yahaya project report2

7/31/2019 Yahaya Project Report2

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FEDERAL SCHOOL OF SURVEYING,OYO, OYO STATE

CREATION OF CADASTRAL INFORMATION SYSTEMOF KOSOBO PHASE III, PART I OF OYO EAST LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA OYO STATE

BY

KAREEM, ONIMISI YAHAYAMATRIC NO: 2006/2389


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MARCH, 2008

CREATION OF CADASTRAL INFORMATION SYSTEMOF KOSOBO PHASE III, PART I OF OYO EAST LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA OYO STATE

BY

KAREEM, ONIMISI YAHAYAMATRIC NO: 2006/2389

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING IN PARTIALFULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

PROFESSIONAL DIPLOMA IN SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS,FEDERAL SCHOOL OF SURVEYING, OYO, OYO STATE

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MARCH, 2008

CERTIFICATEI hereby certified that the information given in this project was obtained as a result

of the observation and measurement made by me and that the survey was carried out in

accordance with survey laws, regulations and departmental instructions.

Kareem, Onimisi Yahaya DateMatric. No: 2006/2389

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CERTIFICATIONThis is to certify that this project was carried out by Kareem, Onimisi Yahaya with

Matric No: 2006/2389 under my instruction and supervision for the award of Professional

Diploma in Surveying and Geoinformatics, Federal School of Surveying, Oyo State

Nigeria.

I hereby declared that he has conducted himself with due diligence, honesty and

sobriety on the said duties.

.

Surv. Adeniran O.

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DEDICATION

This project is dedicated in memory of my Late Mother Mrs. Raliat O. Kareem.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With gratitude and thanks to Almighty Allah who out of his infinite power and

mercy gave me the grace of writing this project report. I esteem it a privilege to give gloryand thanks.

I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my project supervisor in person of

Surv. O. Adeniran, He constructively and objectively criticized and scrutinize the

manuscript. I am grateful to my parent Mr. and Mrs. S.O. Kareem who out of their

immense love and cares gave me the necessary moral guidance toward success in my

education.

I also wish to place on record the efforts and encouragement given to me by Surv.

J.F.O. Bamsa, Mr. J.K. Aduadi, Surv. M.O. Oguns, Surv. M.B. Abolarin, Bro. Bash, Mr.

K.O. Salihu, Mr. S.O. Mustapha, Mr. Olanrewaju and all staff of Kogi State surveys

department.

Appreciation is made of my former boss Hon. E.M. Maiye and Magistrate S.M.J.

Usman. I appreciate the effort of my colleagues Ekpo Edet, B.T. Ajayi Abiola Adebiyi and

L.A. Ademola for their cooperation during the project.

Acknowledgement is made to the following lecturers Surv. S.A. Ajibade, Surv.

Afolabi, Surv. M.B. Abubakar, Surv. J.O. Omilabu, Surv. F.O. Iyiola, Surv. P.O. Ibe, Surv.

K.O. Odedare, Surv. M.A. Adewolu, Surv. Z.O. Ajayi, Surv. Ayo Ajayi,

Surv.R.A.Ogundele and Mr. S.O.A. Oloyede-Kosoko they have contributed in no small

measure to my academic attainment.

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ABSTRACT

This project centers on the creation of cadastral information system for part of Kosobo

phase iii, part 1, in Oyo east local government area of Oyo state. This study describes thedesign and implementation of a cadastral database with a spatial modeling approach .the

objectives are to propose a design of a spatial database that fulfils the requirement for

spatial queries for cadastral data. Implementing this design in the study area, and enforce

the development of multipurpose-motivated cadastral data. In order to meet the study

objectives, the required characteristic of a cadastral database were taken into consideration

while performing the design. The phases followed during database design process include

the conceptual design, the logical design, the data acquisition, physical design, analysis and

the implementation of the database system. Attribute data was obtained through

questionnaire and oral interview .the graphic drafting was done in AutoCAD land

development while Arc view was used for data analysis, queries and presentation. Queries

were performed and generated to demonstrate the capabilities of the software used and the

database created.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

................................................................................................................................................I

............................................................................................................................................II

TABLE OF CONTENT..............................................................................VIII

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 3.1 design and construction phases of spatial database.

