Class Date

[ Chapter23 -- Chapter~ 10 ,

While history credits German chancellor Otto von Bismarck with making Germany a~united country, historians differ about his accomplishments. Below, two contemporaryhistorians, comment on Bismarck and his techniques. @ As you read, think abdut thepicture each writer presents. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, answer the questionsthat follow.

Bismarck and His strategies

L.C.K Seaman:first of these [mistakes] is the interpretation

Bismarck unified Germany."’He did not. Hedid not even want to. He annexed, conquered orabsorbed into Prussian control all the states of theold German Confederation except Austria, addedthereto Slesvig, Alsace and Lorraineand called the result "The GermanEmpire:’ It was a German Empire,certainly, but it was not, andBismarck never intended it to be,the German Empire. It excluded,deliberately, all the Germans livingwithin the Hapsburg territories ofAustria and Bohemia. ThusBismarck’s German Empire wasbased on the division of Germany,not its unification ....

The second interpretationwhich should be abandoned is thatBismarck planned the events of thesixties in advance, and that whenhe planne_d them the results were always what hehad intended.

¯.. This view of Bismarck as the dynamic ruthless

Norman Rich:

Bismarck was an artist in statecraft as Napoleonhad been an artist in war. Like Napoleon’s cam-paign strategy, Bismarck’s policy was never boundby fixed rules or preconceptions. While remainingaware of long-term goals and broad perspectives, he

concentrated on the exigencies[nee&] of the moment .... He didnot only take into account themost obvious moves of his oppo-nents; he was prepared to deal

. with every conceivable move, eventhe most stupid, which if unantid-pated might upset the cleverestcalculations. Much of his successdepended on patience and timing.He once compared himself fo ahunter inching forward through aswamp to shoot a grouse whileone false step might cause him tosink into a bog.

Bismarck’s outstanding quality,and the ~ne he himself valued most highly in astatesman, was the ability to choose the most oppor=tune and least dangerous political course.

realist planning the whole of this campaign bril-liantly and wickedly in advance is based not on theSottrces: (1)Vienna to Versailles, by L.G.B. Seaman (Methuen,facts but on a legend; a legend created by Bismarck1955i Harper & Row, 1963) ’(2)The Age of Nationalism andto minister to his own vanity as an individual and toReforfn, 18~0-1890, by Normfin Rich (W.W. Nortoia, 1977).

the cause of his indispensability as apolltician.

1. Why does Seaman, the first histqrian quoted,3, Checking Cohsist~ncy If Bismarck couldsay that the empire Bismarck created was nothave read these two historians’ interpretations,"really a unified German empire? which one do you think would have pleased

2. What do the two writers say about Bismarck’s him more? Why?me~ods of planning and carrying out strategy?

Survey Edition Chapter 2332 . Viewpoint’Activity Modern Era Edition chapter 10

Class :)ate

I Chapter 2:3Chapter 10 /

Drawing Inferences From Maps .......... :-~ ~

As you read in this chapter, nationalist tensions have plagued the Balkans for many years.Following World War I, a new multiethnic state of Yugoslavia was established in the

°Balkans, shown in Map A below. In the 1990s, however, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia all declared independencefrom Yugoslavia. The 1990s saw outbreaks of fighting in many areas of the formerrepublic of Yugoslavia. ¯ As you examine the two maps, think about the in/brences thatmight be drawn ]:tom the information they present. Then, on a separate sheet of paper,answer the questions that follovz

HUHGAR¥

ROMANIA

AUSTRIA

ITALY

1. (a) What region of the world is shown on bothLinking Past and Presentmaps? (b) Which boundaries have changed 3. "~se a popular news magazin#s~ch as Time orfrom Map A to Map B? (c) According to Map B, Ne[~e~-~o re~earch~th~ current status o fwhere did the fighting take place? national~bu~,~da~e~r the Balkans. Have they

2. Drawing Conclusions Usingyour knowledge changed fro.~m)!~I~ap.,.B above? What are theabout ethnic conflict in this region and the changes~..VC[rat infer’eric,s, can you draw aboutinformation in Map B, what mistake do you natio~q~ist tensions in th~r~m thethink was made when Yugoslavia was created ,b~ndaries?after World War I?

