeler ortaya olan zel dnemleri desteklemektedir. Bundansonraki en dnemM.S. 491-641 veAnastasius(3), Justin(3),Justinian (10),Justin II(9) Tiberius II(3), Maurice (12)veHeraclius(4)dnemlerini Budneminsonu ok belirginbir Anadolu'da Bizans eyalet kalelerinin dneme denkBizans dnemineait geri kalansikkelerise, tek veya ok az rneklerden LeoVI'ya(M.S. 886-912) ait 6rnek veConstantineX'a (M.S. 1059-1067)ait 6 rnek bu genellemenin Her nekadar dahance, definelerinarzu de, kolleksiyondabir dehi GeBronz ait olan ve M.S. 4. 7. kadaruzananbirdefine 200sikkeden budefinenint-m mzede 1991 bu definenin olarak ince-lenmesi mmkn 27"A SURVEY OF ANCIENT RARBORS IN ROUGR TRE1991 PRELIMINARY SURVEY"Robert L. VANN*PURPOSE AND PARAMETERS OF THESURVEY**Thisreport represents a preliminary survey of harbor sitesin theter-ritoryof ancient CiliciaTracheiabetweenAlanyaandMersin(Fig, 1).The objectives were to identify harbor installations through a cornprehen-siveliterarysearch, toinspect selectedharborsites bothonlan.d andinthewater, andtorecommendprioritiesfor futurestudies intheregion.Longerrangeobjectiveswill includeastudyof harborengineeringandthe architecture and planningofbuildings and openspaces associatedwiththeseportfacilitiessuchas lighthouses, warehouses,shipsheds,andservice areas. The relationship of the city to its port is a principal interest.Plans of better quality for the mostimportant sitesshould be produced.Ancient CiliciaextendedfromtheMediterraneanSeatotheTaurusmountains betweenCoraceseuminthe west andIssus intheeast. The***Robert L. VANN, School of ArchitectureUniversityof MarylandCollegePark, Maryland20742 USA.This project was carriedout duringthe 1990-91academicyear andasabbatical fromtheUniversity of Maryland. i wishtothankDeanStevenHurtt andthe staff andfacultyof theSchoolof Archilecture for their assistancebeforeand during that periodof absence fromthecampus. Thesurveywascarriedout withpermissionM. Akif Director General of theDepartment of MonumentsandMuseums of theMinistryof Culture. Iwouldalsolike tothankthe directors of the variouslocal museumsKaramut, Alanya; Si-lifke;andKayhanDrtlkin Antalya. i wouldalsolike tothankEdipzgr, staffarchaeol-ogist fromtheAntalyaMuseum, foratourofhisrecent workheis directingat Aspendos.FinallyI thankmy commissioner,Berkayafromthe Bodrum Museumfor all his as-sistanceinthesurvey. Thefield tookplaceduringaFulbright FellowshiptoTurkey. Dr. Toni Cross of theAmericanResearchInstituteinTurkey, Drs. DavidFrench,Chris andGeoffreySummersoftheBritishInstituteof ArchaeologyinAnkara,and Dr. ErsinOnulduran and Ella of the Turkish Fulbright Commission, and Dr. Ser-raDorugnl of Bilkent Universitywere generouswithtimeandfacilities. TheBritishInstitute madeone of their vehicles available andMichael Morrisand Valerie Soll ofBilkent University supplied a video camerafor the fieldwork. Withoutthese friends, the taskwouldhave beeninfinitely greater.29areawas dividedintoCiliciaTracheiaandCiliciaPedias --- or RoughCilicia andSmooth Cilicia ---correspondingtothemountainousterrainwestof Soloi-Pompeiopolis andthebroadalluvial plains totheeast. Forthepurposeof this study, RoughCiliciawas furtherdividedintothreezones: WestemZonefromAlanyatoAnamur, CentralZonefromAna-mur to Silifke, and Eastem Zone fromSilifke to Mersin.TheTaurus mountains dominate Cilician topography andencourage,if notnecessitate, travel bysea rather than onland. IntheWestem Zonemountain rangesrunparalleltotheshoreline.This region, characterizedby steep, high bluffsand longstretches of shoreline, is without the inden-tations necessaryforadequatesizedharbors. TheCentral ZonebetweenAnamurandSilifkefeatures acoast1ine crossingthegrainof themoun-tainrangeat anangle, thus creatingindentedbays separatedbyprojec-tingrockyheadlands. TheEastem Zonecoast1ine fromSilifke to Mersinis onceagain parallel to the Taurus. But here,the taller mountains are in-landandthecoast flankedbyhillsofa deceptivelygentleslopethroughwhichsmall, seasonal streamscreatea rugged terrainofdeepravines. Awidercoastal plainemergesat Evanli, graduallyincreasinginwidthto-ward Mersin and Tarsus.The areabeinginvestigated had, withexceptions, fewcitiesofcon-sequence inthe elassical period. They were mostlysmall towns com-pared tothelarger citiesin the plainsof Pamphylia orCilicia Pedias.Incontrast to the flat lands,this