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PsychologyStudying the mind of the

individual

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Who Are These Who Are These Psychologists?Psychologists?

They study how and why humans They study how and why humans act as they do act as they do

Instead of studying how humans Instead of studying how humans function in cultures or societies, function in cultures or societies, psychologists focus on the psychologists focus on the individual, and the personal and individual, and the personal and unique experiences that unique experiences that influence how the individual acts influence how the individual acts and thinksand thinks

How they think and act!How they think and act!

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Types of PsychologyTypes of Psychology

Experimental PsychologyExperimental Psychology

ClinicalClinical PsychologyPsychology

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Experimental Experimental Psychology

The branch of the discipline The branch of the discipline that sets up experiments to that sets up experiments to see how individuals act in see how individuals act in particular situations particular situations

Question - Would you help a Question - Would you help a complete stranger that was complete stranger that was being threatened with violence being threatened with violence from another person?from another person?

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Case Study: Kitty Case Study: Kitty GenoveseGenovese

Kitty was murdered on the Kitty was murdered on the street outside her New York street outside her New York City apartment after loud City apartment after loud shouting was heard shouting was heard

38 people witnessed the 38 people witnessed the murder but did nothing to stop murder but did nothing to stop itit..

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The Case of Kitty GenoveseThe Case of Kitty Genovese

Psychologists have long been Psychologists have long been interested in our unwillingness interested in our unwillingness to get involved in to get involved in uncomfortable situations even uncomfortable situations even if someone’s personal safety is if someone’s personal safety is at riskat risk. This is called . This is called Bystander Bystander ApathyApathy. .

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The Case of Kitty GenoveseThe Case of Kitty Genovese

People have a tendency see People have a tendency see themselves as bystanders in themselves as bystanders in such situations rather than as such situations rather than as ACTORSACTORS.. ACTORS ACTORS are are people who become active people who become active participants in a situationparticipants in a situation..

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The Case of Kitty The Case of Kitty GenoveseGenovese

People’s responses are People’s responses are dramatically different if there dramatically different if there are other people around them. are other people around them. This is known as the This is known as the Bystander Effect

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Clinical PsychologyClinical Psychology

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY is is the branch of the discipline the branch of the discipline that develops programs for that develops programs for treating individuals suffering treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and from mental illnesses and behavioural disorders.behavioural disorders.

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EExample:xample:

Psychologists treat dangerous Psychologists treat dangerous offenders in federal prisons in offenders in federal prisons in an attempt to prevent them an attempt to prevent them from refrom re--offending on releaseoffending on release..

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Psychological Schools of Psychological Schools of ThoughtThought

Like the other social sciences, Like the other social sciences, psychology has been divided psychology has been divided into a number of schools of into a number of schools of thoughtthought::

Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory Behaviouralism Behaviouralism Learning TheoryLearning Theory

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Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory

The mind is divided into three parts: the The mind is divided into three parts: the conscious, preconscious and the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious unconscious

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It is then divided again into the:

1) ego 2) superego 3) Id

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Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theorycontinuedcontinued

We are aware of our conscious We are aware of our conscious but not aware of our but not aware of our unconscious unconscious

According to psychologists, our According to psychologists, our unconscious mind has more unconscious mind has more influence than our conscious influence than our conscious mind on our personalities and mind on our personalities and our behaviour our behaviour

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The Unconscious MindThe Unconscious Mind

The Unconscious is split into two sections. The Super Ego and The Id.

The Super Ego is made up of the rules and the sense of morality instilled by parents, teachers, religion and others.

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The Unconscious Id

The Id is primitive and instinctual. It is ruled by:

The Pleasure Principle This is our unconscious desires

and needs which are full of lust and aggression.

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Did you see that?

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Sigmund Freud

The founder of psychoanalytic theory. He believed our early childhood

experiences, usually involving our relationships with parents and family, are stored in our unconscious mind.

While we are normally unaware of these memories, they can have a powerful influence on the way we function.

Treatments

Dream Analysis Hypnosis Word Association Rorschach Ink Blots

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LoveFatherHonestyInnocent

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BehaviouralismBehaviouralism Behaviourists believe that psychologists Behaviourists believe that psychologists

can predict and control or modify human can predict and control or modify human behaviour by identifying the factors that behaviour by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place motivate it in the first place

Behaviourists place particular stress on Behaviourists place particular stress on the early childhood years, and the rules the early childhood years, and the rules or practices parents use to raise their or practices parents use to raise their children because they believe these children because they believe these methods have a huge influence on the methods have a huge influence on the character of individuals even into character of individuals even into adulthoodadulthood

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Benjamin Spock (1903-1998)

He believed that a permissive approach to child rearing, rather than a strict one, would result in successful, well-adjusted adults.

He encouraged parents to be loving, flexible and supportive

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Learning Theory Learning Theorists agree that

humans are born with little instinct but much learning potential.

They believe that most human behaviour is learned, especially in child and youth.

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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Pavlov’s experiments with dogs

showed that is was possible to get a dog to associate the sound of a bell with the imminent arrival of food.

At the sound of a bell, the dog would salivate in anticipation

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All studyHuman behaviour

BehavioursOf

Individuals

Behaviour of

individuals within groups

Behaviours of groups and institutions

Cultural customs and rituals

Personalitydevelopment

Group dynamics,Roles, rules andinstitutions

Anthropology

PsychologySociology