Chapter 23 Survey EditionChapter 10 Modern Era Edition Skill Application Activity ~ 33

Name Class Date

Hationalisrn Triumphs in Europe

A. LocationStudy the map above. Match the letters on the.map with the following places.

1. Ottoman empire 4. Piedmont

2. Naples 5. Tuscany

3. Milan

B. Geography and HistoryMatch the letters on the map with the correct description.

Sardinia, home of Count Camillo Cavour

Bosnia-Herzegovina, annexed by Austria-Hungary

8. Lombardy, annexed by Sardinia after a war with Austria

9. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, home of Giuseppe Garibaldi

10, Serbia, which won autonomy from the Ottoman empire in 1817

34 ® Geography QuizSurvey Edition Chapter 23

Modern Era Edition Chapter 10

DICTATORSHIP

CASTRO, CHAVEZ,AND THE LAST STAND OF THE

MOST NOTORIOUS REVOLUTIONARIES~N THE AMERICAS.

IN THE wee horn’s 9f Dec. 10, the recentlyfrom his pelvis," bur refuse~ 4o discloseleader succumbs to illness the peril to ""reelected Venezuelan president. Hugo’any other details. . Cuba could be its gravest chal~ep~ge sinceCh~vez, boarded his private jet for Ha- th~ qfiesti6n has been thel0ssofitspatronaftertheSovietUnionvana to tmdergo a fourth round.of surgerywhy ~, Ch~vez providesin his battle against cancer.

Surrounded by his irmer58-year-old poptflJst, dormAngwhite tracksuit,stairs of his plane, embraced his closest

in( which boasts . Cubmw~th an astounding 115,000 barrelsts. Tl~e of off each day-grafts.

,~supe: But Castro’s,interest in Ch~vez s healthg~ar-., goes f~r beyond the political. Follow-

under the dt ing Castro’s own

la vida siem-

been treated

the Venezuelan

DICTATORSHIP

The relationship betweeu Castro andCbAvez is argusbly the most fascinat-ing political alliance in the Americas. In1994 Ch~vez flew to Havana to meet Mspolitical hero, who awaited him on theairport tarmac, it was the begirming of aremarkable relatiouship between the twomen and two countries that CbAvez hasdubbed "Vaneanba."

Since then the two iconic leaders havecelebrated several of their birthdaystogether. For his 75th in 2001, Castrotrooped to Caracas for a bash hosted byCh~vez foflowed by a cruise through Venezuela’s minforests. It was a visit, saidCh~ivez, that allowed "us an opportunityto let him know how much we love him."

And so it is that the two most infamousstrongman of Latin America, whose sym-biosis has emabled their sWanglehold onpower for so many years, now find them-selves being lifelines for one another asthey batiIe death. "¢Ynat remains m beseen is which one the Venezuelan offsultan or the Caban guerrilla revolution-ary-wffi be the first to be summoned bythe Grim Reaper.

THIS PAST summer, a lifelong Fidelistaand former senior minister in theban government was shooting the breezewith a wefl-lmown writer at the latier’sHavana aparLmenr. After a few drhnks,the normally cautious former officialsurprised has host, Lowering his voice,he said. "No one expects Fidel to make

Castro’s favored sport. In October he t~-urnphed once again, when the rmmormall reached an incendiary pitch after aVenezueIan reporter and a doctor in F!or-ida both declared that Castro was eitherin a vegetative state or dead.