Fig 3.2 entity relationship diagram of parcel based information system...

Fig 3.3 geometric representation of parcel.

Fig 3.4 node entity and it attributes...

Fig 3.5 arc entity and it attributes.

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Fig 3.6 owner and it attributes..

Fig 3.7 control check

Fig 3.8 reconnaissance diagram..

Fig 4.0 composite map of the study areaFig 4.1 map showing parcels use for commercial.

Fig 4.2 map showing parcels with C of O .

Fig 4.3 Map showing parcel owned by civil servant and use for

residential

Fig 4.4 map showing parcels value greater than 400,000.

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 node entity and it attributes

Table 3.2 arc entity and it attributes.

Table 3.3 object entity and it attributes

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Table 3.4 parcel table..

Table 3.5 instrument test.

Table 3.6 control check (analysis)...........

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

For decades, traditional cadastral system have tended to enjoy a reputation

for reliability, well defined processes and a well recognized guarantee of security to

private land ownership. Tremendous technological progress, social changes,

globalization and increasing intercommunication of business relation with their

legal and environmental consequences however it has put a strain on the traditional

systems. They cannot adapt to all new developments. An obvious indication of this

is many reforms that cadastral systems are going through.

One of these reforms is the application of GIS in cadastral management

which is the automation of the old cadastral system by employing modern

information observational techniques to ensure fast and efficient services. In

consequence cadastral information system in being used to improve services of the

cadastral systems. While automation of cadastral system is widely seen as an

appropriate tool to improve the performance of the system. Automation however of

the traditional perfectible system without re-engineer the procedure aspects may

result in performance failure example of this is changes in data processing and

presentation.Until recently, the method of producing cadastral information has been

manual optomechanical using analogue equipment and generating analogue map

database. The analogue procedures and product generation is associated with many

problem. These include:

i The equipment are cumbersome and bulky to be carried about.

ii The methods of surveying are labourious and slow.

iii When large area are to be mapped, it easily break down especially during

raining season.

iv It is expensive in terms of production and management

The output which is in analogue paper map as database also has the

following limitations.

i There is loss of information over time as the map could shrink

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ii Once data had been put into map, it is neither easy nor cheap to retrieve or

combine them with other spatial data.

iii the printed map is a static qualitative document.

Recent advances in cadastral information system has led to guarantee of

title, legal security, fast services for users, complete coverage,

comprehensive liable secure system in computerized and automated, Digital

data system serves other purposes (i.e. as basis for LIS) integration of

different system land registration and cadastral mapping.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The mapping of Kosobo layout has been existing on the analogue format.

The obvious disadvantages of this form of record keeping the many production aswell as updating of such records is expensive and time consuming. Also there is

little or no flexibility in handling the information on such medium also associated

with it is the duplication of data, weak definition of parcel system not efficient

enough, and low degree of coverage, high rigid structure and low level of

integration with other purposes. Hence there is need to design and create cadastral

information system for Kosobo Phase III, Part I located at Oyo East Local

Government area of Oyo State.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this project is to use geographic information system to design,

create and construct cadastral information system for Kosobo Phase III part 1, Oyo

East Local Government Area.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The above aim was achieved through the following under listed objectives.

i. Capturing of spatial data (locational data) of the parcels in the study area.

ii. Acquisition the attribute data

iii. Linking the graphical database with attribute database.

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iv. Demonstrate of the usefulness of the database in information retrieval and

updating.

v. To demonstrate the usefulness of the database in performing spatial search,

spatial analysis and queries operations.

vi. Information presentation in graphical and alphanumeric forms both in

hardcopy and softcopy.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The project entails the under listed operations to be carried out.

i. Data capturing using digital land surveying equipment

ii. Database design and creation

iii. Information display and presentationiv. Literature review

v. Database acquisition.

1.5 PERSONNEL

The students listed below were the members of this group who participated

in the execution of the project.

1. KAREEM, ONIMISI YAHAYA 2006/2389 AUTHOR

2. EDET, EKPO MEMBER

3. AJAYI, B. TAJUDEEN MEMBER

4. ADEBIYI, A BIOLA MEMBER

1.6 STUDY AREA

The study area for the project in situated in Kosobo area of Oyo East Local

Government area of Oyo State. The geographic location of the study area lies

between latitude 070 49' 50"N and latitude 07050'00"N and between longitude 03

56' 04" and longitude 03 56'27".

