01 pendahuluan petrografi

9/1/2015

Petrography @ Rosana 2015 1

PETROGRAPHY

PENDAHULUAN

(Review in mineralogi, petrologi)

9/1/2015Petrography @ Rosana 2015 1

Petrografi_01 : Pendahuluan

Nama Mata Kuliah : PETROGRAFI SKS : 3 SKS TPU: Setelah menyelesaikan mata kuliah mata kuliah

petrografi, anda akan dapat membedakan jenis jenisbatuan secara mikroskopis (C3).


KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN

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KRITERIA PENILAIAN : Kehadiran perkuliahan minimal 80% Nilai kuliah 60%, meliputi :

Kuis + Tugas 10% UTS 40% UAS 40% +

100% (A)

Nilai praktikum 40%, meliputi: Laporan praktikum (harian) 40% UAS 30% UAS 30% +

100% (B)

Nilai akhir 60% (A) + 40% (B) = 100% (C)9/1/2015Petrography @ Rosana 2015 3

KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN

Nilai akhir (C) dikonversikan ke dalam hurufmutu dengan menggunakan kriteria penilaianacuan patokan sebagai berikut:


KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN

Huruf Mutu Angka Mutu RangeA 4 80B 3 68 - 79C 2 56 -67D 1 45 -55E 0 45

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JADWAL KULIAH PETROGRAFIMinggu

ke Tanggal Pokok Bahasan Dosen

1 1 Sept 2015 Pendahuluan MFR 2 8 Sept 2015 Ruang Lingkup Mineral Optik & Sifat-sifat

Cahaya ETY

3 15 Sept 2015 Cahaya Polarisasi dan Mikroskop Polarisasi ETY 4 22 Sept 2015 Penentuan Sifat Optik Mineral Sumbu 1 ETY 5 29 Sept 2015 Penentuan Sifat Optik Mineral Sumbu 2 ETY 6 6 Okt 2015 Identifikasi sifat optik mineral utama pembentuk

batuan : 1. Kelompok Feldspar 2. Kelompok Feldspartoid 3. Kelompok Kuarsa 4. Kelompok Mika

ETY

7 13 Okt 2015 Identifikasi sifat optik mineral utama pembentuk batuan : 1. Kelompok Piroksen 2. Kelompok Amfibol 3. Kelompok Olivin 4. Mineral Asesoris

ETY

8 20 Okt 2015 UTS ETY


JADWAL KULIAH PETROGRAFI

8 20 Okt 2015 UTS ETY 9 27 Okt 2015 Genesa, Mineralogi & Tekstur Batuan Beku MFR

10 3 Nov 2015 1. Klasifikasi batuan beku 2. Petrografi batuan granit, granodiorit, adamelit

MFR

11 10 Nov 2015 1. Petrografi batuan diorit, monzonit, syenit 2. Petrografi batuan gabbro, alkali gabbro, ultra

basa

MFR

12 17 Nov 2015 Genesa, Tekstur & Struktur, Petrografi dan Klasifikasi Batuan Piroklastik :

MFR

13 24 Nov 2015 Genesa, Tekstur & Struktur, Petrografi dan Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen klastik :

MFR

14 1 Des 2015 Genesa, Tekstur & Struktur, Petrografi dan Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen Non klastik:

MFR

15 8 Des 2015

Genesa, Tekstur & Struktur, Petrografi dan Klasifikasi Batuan Metamorf :

MFR

16 15 Des 2015 UAS MFR

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Kerr, Paul F., 1959 : Optical Mineralogy. 3th edition, McGraw-Hill, Book Company, Inc. p.442

Bloss. F., D., 1961 : An Introduction To The Methods Of OpticalCrystallography, Halt Rinehart And Winston, N Y. p. 293Wahlstrom., E., E., 1960 : Optical Crystallography, John Willey, N Y. p.247

Winchell., A., N., And Winchell H., 1968 : Optical Mineralogy. Vol. I, WilleyEarstern Private Ltd. New Delhi. p.356

Phillips., W., R., 1971 : Mineral Optics, Freeman USA. p. 294

Koesmono., M., 1973 : Kristalografi Optika, Dokumentasi Jurusan GeologiFMIPA UNPAD

Troger., W., E., 1977 : Optical Determination Of Rock Forming Minerals. Parti. Nagele U. Obermiller, Stuttgart.