rugged terrain of Tracheia remained sparce-ly populated.Thefirst harbor toconsider isat Selinus-Trajanopolis, nowGazipa- a . Thecitystands onthebanksoftheDrcal ay, 45kmsoutheastofAlanya and86 kmnorthwest of Anamur. Thecityis perhapsbest knownastheplace Trajan diedreturningto RomefromtheParthiancampaign.As a result, the city briefly took the name Trajanopolis.Remainscover theflatplainbetween theriver andtheleeofa highrockyhill whosesouthand west sides fall in eliffs, almost 200 m intothesea. Thesteepheadlandis fortifiedwithwal1s crowningthetopandex-tendingdownthenorthslope. Northof thecityisabeachof petrifiedsanddeposits andseveralother small hillocks, onewiththeremains ofamedieval castle. Thecoastal plainextendsnorthandeast oftheancientcity.Theharbormust besought in thelee of theacropolisneartherivermouth where the streamnow takesa sharpbendto the southwest,cutting30a sandbar, and entering the seaat the acropolis base(Fig. 2, 3).Beaufortreported thatriver banks, thencovered with oleander, wereraised topre-vent overflowing and that internal angles of its meandering path had beenfaced withstonework. Was thisstonework part of a river-based harbor atSelinus? Because theeityisbui1t toward thewestern end of itsacropolisand along the river near its mouth, it makes little sense to seek theharborelsewhere. Likewise, unless theharbor was intheriver, it wouldhavebeen completely open to the southwestern seas,an unsatisfactory positionfor any Cilician harbor.Thenext siteinvestigatedwas Antiocheia adCragum, 18 kmsouth-west of The site islarge, extending kmalong the coast,with its set 300 m above the sea on steep eliffs.Beaufort didnot take time toinvestigatethe sitebut did statethattherewereflightsof rock-cut stepsthatledfromthelanding place tothegatesand thaton the other side therewas a single archin the eliffswith aslopingchannel that might have beenashipramp. Beanalsomentionsthe landing-place, a gate, and a small forton the shorebelowbut does notspecify whether theyare at the eastern or western edgeof the city. A pairofsmall coves betweenthe fortified citadel and the necropolis in thewestern portion of the eity, are likelyto be the harbor.Field investigationsat focusedonthese twoinlets. Thewesterninlet issmall andapproachedbyanarrowchannel flankedbysheereliffs, while that ontheeast must beenteredbyanatural cavernthrough the hillwhich bringsoneinto an evensmaller protected body, ofwater (Fig. 4). Thesizeofeachinlet aswell asthevery steepclimbtothecitysome300mabovewouldsuggestanimpractical harbor. if facttheanchorages are easier to reachby searather thanland.The entrancesmust havebeenverydifficultto recognize fromthewater forthosewhodidnot know the terrainbut oncea small boat reached the safety of theseanchorages it was thenprotected by thisruggedterrain which offered de-fenders a tremendous advantage overanyapproaching craft. In short, thecoves at Antiocheia ad Cragumseemidealfor piratesbut notas success-ful fortraders. Despitethedisadvantagesofterrainandthelimitation ofsize, thesesmall covesprobably served as harborscontinuously through-out the city's history.A harbor along theCentral Zone of theCilician coast is Aphrodisiasor Zephyrium. Theremains of the cityare on the peninsula andalong thesmall isthmuswhichjoinsittothemainland. This projectingheadland,witheliffs over200mtall, isthelast inaseries of largepromontories31west of the Bay of The peninsula is almost exactly 2.5kmacrossfromeasttowest andnorth tosouth, roughly circular inshape, withtheexception of an inlet to thesouthwest and a promontory to the northeast,Thesiteisa classic exampleofthecitywithtwoanchoragesonei-therside ofanisthmus. Thewesternharbor, exposedtoanyhighseasfromthesouthwest, might still beused incalm weather and just outsidetheseawallsalongthisportionof thepeninsulaisastoneplatformthatappears tobe theremains of a quaybuilt perpendicular to theshore. Thebetter harbor, andperhaps oneof thefinest inall of Cilicia wastheeast-em anehorage at Aphrodisias.In theearly19th century thereweretwoshallow ponds connected tothe seabychannels. Beaufort suggested that theywerefora"military in-nundation", presumably to isolate the peninsula fromattack over theisth-mus. It is alsopossible that thispassage might be part of earlier channelsbetweentwo harbors on either side of the isthmus, a