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1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of carrying out this project can be enumerated as follows:

i. Improved urban planning and infrastructure development.

ii. Certainty of ownership support for environment management.

iii. Reduction in land dispute.

iv. Support for land property taxation

v. Production of statistical data

vi. Centralized management.

CHAPTER TWO

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Land is the single most important property upon which human existence lies

on. Land is defined as an area of the surface of the earth together with the water,

soil, rocks, minerals and hydrocarbons beneath or upon it and the air above it. It

embraces all things which are related to a fixed area or point of the surface of the

earth, including the areas covered by the water, including the sea. Jo Henssen

(1995).

Because of the socio-economic importance of land, the competitiveness, the

usefulness and scarce nature of land in some cases has resulted in the need for a

better administration and equitable distribution of land.

Adeniran (1999) stated that more recently, the need for thoughtful and

careful stewardship of the land together with the more intensive use and

management of its resources, has emerged as a matter of major global concern.

Jo Henssen (1995) defines cadastre as a methodically arranged public

inventory of data concerning properties within a certain country or district based on

a survey of their boundaries by means of properties are systematically identified by

means of some separate designation, the outlines of the property and the parcel

identifier normally as shown on large scale maps which together with registers mayshow for each separate property the nature, size, value and legal rights associated

with the parcels. It gives an answer to the question where and how much.

The cadastre is an information system consisting of two parts (i) a series of

maps or plans showing the size and location of all land parcels and (ii) the text

records that describe the attributes of the land.

Going by the above there is that need to carryout cadastral survey for the

purpose of maintaining a record system for information on lands. Surveying may

be defined as the art of making measurements of the relative positions of natural

and man made features on the earths surface and the presentation of this

information either graphically or numerically Bannister and Raymond (1993).

Surveying is a very ancient art in Dynastic Egypt the fields were measured

out a new each year after the Nile flood in order that their areas might be calculated

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for tax purposes. The earliest preserved writings on surveying are those of Heron

the Elder, a Greek who lived in Alexandria about 150 100B. His writings include

a treatise, Dioptra (Surveyors transit) a geometry book, measurement, and an

optical work mirrors. In measurement, he describes the method used in determining

the area of triangle from the length of three sides. The Dioptra could be used for

measuring angles.

The common understanding of cadastre is that it is a form of land

information system. A land information system (LIS) gives support to land

management by providing information about the land, the resources upon it and

improvement made to it. The cadastre is a subset of LIS that has been defined as a

record of interest in land (or property right) may be narrowly constructed as a legal

right capable of ownership or more broadly interpreted to include uniquelyrecognized relationship among people with regard to the acquisition and

management of land (NRC 1980).

The basic spatial unit of cadastre is a land parcel on which all land tenure

and land use records are complied. Data that may appear in a cadastre include

geometric data (coordinates, maps) property addresses, land use, real property

information the nature and duration of the tenure, details about the construction of

buildings and apartments, population and land taxation values (CERCO 1995).

The cadastre serves the following purposes:

i. Legal purpose

ii. Fiscal purpose

iii. Facilities management

iv. Base mapping

v. Value assessment

vi. Land use planning

vii. Environmental impact assessment

Before 1978 the system of land tenure in Nigeria differed between Northern

and Southern states. In the South, individuals, families, clans, and chiefs, might

hold land, while in the North under the land tenure law, all defined as native land

and the commissioner of lands and survey was empowered to grant right of

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occupancy to individual McEntyre, (1987). The land use decree of 1978 has

replaced the former tenure system operate in the North and South as all land were

now vested in the hand of the state and local government. These systems did little

to solve most of the fundamental problems always associated with land tenure as in

Nigeria. The records were inaccurate and poorly kept, quality of process in doubtful

and analogue mode used created more problems rather than solving them

(Henssen 1990).

As a result of the failure of the existing mode of cadastral system various

countries of the world now adopt the use of computer system. This technology has

influence the acquisition, processing and use of topographical data. The versatility

of computer and development of geographical information system (GIS) played

prominent role in cadastral systems. The integration of the technology leads tocadastral information systems.