Barth.T.F.W., 1952, Theoretical Petrology, John Wiley, New York Hatch. F. H., Wells A. K., Wells M. K., 1972, Petrology of the Igneous Rocks,

Thomas Murby, London

Hyndman D. W., 1972, Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Mc. GrawHill. New York. Harper & Row

Moorhouse W. W., 1959, The Study of Rocks in Thin Section, Trger W. E., 1979, Optical Determination of Rock-Forming Minerals, Part 1,

English Edition the 4th German Edition by Bambauer H. U., Taborszky F., TrochimH. D., E. Schweizerbartsche Verlags Buchhandlung. Stuttgart

Wahlstrom E. E., 1958, Igneous Mineral and Rocks, John Wiley, New York Wahlstrom E. E., 1958, Introduction to Theoretical Igneous Petrology, vol 1, John

Wiley, New York

William W., Turner F. J., Gilbert C. M., 1953, Petrography an Introduction to theStudy of Rocks in Thin Section, Freeman

Carmichael I. S. E., Turner F. J., Verhoogen J., 1974, The Igneous Petrology. Mc.Graw Hill. USA 9/1/2015

Petrography @ Rosana 20158

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Hutchison C. S., 1973, Tectonic Evaluation of Sundaland. A Phanerozoic synthesis.Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bulletin. h.61-86

Irvine T.N., Baragar W. R. A., 1971, A Guide to the Chemical Classification of theCommon Volcanic Rocks. Can. Jowe Earth Sci. V.8. N.5. h.523-548

Johannsen A., 1939, A Descriptive Petrography of the Igneous Rocks, vol. 1, TheUniv. of Chicago. Press Illinois

Kuno H., 1966, Lateral Variation of Basalt Magma Type Across Continental Marginand Island Arcs. Bull. Volc. V.29, h.195-222

Le Bas M. J., Le Maitre R. W., Streckeisen A., Zanettin B., 1985, A ChemicalClassification of Volcanic Rocks. Base on the Total Alkali-Silica Diagram IUGS.Sub commission on the systematics of Igneous Rocks

Mc. Donald G. A., 1969, Pantelleritic Obsidians From the Volcano Chabbi(Ethiopia) Contrib. Mineral Petrol. V.24, h.239-244

Mc. Donald G. A., Katsura T., 1964, Chemical Composition of Hawaiian Lavas.Jour. Petrol. V.5, h.82-133

Middlemost, Eric A. K., 1975, The Basalt Clam Earth Sci. Rev. h.337-364 Osamu Hirokawa, 1980, Introduction to Description of Volcannoes and Volcanics

Rocks. Mineral Technology Development Centre. Bandung



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1. ISOMETRIK

2. TETRAGONAL

3. HEKSAGONAL / TRIGONAL

4. ORTORHOMBIK

5. MONOKLIN

6. TRIKLIN


SISTIM KRISTAL

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ISOMETRIK

PANJANGSUMBUa=b=c SUDUT = = = 90


TETRAGONAL

PANJANGSUMBUa=b c SUDUT = = = 90


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HEKSAGONAL/TRIGONAL

PANJANGSUMBUa1 =a2 =a3 c Sumbu ctegaklurus (a1 ;a2;a3=120)


ORTORHOMBIK

PANJANGSUMBUa bc SUDUT = = = 90


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MONOKLIN

PANJANGSUMBUa bc SUDUT = = 90 ; 90


TRIKLIN

PANJANGSUMBUa bc SUDUT > 90


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Kedudukan sumbu kristaldan bentuk sederhanadari 6 sistim kristal

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Petrography @ Rosana 201519

Bentuk kenampakan dari suatu kristal disebutHABIT.Kristalyangmempunyai bentuk habitsama dan terdapat secara bersama dan takterpisahkan disebut AGREGAT.