familiar patternamong ancient citiessuchas Alexandria, Tyre, Cnidus, and perhaps Hali-carnassus. It is possible that someanehorage might haveoccurred alsointhe lee of the small island within the eastern bay.MovingtotheEastern ZonewecometoCorycus, which, likemostcities along thisstrechof thecoastline, hasbeencalled bya bewilderingnumber of names but perhapsthebest knownasKalesifor thetwomedievalfortressesthat markthesite. WherewastheharborofancientCorycus andwhat wasitsoriginal size?TheLand Castle, within thecitywalls, appears to standat thenorthendof the ancient harborA breakwa-ter,about 125 m long, extends fromits southern corner toward thesouth-west andis constructed of concrete, presumably dating to theRoman era(Fig. 5). Thisnorthbreakwater is a solidstructure of mortared rubble thathassome squared stonescattered about which might haveoriginally beensomeof the facingmaterial of the ancient structure.300mwest of thebreakwaterisanoutcroppingof stonewithbea-chesto either side. Didthismark theothersideoftheharbor?If so, theport at Corycus wouldhavebeenverysmall. A search of thisareafailedtouncover another breakwater oreventherock-stepsrecordedbyBeau-fort onhis original plan. Thisarea 9-0wserves asaroadsideparkwithample room forbusesandtrucks topull off thehighwayand for driversandpassengers' aliketorelaxatpicnictables that havebeenbuilt onthetopof this outcroppingof rock. Theearlierrock-cutfeaturesrnentionedabove rnight nowbe covered by a small structure on the beach below butset against the endof the rocks.32Asecondpositionispossiblefor asouthbreakwater800mtothesouthwest wherea rockyheadland extendsintotheseain aneasterly di-rection toward theSeaCastle (Fig. 6). Theheadland is very lowwithoutadditionalincrease its height and effectiveness against thestrength of southwestem seas.There is plenty of evidence of natural con-creation inthisarea anda largeamount of ancient pottery isincluded asnaturalaggregatebut theresultingheadland doesnot appear tobeman-made. Anattemptwasmadetoswimalongthepromontoryandtowardthe island but high seas and limited visiblity hampered observations.Thereisa localtraditionthat theSeaCastlewasonce joined tothemainland and charts recording water depthsclearly show a ridge of high-erseabedleading fromthepromontorytotheisland, but whether ornotthiswas ever part of an earlyharbor worksis unknown.Hadtherebeenasouthbreakwaterat this point it would have createdavast harbor thatwould havebeen muchbetter protected fromthesouthwest seas.Theancient cityof Sebasteis situatedonthecoast21kmnortheastof Silifke and 26 km southwest of Erdemli. The citywasprobably found-edinthe2ndor lstcenturyBCbut in20BCawardedtoArchelaus ofCappadocia whonamed it Sebaste, in honor of Augustus. The cityflour-ished throughout the Roman era and prospered into the 5th and6th centu-ries despite the factthatits harbor was badlysilted. The remains stand onthelower slopesof hillsaroundwhat wasin antiquitya shallowbaythathas subsequently silted in (Fig, 7).Thesearch fora harbor was landalong the north andwestsidesof the former islandwheretherewas a better chance of recognizingfeaturesthatmight havebeenalongtheformershoreline.Longstretchesof wall at thebaseof the hillcouldverylikelyhavebeenaround thean-cient harbor. Theopposite side of the harbor ismore difficult toinvesti-gatewith larger numbers of structures nowcoveringthe siltedcoastalplain and lower edges of the hills.Anumber offragmentary buildingsandsculptural monuments arescattered along thehighway in thearea of the aqueduct whichledacrossto theisland. Thisareashouldbe morecarefullyrecorded in order to as-certain whether ornot anyof theIate antique structures might havebeenbuiltonthesiltedlowland. Inotherwords, what wasthehistoryof thisharborandtheislandbecominglandlocked?Was the sandfirstdepositedintheleeoftheislandcreatinganisthmusbetweenmainlandandisland? if sothemost likelylocationfor this wouldbethenarrowssouth of thetheater in exactly the location where theaqueduct crosses tothe 'island'.33Theharbor toconsider is Soloi-Pompeiopolis. According toStrabo(14, 5, 8) Argives andRhodiansfromLindosfoundedthecity.The citywasapproximately rectangular and surrounded by a fortificationwall whichincludedasoutheastemseawall900mlong, interruptedto-ward itseastem comer bythegreat artificial harbor. The north wall