In cadastral surveying and mapping with the utilization of information

technologies the process substantially changes. The determination of object

coordinate becomes easier with total station instrument, GPS and remote sensing

methods and the direct drafting of objects on a map in superseded by the creation of

objects in an information system. The result of this process is a data model of the

real world.

Modeling of objects in an information system made possible the creation of

products such as reports, statistics, documents, maps etc maps are created out of

this model by using representation function operating plotters and drafting

machines. The distribution of information increasingly takes place with the help of

data transfer possibilities geographical information is sent over the data high way.

The internet and its ability to facilitate worldwide data network is playing an

important role in the exchange of cadastral data. The exchange of data models will

become common practice in the distribution of cadastral information. (FIG

Cadastral 2014).

This new procedure has several advantages.

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i. Flexibility in the representation of information of the data model. Type,

scale and content of a representation can be chosen according to the needs.

ii. The information in stored once and different products are derived from the

some data.

iii. The digital model in easy to handle and data representing the model cannot

be destroyed physically as can traditional maps.

iv. Distribution and publication of cadastral information is easily possible with

the help of the exchange of digital data models.

CHAPTER THREE

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3.0 METHODOLOGY

This chapter basically deals with the method and the principle adopted or

used in the course of executing the project. It includes capturing of data, database

design, database creation, database processing and information presentation.

3.1 DATABASE DESIGN

Database is defined as an organized integrated collection of data stored so

as to be capable of use by relevant applications with the data being accessed by

different logical paths.

Database design is the process by which the real world entities and their

relationship are modeled and analysed in such a way that maximum benefit are

derived while utilizing a minimum amount of data.

Database has characteristics according to the structures of the data managed

by it. Such as spatial database which manage the geographical data. The complexity

of spatial data structures and the advances in geographic data management together

with a wide application of GIS have made spatial modeling an interesting and

challenging area.

In obtaining a GIS spatial database Kufoniyi (1998) identified two main

phases namely design phase and construction phase. The design phase (datamodeling) consists of three levels namely:

1. Conceptual design phase

2. Logical design phase

3. Physical design phase

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Fig 3.1: Design and Construction of spatial database (adopted from Kufoniyi, 1998)

3.1.1 VIEW OF REALITY

Reality refers to the phenomenon as they really exist, include all aspects

which may or may not be perceived by individuals. The view of reality is the

mental abstraction of the reality for a particular application or group of

applications.

REALITY

VIEW OF REALITY VIEW OF REALITYVIEW OF REALITY

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

LOGICAL DESIGN

PHYSICAL DESIGN

SPATIAL DATABASE

CONSTRUCTIONPHASE

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3.1.2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

This is the formed plan or idea on which the spatial relationship among

basic terrain objects or realities are based. The conceptual design phase in achieved

through the presentation of the concept of the perceived abstraction of reality in

simpler form and without ambiguity in a manner that satisfy the information

requirement of the users or the organization concerned. There are three types of

conceptual design.

- Vector

- Tessellation

- Object oriented

In this project, the vector approach was adopted because it shows the object

in their exact location and shape.

3.1.2.1 VECTOR DATA MODELING

The reality was conceptualized as points, lines and polygons with E, N as

coordinates of points i.e. we fixed object and measured location. This phase

resulted in a conceptual data model. In designing the model, the entities of interest

for cadastral information system were identified and analyzed. The relationship

among the entities and the attribute of each entity involved are:

i. Node

ii. Arc

iii. Parcel

iv. Owner

Odedare (1999) stated that irrespective of the choice of the representation

scheme the conceptual design phase for cadastral application will involve.

i. Identification of basic geometric and thematic data components of the

envisaged cadastral (parcel based) information system.

ii. Identification of related data sets.

iii. Identification of the interrelationship among the basic objects.