Habitdari suatu kristal akan bergantung pada:*Temperatur*Tekanan*Komposisi larutan asal*Pengotoran*Kecepatan pembekuan/penguapan


KRISTAL HABIT dan AGREGAT

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Ekspresi kristal habit yang umum di jumpai TabularPlatyMicaceous EquidimensionalPrismatikAcicular FibrousDan lain-lain


SISTEM ISOMETRIK Berlaku hukum SpinelBidang kembar terletak pada (111)

SISTEM HEKSAGONAL / TRIGONALBerlaku hukum DauphineBidang kembar terletak pada (0001)Berlaku hukum Brazil Bidang kembar terletak pada (1120)Berlaku hukum JapaneseBidang kembar terletak pada (1122)


KRISTAL KEMBAR

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SISTEM TETRAGONALBidang kembar terletak pada (011) / (110)

SISTEM ORTORHOMBIKBidang kembar terletak pada (110) dan (232)

SISTEM MONOKLINBerlaku hukum KarlsbadBidang kembar terletak pada sumbu c

Berlaku hukum BavenoBidang kembar terletak pada (021)

Berlaku hukum ManebachBidang kembar terletak pada (001)

SISTEM TRIKLIN Berlaku hukum AlbitBidang kembar terletak pada (010)

Berlaku hukum PeriklinBidang kembar terletak pada sumbu b


KRISTAL KEMBAR


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ROCKS ... how to identify them under the

microscope


Identifikasi sifat optikmineral-mineral penyusun

batuan

BOWEN SERIES


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BOWEN SERIES

METAMORPHICMETAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARYSEDIMENTARY

IGNEOUSIGNEOUS

mel

ting

heat

, pre

ssur

e,

ions

weathering, transportation

lithification

melting

weathering, transportation, lithification

heat, pressure, ions

THE ROCK CYCLE


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LIGHT COLORED Felsic

INTERMEDIATE COLORED

DARK COLORED Mafic

VERY DARK COLORED Ultramafic

COARSE- GRAINED

(You can see different minerals)

GRANITE: Can see crystals. Usually gray or pink. Can see quartz - gray, glassy grains. Can see feldspar - pink, buff, or white.

DIORITE: Can see crysta ls wi t h somewhat more light colored feldspar grains than dark colored minerals. A mix of light and dark but with no quartz. Salt & pepper appearance.

GABBRO: Can see crystals lots of flat shiny cleavage surfaces. Usually black to greenish black.

FINE- GRAINED

(You can NOT see crystals, for

the most part)

RHYOLITE: Usually gray, pink, pastel. Might see small clear, rectangular crystals. Sometimes banded.

ANDESITE: Light to dark gray. Normally has small black crystals

BASALT: Usually black or rust red. May have some or lots of gas bubble holes, some holes may be filled. May see small green grains.

GLASSY

OBSIDIAN: Black, red, green, GLASS PERLITE: Usually pearly gray. May contain Apache Tears. PUMICE: LOTS of gas bubble holes, very lightweight, will float on water. Abrasive.

PORPHYRITIC (2 grain sizes)

ALL CRYSTALLINE IGNEOUS VARIETIES may exhibit porphyritic texture

FRAGMENTAL

TUFF: Compacted volcanic fragments generally less than 4mm diameter (ash) VOLCANIC BRECCIA: Mixed tuff and angular large (>32mm diameter) fragments AGGLOMERATE: Mixed ash and rounded/sub-rounded large (>32mm diameter) fragments

PERIDOTITE: Composed of 90-100% olivine PYROXENITE: Composed of pre-dominately pyroxene AMPHIBOLITE: Composed of pre-dominately amphiboles (such as hornblende)

CLUES TO IGNEOUS ROCKS

COLOR

TEXTURE

(*)9/1/2015Petrography @ Rosana 2015 29

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS


SEDIMENTARY ROCKS are composed of particles derivedfrom preexisting rocks or by the crystallization ofminerals that were held in solutions. A generalcharacteristic of this group is the layering orstratification, as seen in the outcrop.

ThosesedimentaryrocksthatarecomposedofparticlesofpreexistingrocksareconsideredFRAGMENTAL orCLASTIC. Thesefragmentsshowevidenceoftransport roundingofthegrainsandsizesorting.