Cuba’s powers that be decreed thatsomething had to be done. It was decidedthat Castro’s son Mex, a photographerand bon vivant of Havana’s nightlife,would snap a few pictures. The photo-graphs, showing an elderly Castro in aplaid shirt and straw sombrero support-ing himself on a cane, swiftly stflled theobituary presses. So did Castro’s retortthat he did not "even remember what aheadache is." It was a classic Castro one-two ptmeh, inspiring variants on theheadline "Fidel Not Dead-Yet Again."

But the chattering raling class of Ha-vana, know~ as the nomenklatura, wasfar ~rom convinced that the matt whoruled their island since 1959 would bearound much longer. Exitibit A. theypointed out. was the fact the recent pho-tos were shot by Fidel’s son-not an independ~t news photographer-and theyshowed a decidedly aged and frail Castro.Moreover. Castro has not been seen inpublic for six months-not since he madea surprise visit to Pope Benedict at theVatican’s Embassy in March. Observers atthat meeting described Castro as visiblywobbly when he entered the build,g, re-quiring assistance~om aides to help himwalk and sit down.

of his son’s photographs came the an-nouncement that Castro’s colmrm wouldran no !onger. It was official: the masterstemwinder, who delivered a speech for 7hours and 10 minutes in 1986, would nolonger be speaking or writing publicly.

One close friend of Castro and his faroily, who requested anonymity for fearof government reprisal, recently visitedCastro’s compound in Siboney, a poshwestern suburb of Havana. "Fidel’s memory is not so good," the source confidedto a friend after the visit. "He gets con-fused as to who is who ~ometimes; hismemory is in and out, so he needs helpbecause of it."

An official in the Cuban Ministry ofHealth conversant with the details ofCastro’s condition-speculate~ that thediminishment of Castro’s onc~ prodigious and flawless memory is due to thequantity of anesthesia administered tohim over the last six years during nurner-ous surgeries

In 2006 Castro underwent extensiveemergency surgery for acute divertian-Iitis, which can cause pakrffni infectedpouches in the intestines. Typically apa-tient with chronic diverticulitis such asCastro’s would have a colostomy, requir-kng the use of an external bag for a periodof time Castro. however, insisted on aprocedure in which the colon was recon-nected at the same time in one surgery-despite warnings of the numerous risksof such a surgmal shor’cut. "No one could

it to December." And then with a roll of Perhaps most telling, the famously lo-tell him no," said a trusted confidante olthe eyes and a dry laugh, he added, So ofquaclous Cuban has not published one ofCastro s. He would not listen to anyon ,course, he 11 make it to March. Iris columns of Reflections since June.because he could not bear the idea of it.

Confounding the aeinarial tables andand his last ones were about as brief ashaving to wear a colostomy bag.disappointing his enemies has long beenone of Ch~ivez’s tweets. With the releaseThe operation failed, and for the next

week Castro hovered between fife ;~mddeath. An emergency second surgery alsowent badly when the surgeons saw thatCastro’s gallbladder and other viscerahad become septic and gangrenous. Ul-timately the doctors were forced to per-form a lifesaving colostomy anyway.

When he awoke after the surgery andlearned what had happened, "Fidelcried," said a doctor who was present inthe hospital. "He was devastated."

For the next five months, Castro wasfed hat~avenously, and he lost nearly SOpounds. Solid food was reintroduced intoCastro’s diet by the end of 2006, and heslowly began to gain weight and showsigns of improvement. As he had donemany tirnes before. Castro walked backfrom the grave, albeit with assistance.

Since then Castro has made a physicalrecovery that can orgy be described asrr~raculous. By 2007 he was seen in phoingraphs again and making the occasion-al public appearance, having abandonedhis uerdes olluas for blousy traeksuits or awindbreaker which neatly concealed thecolostomy bag.

Many octogenarians, having eked outsuch a slippery recoverg, would have contented themselves with smwival. Not Cas-tro. He decided to go back under the knife)nee more to recormect Ns intes~es.

"They reversed it." said the source inthe Ministry of Health. who spoke withone of Castro’s surgeons. "La bolsa [thebag] is no more." said the doctor. "It wasvery important to him.’