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Fig 3.2: Entity Relationship Diagram of a parcel based information system

Kufoniyi (1998)

COORD NODE ARC PARCEL

OYO EAST LOCAL GOVT. AREA

PART 1 KOSOBO PHASE III

BLOCK

PARCEL BUILDINGARC

NODE

COORDINATE

USE STATUS

DEVELOPED VACANT UNDER CONSTRUCTION

RESIDENTIAL RELIGIOUS COMMERCIAL

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Fig 3.3: Geometric Representation of Parcel

Fig 3.4: Node Entity and its attributes

Fig 3.5: Arc Entity and its attributes

Fig 3.6: Owner and its attributes

3.1.3 LOGICAL DESIGN

STATION NAME

EASTING NODE ID

NORTHING

NODE

E NODE

L PARCEL

R PARCEL

ARC

B NODE

ARC ID

NAME

OCCUPATION

B DATE

OWNER

OWNER ID

B PLACE

STATE

SEX

OWNER ADD.

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A representation of the data model designed to reflect the recording of the

data in computer system is called logical design or data structure. There are many

forms of data structure among which are:

- Network data structure.

- Relationship data structure

- Hierarchical data structure

- Geo relational data structure

- Object relational data structure.

The relational data structure was adopted for this projection because of its

case of management and implementation. In relational database structure data are

stored in simple records know as tuples, a set of attribute value that are grouped

together in two dimensional table Burrough (1986). Each table contains items of data called field about some objects. The objects are found along the row and field

and along the columns. In this project, conceptual model was translated into a

relational database structure. Example of this is show in the table below.

Table 3.1: Node Entity and its attribute

Attributes Description of attribute Node Id Node Identifier E Coord Easting coordinate

N Coord Northing coordinateHA Height

Table 3.2: Arc Entity and its attributes

Attributes Description of attributeArc Id Arc NodeB Node Begin NodeE Node End NodeL Parcel Left ParcelR Parcel Right Parcel

Table 3.3: Object Entity and its attributes

Attributes Description of attributeO Identifier Owners Identifier O Name Owners Name

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O Address Owners AddressO State O Owners State of OriginO Occupation Owners OccupationO Use Owners UseO Nationality Nigerian/Foreigner

C of -O Certificate of OccupancyO Sex SexP Area Area of parcel

Table 3.4: Parcel table

Attributes Name Data typeParcel Id Number Area Number Use StringValue Number Status StringYear of construction StringState StringUse StringP Owner StringP present use StringC of O Number

3.2 DATA SOURCE

Data is generally defined as a measurement or observation on something or

phenomenon. Data are facts or numbers representing facts. In this work, both

spatial and attribute data were collected and used in information production and

management.

The source and manner of acquisition of such data are very critical to any

meaningful decision making activity. Data is classified either as primary or

secondary.

3.2.1 PRIMARY SOURCE

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This is a survey carried out such that the required data are obtained through

a direct acquisition from the field. The spatial and attribute data used in this project

is of primary source. The perimeter survey and the detailing was done using Total

Station instrument. Attribute data were acquired through enquires and social

surveys.

3.2.2 SECONDARY SOURCE

Data, which already exist in an accessible form, are regarded as secondary data. They are

data taken from other peoples work (which has been acquired or perhaps published for

future human use). This form of data includes the coordinates of control points collected

from SIWES/practical task unit of the Federal School of Surveying, Oyo

3.3 DATA ACQUISITION

This involved the acquisition of both geometric and attributes data. To

achieve this following step were taken.

3.3.1 RECONNAISSANCE

This involved assembling examining and collecting all necessary available

information relating to the job as well as going to the field to familiarize oneself

with the topography. In the project both office and field reconnaissance were

carried out.

3.3.1.1 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE

The office reconnaissance involved gathering and studying data relating to

the job. Information about the project site and equipment were obtained from the

SIWES and practical unit of the school

3.3.2.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

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This is the process of proceeding to the project site by all the group

members to verify the information obtained from the office with the view of

knowing the following.

- Identification and location of existing beacon

- To determine suitable method in carrying out the survey of the area with

respect to cheap and effective means of handling the project.

- To check the intervisibility between points

- To study the nature of the terrain

- To draw the recce diagram.

Therefore the process adopted and the method used to executive this project

will be critically examine of to logical conclusion.

3.3.2 SURVEY EQUIPMENT USED AND SYSTEM SELECTION/SOFTWARE

The type of work, specification and required accuracy help to determine the

choice of instrument.