CHEMICAL sedimentary rocks are the result of either precipitation of solids from solutions (like salt from water) or by organic process, like shells from marine organisms.

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CLUES TO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

FRAGMENTAL: Composed of pieces of rocks and minerals

LARGE PIECES (Boulders,cobbles,

pebbles)

BRECCIA: Composed of large angular pieces and clay CONGLOMERATE: Composed of large rounded pieces and clay

SMALL PIECES (sand)

SANDSTONE: Looks sandy (may shed sand grains), feels rough (like sandpaper); may be tan, white, red, gray.

VERY SMALL PIECES (clay, silt, mud)

SHALE: Has very thin layers; often black. May have fossils usually impressions (no shell, but indentation with pattern of shell) or carbonized film (as for plants). Has a dull luster. Is soft. When tapped with a rod or on a table, it generally makes a dull thunk.


MORE CLUES TO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

CHEMICAL: Rocks are crystalline

LIMESTONES: Composed of calcite and all WILL FIZZ vigorously in acid Crystalline Looks sugary, usually gray or tan Fossiliferous Contains seashells (usually) or other aquatic organisms Travertine Looks sugary with bands of various colors Chalk White and soft (comes off on hands) Coquina Contains almost nothing but seashells or seashell fragments

CHERT: Cryptocrystalline QUARTZ Very fine can NOT see crystals Waxy luster Conchoidal fracture (breaks like glass) Very hard will easily scratch glass May be ANY COLOR (Red = Jasper, Black = Flint, includes Silicified Wood)

GYPSUM: White, gray, clear Very soft you can scratch with fingernail Clear sheets, fibrous or sugary

ROCK SALT: White to clear cubic shape Soft you can scratch it with fingernail Tastes like table salt (IT IS TABLE SALT!)

COAL: Black; Brittle; Lightweight May contain plant fossils Varieties: peat, lignite (incl. jet), sub-bituminous, bituminous

DIATOMITE: White Very soft (comes off on your hands) Lightweight Will NOT fizz in HCl acid (unlike chalk) 9/1/2015Petrography @ Rosana 2015 32

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METAMORPHIC ROCKS


METAMORPHIC ROCKS have changed (meta) their form (morphic).Under the influence of heat, pressure and fluids, preexisting rocksare modified in form and even in internal atomic structure to producenew rocks stable at the new conditions. This is done within the solidstate, i.e.without melting.

Changes that occur include: increase in grain size, new minerals andfoliation (parallel alignments).

MetamorphicrocksthatexhibitparallelalignmentsofmineralsarecalledFOLIATED.Intheserocks,themineralsalllineupperpendiculartotheexertedpressure.

Metamorphic rocks composed of minerals that are not elongated or flat, do not exhibit parallel alignments and are called NON-FOLIATED.

FOLIATED: Rocks have layers or banding

SLATE: Rock breaks into very thin layers Beginning to look polished; Is harder than shale Cannot see crystals Black , gray or red

PHYLLITE: Like slate, but shinier (phyllitic sheen similar to satin)

SCHIST: Very shiny you can SEE CRYSTALS (usually MICA) Is layered May have crystals (of garnet, tourmaline, etc.) growing with the mica

GNEISS: Crystalline Black & White BANDING (due to segregation of minerals)

CLUES TO METAMORPHIC ROCKS


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CLUES TO METAMORPHIC ROCKS

NON-FOLIATED: Shows NO layers or banding

MARBLE: Sugary looking Will fizz in HCl (acid) Often is multi-colored, may be white Soft will not scratch glass

QUARTZITE: Very dense MAY look a bit sandy Very hard will easily scratch glass

METACONGLOMERATE: Looks like sedimentary conglomerate, BUT it is harder (BREAKS THROUGH PEBBLES) and often the pebbles are squished & aligned (it is at this point foliated)

SERPENTINITE: Composed of members of the serpentine family (includes chrysotile asbestos) Generally light greenish gray to greenish black Waxy luster Often exhibit curved and slickensided surfaces


Ruang Lingkup MineralOptik &Sifatsifat Cahaya

To be Continue OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS


01 pendahuluan petrografi

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