But Castro.is a shadow of his once in-domitable self.His survival depends uponvigilant medical aItention and a rigor-ously dis@tined diet. Attending to these

24/7 duties is a woman who previouslylived off stage and was unknown even tomany Cubans. But these days, Castro’sspouse, Dalia Soin del Valle, occupies apowurfi.g position: doing for Fidel whathe can no longer do for himself.

Filmmaker and writer Saul Landau re-calls a visit to Castro’s home two years agowith actor Danny GIover and the singerHarry Belafonte. The two had been work-ing on a film, W~II the Real Terrorist PleaseStand Up. It is a prolect dear to the heartof Castro, about the so-called Cuban Five,who were convicted of spying in the U.S.

"You have exactly three hours withdeI," Soto del Valle politely irfformed thevisiting Americans when they arrived.Exactly three hours later, she reappearedand with a tight smile raised her hand.Though FideI was in midsentence sheinterrupted. "That’s it." she said. as herhusband turned and looked toward hezthen stopped speaking.

"She told him the interview was over,and he obeyed hen" Landau says. "whichis miraculous!"

No one-absolutely no one-in the lasthalf century has ever told Fidel Castrowhat to do or how long he could speak.Most especially a woman even one whois the mother of five of his dozen etdldren.

A former Cuban minister recalledmeetings from 45 years ago with Castrom~d top officials in the very house wherehe lives today Soto del Valle. who wasthen young, blonde, and beautiful, wasinvariably present, but. said the official.she was never introduced.."Everyoneknew she was la mujer de Ndel, but shewas never acknowledged as such by lfirn.If it came up, he would introduce her as

compa~era [comrade] Dafia."indeed, Castro did not even marry Soto

de Valle unN years after she had bornehim five sons. It was not until 2003 thatthe Caban media even acknowledgedher-although not as the wife of theban leaden There would be no officialfirst lady of Cuba. While Castro’s fivCmgarrangements have puzzled many, he wasfollowing a famaJy tradirion of sorts. Hisown father, Angel, a self-made ranchingtycoon, only deigned to marry the mother of seven of his children many years af-ter the brood had grown up. And like insfather, Castro often had multiple liaisons,with whom he ~athered at least anotherItve clNlciten ~in addition to Ns son Fi-delito from Ns first marriage).

Today, however, having stoicslly withstood decades of philandering, Sotc deValle savors unquestionable power. Cas-tro’s life is literally in her hands. "Shehas the keys to the kingdom no~" says afarally tasider.

No one visits her husband without herknowledge. And she is entirely handson with his daily health regimen. "Theyare still eating macrobiotic," says onelmowledgeable source, referring to theascetic diet Castro adopted in the late’90s as a ~reatmeur for his diverticuli-tis. "Dalia is doing the diet with Nm aswell." The couple’has eliminated sugar,coffee, and alcohol-the very staples ofa normal Cuban diet. Castro also takesCl~aese herbs prepared by China s for -most medical herbalist: the herbal con-coetions are sent ~ia diplomatm pouchto the CNnese Embassy in Havana, the

"He said he eats very carefully, Which

More reoently he, like his friend Chdvez (center. eft), has been frail, and his wife (right) ~as taken charge of his health.

DECEMBER 24, 2012 43

DICTATORSHIP

Ch~vez supporters gathered this month in Caracas to pray for their leader.

he said is vital." recalls Lan~tan, thefilmmaker. "He eats a !or of ftmits andvegetables. And he’s never gurten overthat fall he took." In 2004 Castro hada famous tumble, memorialized by anintrepid photographer who capturedthe moment that the Cuban strongmantripped and flew forward. Landing facedown on the pavement. Castro splintered his kneecap and broke his arm.Neither 1Lmb has ever fully mended.leaving him hobbling and unable toraise his right arm