- Pentium IV

- 3.0 GHz processing speed

- 512MB of RAM

- 80GB HDD

SOFTWARE

i. AutoCAD 2000i Land Development

ii. Arc view

EQUIPMENT USED

- Sokkia Total Station Set 530R

- Tripod stand

- Plumb bob

- Reflector

- Cutlass (2 nos)

3.3.3 INSTRUMENT CHECK

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This is a vital aspect of the field operation where the electronic total station

Sokkia SR 530R Test was carried out to find if the instrument is in good working

condition.

Test was carried out on both vertical index and collimation errors. Vertical

index error is to confirm the horizontally line of sight which show the vertical circle

should read exactly 90 0. The difference seen is inserted into vertical index error of

the instrument for constant corrections.

The deviation from right angle between the Trunion axis and line of sight is

known as horizontal collimation to confirm this; the telescope was transited aiming

at the same target. The difference was noticed and inserted into the horizontal

collimation of the instrument for constant corrections. Readings obtained during the

test was.Table 3.5:

Horizontal VerticalFace right 212 0 29' 12" 080 0 34' 46"Face left 32 0 29' 07" 279 0 25' 10"Diff 180 0 00' 05" 359 0 59' 56"

The discrepancies of horizontal = 05" while for vertical = +04"

With the error obtained above, the instrument was found to be of good condition

and was used for data captured.

3.3.4 CONTROL CHECK

The general principle of surveying is to work from whole to part (i.e. from a

known point to another known point) for the extension of control of lower order it

is important to tie the work to control point of higher order so as to have reliability

and stability of the new survey. However, the controls used were coordinates before

commencements of the work.

Table 3.6: Analysis of the results of the control check

Angle Distance (m) Distance (m)Observed 236 0 53' 02" 338.989 81.498

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Computed 236 0 52' 39" 338.957 81.486Difference 000 0 00' 23" 0.032 0.012

Fig 3.7

3.3.5 GEOMETRIC DATA ACQUISITION

This is the process of acquiring data on the field data acquired include

angles and distances. Automated Digital Surveying instrument (Total Station

Sokkia set 530R) was used to acquire spatial data (geometric). The coordinate of

the control points were input into the total station for orientation. The instrument

was set up over the control point with all necessary temporary adjustment carried

out, pressing the memory menu MEM, and then the job was set. All other

orientation parameters were entered including reflector height into the memory of

the instrument. After finishing all the setting and selections carried out, bisection of

points and measurement were carried out pressing measure key, the measurement

were made and recorded into instrument memory. The next station was occupied

and all the conventional field procedure of leveling, setting and centering were

carried out which was repeated as a routine for all the stations occupied as in

traverse survey method.

Other procedures involvesi. Input of station coordinates

ii. Orientation of horizontal circle

iii. Target coordinates determination.

Prolink software was used to download the data from the total station for

further processing.

FSS1/10

FSS2/1/94

FSS2/56/94

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3.3.6 ATTRIBUTE DATA ACQUISITION

This was done through social survey in which all other data relevant to each

parcel were obtained, through oral interview with people living around the project

area.

3.4 DATA PROCESSING

This is the procedure for pressing the data acquired on the field and goes

thus, after the data have been downloaded and stored on an appropriate file on the

computer system. The data was then edited and save as a script file (e.g. Kareem.

Scr) for plotting and all other analysis required using the AutoCAD 2000i Land

Development and Arc view 3.2a.

LINEAR ACCURACY

Since the task carried out was 3 rd order traverse. The closing coordinates on

FSS 2/56/94 are 168801.10mE, 423673.448mN.

The difference between the given (old) coordinates and observed (new)

coordinates are 0.042m and 0.068m.

Old coordinates: 168801.107mE, 423673.466mN

New Coordinates: 168801.149mE, 423673.534mN

Therefore difference in Northing and Easting are:

Total distance (D) = 897.561m

Linear accuracy can be calculated using the mathematical formula:

1

(E) 2 + (N) 2

D

Where:

N = Misclosure in Northing

E = Misclosure in Easting

D = Total distance

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1

(0.042) 2 + (0.068) 2

897.561m

= 1

10259.623

= 1

10,000

3.5 PHYSICAL DESIGN

This involved the representation is within allowable limit in the format of

the implementation software usually done or performed at the beginning of theimplementation phase.

In the physical design major consideration is the issue of system selection

based on the following criteria.