wasroughly parallel to the southem seawall for about 400 m alongthe eastemside of the city. A major highway and an aqueduct entered the city in thisareaandcreated themajor axiscontinued bythecolonnaded street. Themost impressiveruinsinthecityarethestandingcolumns of thisstreetextending fromthe north city gate to the harbor entrance. Thetotallengthis c. 450 m, thirty-three of these columns remain standing with capitals inplace. Such colonnaded streetsare seen elsewhere in the region -- such asat Diocaesarea, Anazarbus, and Hierapolis-Castabala -- but not on sogrand a scale.The most important feature of the sitefor thepresent study isthevastartifical harborwhichstill standspracticallyintact. Althoughbadlysilted and nowfilledwithbeachrockthathasformed sinceantiquity, thebasiclines of theharbor arerecognizable. Thebasinis enclosed bytwoparallel breakwatersrnorethan200mapart whichdefinearectangularanehorage almost 300mlong. The harbor isexpandedbytwolargesemicircular ends, that tothenorthwest partiallyexcavatedintotheland and the other to the southeast, openonits central axisto serveas theentrance. Itsoverall lengthis almost 500mandthestrong centralurban axisof thecolonnaded streetcontinued through the harbor andouttosea. Apedestal withintheinner half of the basinalsostoodonthisaxis.Thebestpreserved part of the harbor is the western breakwater (Fig.8). it is 20mwideandbuilt of solidconcretefacedwithlargeblocks ofheavily ashlar blocks. Thiswidthtaperedsomewhat toward thesouthwest curve, narrowingto 15mandperhaps more towardtheen-trance thatis no longer preserved above mean sea leveL.The hugeplatforms werebuilt up as layersof concrete poured into acasemate systembehindthe ashlar (opus quadratum) facing best pre-served on the inside (eastem) face of thewestem breakwater. Twocross-walls couldbe observedandmeasured. Afirst crosswall is along thestraight seetionof thebreakwater, 22.30mnorth of thepoint whereitstartedtoward its entranceatthesoutheastem endofthecentralaxis. Thisis a singlerow of stretchers each joined to the nextby a singleclarnp.Every stone had a cutting20 cmlong, 10 cm wide, and 8 cm deeprepresenting half the clamplength.34The second wall, located seaward of the was11.20 m southeastof wherethebreakwater started itscurve. Thiswall wasthicker, 1.30 with the uppermost preservedcourse consistedofalternating pairs ofstretchers---set backtobackthroughthethicknessof thewall ---fol-lowed by a header.The next course down was entirely of headers and thethird course, onceagaina combination of headers andstretchers. Blockswere uniformly64cmwide, 1.65mlong, and54cmhigh. Asingleelamp joined adjacent blocksbut in the header course below, each pair ofblocks was fastenedwithtwoelamps. Werethereother crosswalls? Pre-sumably they canbe foundthroughout thebreakwater as a means of di-viding the huge mass into smaIler compartments that wouldgreatly facil-itate pouring the concrete core.Another feature noted on the surface of the western breakwater was acourse of ashlar blocks, perhaps the original platform level of theancientquay. Thepavement is located30-40minland fromthe point where thebreakwater beginsits curveto thesoutheast andtheharbor entrance. Anirregular area at least10 m across can be traced and with minimal surface much moreinformation should be available. A carefulsearch ofthebreakwater's exposed edgeswhere materialshavedisappearedmight indicatethe presence of more crosswaIls.Local divers report that water conditionsdeteriorateeachyear withthe growth of nearbyMersinand itself. It might be thata sur-veyof thesiteshouldbe out beforefuturedevelopment occurs.With the ever-expanding seasonaIlyoccupied condominiums and touristsfacilities of the south coast the prospect of this future growth seems guar-anted.SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORKThe workproposedfor the 993season will focus onone or twositesin the Eastern Zone, Pompeiopolis and Elaeusa-Sebaste. No excava-tionis anticipated but a perrnit will be requestedtomapthesiteswithalazer theodolite or EDM carried out by a smaIl teamof graduate studentsfromtheSchoolof Architectureat theUniversityof Maryland. One ortwoadditional facultyandstaff membersfromtheUniversitywill alsojoin the team.35~HARBORS OF CILICIA TRACHEIA. MERSINTAURUS MOUNTAINSlOTAPESELINUS-1RAJANOPOLlSCESTRUS""