The filmmakers observed Castro to bepolite with family members-a son anda flock of grandchildren flitted about thehouse, but there were no over~ displaysof affection, In this regard, he is the polar opposite of ins younger brother. RafiLwho is emotional, sentLmeatal evenchildlike with famil~

"He kept saying he’s retired," says L~n-dau. "and thst’~ the way it looked." Allaround the house.were pries of books, andon the coffee table was Barack Obama’sbook 7he Audacir!J of Hope, with pages oftext underlined and oodles of marguiaita."He was quite impressed w~th Obama."says Landau. AS Castro bid ins visitorsfarewell, he quipped, "Now you can

say that you’ve been talking to the dead,"

m 1994 during aninterviewwith thethen-67-year-old Castro for Vanind Fairmagazine. I asked him if he ever wouldretire. He paused, then shot back. "Re-fire?I Revolutionaries do not fettle-anymore than writers!"

But should he ever, he added, "the firstthing I would do when I am put our topasture is write a book. record my experiences." he said. Winch is exactly what

hobbled many of Radl’s muchdesiredeconomic reforms.

But in the last year, as his memory hasreceded and ins physical infirmities havequickened, Fidel Castro has finally relinqulshed the reins on the tropical islandhe made ins own a half-century ago.

"What astonishes everyone has beenthe smoothness of the transition," saysCuban-American writer Achy Obejas, afrequent visitor to her homeland. "Thereis no sense of panic, only a sense of in-evitability that Fide1 will die soon. Andeveryone knows that they already haveprepared for his flmeral in minute de-tail." Castro, master Irderomatmger of allthings, has left nothing to chance.

Venezuela’s ailing leader has learneda thing or two from ins mentor’s battlewith mortality The fact that Hugo Ch~vezhas now appointed a sueeessur-VicePresident Nieolfis Maduro-suggests thattris situation is grave, and he will remainin treatment for some time in Havana.The National Assembly rubber-stampedCh~lvez’s requem for an indefinite absenee for his medical emergency, and of-ficiais are signaling that it is unlfl<ely thathe ~dl be able to return to Caracas for hisswearing-in ceremony on Jan. 10.

Indeed. government officials concededthat there were complications and inter-nal bleeding during Ch~ivez’s six-hoursurgery last Tuesday "It was a complex,difiqeult, delieste operation." said Maduro. who visited Ch~vez in the hospital."The postoperative process is also go-ing to be a complex and hard process."While calling his mentor "in, Aneible.he added that Ch~ivez "is fighting a battlefor his tife.~

However challenging ins prognosls.he did in 2007. Cbfivez h,a.s no doubt found inspiration

Toward the end of our tfiree-hour ta!k,in Cast~61s uncanny talents ’at cheatingI asked Castro a hypothetical: what hap-death: when it comes to the subject ofpens to Cuba ff an uaforeseen accic~ent orCa~tr6 s demise, the credo among wearyglness should take him out? Cuban exiles in Miami’s IAttle Havana

"Candidly, I don’t really think anything has long been "immoRal until provenwould happen." he said without hesita-Otherwise."tiorL"Thegovernmemwouldveryquick And even death may ~,,o,t be enough

to silence Fide1 Castro. Our enemiesly adapt to that situation. We have all thepoIttical and legal mechanisms in placeThe !ife of the country wouldn’t be haltedfor even a minute."

And so it has been. The transition ofpower to Fidel’s brother Radl, head of theCuban An’ned Forces since 195% h~s beenremarkably seamless. True, for the firstfour years. Castro morphed from Com-mander in Cinef to Meddler in Chief and

should not delude themselves, he toldins last biographer. "I die tomorrow andmy influence may actually increase," hesuggested. Paid thdn h~ spun the rosiestof posthttmous scenarios. "I may be car-fled around like E1 Cid-even after he wasdead. ins men carried him around on Irishorse, winning battles."

Or so he hopes. ~w

44 "IEWSWEEK