1. User requirement analysis

2. Technical specification of the digital maps (scale and accuracy)

3. Area of coverage i.e. database size, type of hardware and software

available.

3.6 DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION

This involve the combination and storage of the acquired graphic data and the attribute data

obtained in the design GIS database of a generic structure, for the purpose of usage in

spatial analysis and queries.

3.7 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

This is a software package that allows us to work with a database. It is a

batch of tools that help to access (any) database by querying, updating making back

ups and so on. It involves the way in which data about position and attributes of

geographical elements (points, lines and areas) are structured and organized.

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3.7.1 DATA SECURITY

In this GIS environment, security of data is classified into four layers and

they are:

1st layer: the password, authorization scheme, message authentication and privacy

locks are some of security control built in the computer systems.

2nd layer: these include physical security measures which include back up copies

storage in fire proof vaults, lock on doors, security guards and alarms.

3rd layer: this is referred to as administrative control and it include the GIS expert,

operative.

4th layer: this are referred to as the legal framework designed and security privacy.

3.7.2 DATA INTEGRITY

This is any action by the operator that might compromise the quality of the

system must be queries against the security program. In a case of overlapping of

parcels of land due to acquiring of a new land should immediately detected and the

operator alerted quickly.

3.7.3 DATABASE MAINTENANCE

The organization in charge of the GIS has to create an administrative

section with good staffed expertise that will see to the maintenance of the database

created. The administrator in charge will provide necessary support for the database

update and maintenance in accordance with change in their area of concern and this

will in turn leads to proper management of both the database and the organization

running.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND PRODUCT GENERATION

With the spatial database designed and created already in place, analytical

task of query generation and spatial search operation was embarked upon.

According to Huxhold (1991) analyzing spatial data involves the

determination of patterns of data associated with location and the manipulation of

locational related data to derived new information from existing data. Quoting from

Unwin (1985), Huxhold described this as being concerned with the spatial patterns

defining the locational relationship among points, lines, polygons, surfaces and

spatial processes that define the dynamic nature of these features in terms of

distance, direction and connection. Spatial processes in essence are involved with

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the creation of new information from the relationship among the data and the

topological structures related to the data.

4.1 SPATIAL SEARCH

This is one of the analytical tools used in GIS it distinguish GIS from other

information system. This is used when looking for certain attribute in the

neighbourhood, which must be logically defined. It also help the user obtain certain

information from the database to support decision making (i.e. m query). In this

case, it deals with data storage, editing, updating, analysis, manipulation, retrievals

and security. For security of data stored. The graphics generated were linked up

with their corresponding attribute tables that allowed the querying by attributes.

4.2 PRODUCT GENERATION

This is a powerful way of selecting what is needed. The following were

queries generated.

Query 1: Query to shows all parcel in the project area use for commercial. See fig

4.1.

Syntax :( parcel=commercial)

Query 2: Query by C_of_O

Syntax: (C_of_O = Yes).

The above queries select parcel with C_of_O: See fig 4.2

Query 3: Query by Use and occupation

Syntax: (P_use = Residential) and (Occupation = civil_servant)

The above queries select parcels use for residential and owner occupation is

civil servant. See fig 4.3

Query 4: Query by parcels value

Syntax: (P_value > = 400,000)

The above query selects parcels with value 400,000 and above. See fig 4.4

4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULT

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Creation of Cadastral information system of part of Kosobo is useful in many area of life as

it would enhance the effective monitoring, management and maintenance of landed

properties in the area.

Fig 4.0 shows the composite map of the project area. These results were

presented essentially by maps for better visual interpretation and analysis.

Analysis 1: All parcels of land use for commercial purposes as shown in fig 4.1.

This can help in determining those areas where commercial activities takes place

Analysis 2: The Map display of fig 4.2 shows parcels with C of O in the project

area.

Analysis 3: fig 4.3 shows all parcels use for residential purpose and the owners are

civil servant.

Analysis 4: from the query result shown in fig 4.4, it shown all parcel that valued400,000 and above.

4.4 APPLICATION OF PRODUCTS

Cadastral information system (CIS) can be applied in the following areas: a property

identification exercise (PIE) can be carried out successfully with the aid of CIS. All landed

properties within a particular local government area and state can be enumerated and tag

.CIS provides attribute information such as: ownership names, legal status, age, land value

e.t.c. it assist government in planning process such as identifying area for establishing new

schools, hospitals, roads, physical development /recreational planning, water supply

,telecommunication, housing e.t.c

Land administrator can use CIS to identified vacant plots in the allocation of land and it

would assist in the building plan approval and issuance of certificate of occupancy

procedures.

4.4 GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

AutoCAD and Arc view were used to link the database to graphics, script

files were created in AutoCAD. The AutoCAD allows Cartographic operation to be

carried out on the plotting so that map can be in acceptable form. The plotted

graphics were text and title for proper presentation using Arcview. The scale used

for plotting was set. Plotting was presented in layers as shown in the queries

generated.

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CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

The project outlined the structure and methodology in the application of

geographical information systems in cadastral management of the project area. Toachieve these reconnaissances, ground survey method and social survey method

were adopted to capture both spatial and non geometric data respectively. Database

design, creation and management were done using Arcview GIS software. Also

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AutoCAD capability was explored for plotting the different datasets which linked

and several queries performed.

The application of GIS in cadastral management provide various benefits

like provision of quick and easy access to large volume of data and also the

capabilities to select terrain features by theme and area.

5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

The problems encountered in the course of execution of the project were as

follows:

i. Insufficient of digital acquisition equipment such as total station, GPS.

ii. Non cooperation attribute of the occupant of the study area by not giving

adequate information increases the time frame of the project executions.iii. Lack of adequate transportation for the student from the school to the site.

5.3 CONCLUSION

It could be concluded that the aim of this project which is the creation of

digital cadastral database for Kosobo Phase III part I, at Oyo East Local

Government Area in Oyo State has been achieved. The database created has been

tested through the various analysis carried out and confirmed suitable for solving

various cadastral problems. Also it will enhance the physical planning of the area

and the use of GIS for effective cadastral management and land administration.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION

Having known what it takes to respond to the changing world of

information technology and also gone through the design, creation and the

implementation of database for cadastral records.

I hereby recommended the followings:

1. Database should be created for all cadastral work in Nigeria.

2. There should be more provision of digital surveying equipment that will

considerably commensurate with the needs of the students.

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3. Student should be exposed to other area of GIS application outside

surveying.

4. Adequate provision of logistics for students.

REFERENCES

Adeniran, O. (1999): Geographic Information System Application lecture note in

Geoinformatics lecture note in Geoinformatics delivered during the training

organized by the Human Resource Development Unit of the Federal school of

Surveying, Oyo for management staff of Federal and State survey department

between 22 nd November and 15 th December 1999 at Oyo Pp 214.

CERCO, The UN ECE Initiative on Land Administration, Report to the CERCO plenary

Assembly, Budapest, 1995.

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Dashe, J.D.J. (1987): Cadastral Surveying Practice (In Nigeria) Kaduna Polytechnic:

Department of printing Technology, Pp 1, 95.

FIG, (1998): Cadastre 2014: A version for a future cadastral system. FIG commission 7,

FIG.

Henssen, Jo (1995): Steering Committee Cadastre 2014: version for a future cadastral

system. FIG commission 7, FIG.

Kufoniyi, O. (1998): Basic Concept of GIS principle and application of Geographic

Information System, edited by C.U., Ezeigbo, series in surveying and

Geoinformatics, Department of Surveying. University of Lagos, Panaf Press, Pg 10.

McEntyre, J.G. (1987): Land Information System in the surveying Handbook, edited by

Brinker R.C. and Minnick R, Van Nastrand Reinhold Co. NY Pp, 1215 1238.

NRC, Committee on Geodesy, Assembly of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Panel ona multipurpose cadastre, Need for A multipurpose cadastre, National Academy Press

Washington, D.C. 1980.

Odedare, K.O. (1999): Geographic Information System Application lecture notes in

Geoinformatics delivered during the training organized by the Human Resources

Development Unit of the Federal School of Surveying, Oyo for management staff of

Federal and state survey department between 22 nd November and December 1999 at

Oyo. Pp 66.

Roy, S.K . Fundamental of Surveying 2004 3 rd edition prentice Hall of India.

yahaya project report2

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