World War II: World War II: The Road to WarThe Road to War

(1931-1941)(1931-1941)

Section 1: The Rise of Section 1: The Rise of DictatorsDictators

Due to economic hardship, and bitterness from Due to economic hardship, and bitterness from the terms of WWI resolution, several dictatorships the terms of WWI resolution, several dictatorships arose in Europe in the 1920s and 30s. arose in Europe in the 1920s and 30s.

Totalitarian RuleTotalitarian Rule

When government When government has total control has total control over a nation.over a nation.

Dominates all Dominates all aspects of life.aspects of life.

Uses terror and Uses terror and violence to violence to suppress individual suppress individual rights and silence rights and silence opposition.opposition.

FascismFascism

Fascism is a form of totalitarianismFascism is a form of totalitarianism Fascism emphasized national interests over Fascism emphasized national interests over

individual interests and the supreme authority of individual interests and the supreme authority of the leader.the leader.

Opposed the economic principles of communism, Opposed the economic principles of communism, despite the similarity of dictatorship. despite the similarity of dictatorship.

Soviet Union: Joseph StalinSoviet Union: Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin took control of the Soviet Union after Vladimir Lenin died in 1924.Joseph Stalin took control of the Soviet Union after Vladimir Lenin died in 1924. Even more extreme than Lenin, plans to take “one great leap forward” to Even more extreme than Lenin, plans to take “one great leap forward” to

communism.communism. Launched five-year plans to communize all agriculture and build new industry.Launched five-year plans to communize all agriculture and build new industry.

Lenin Stalin

Stalin’s Economic PlansStalin’s Economic Plans Forced small family farms Forced small family farms

to form huge collective to form huge collective farms; forced resistors off farms; forced resistors off their land.their land.

Punished resistors by Punished resistors by confiscating the food they confiscating the food they produced.produced.

Millions of people starved Millions of people starved during the state takeover during the state takeover of farming.of farming.

Stalin sent 5 million Stalin sent 5 million peasants to labor camps in peasants to labor camps in Siberia.Siberia.

Stalin’s Industrial TakeoverStalin’s Industrial Takeover Assigned millions of Assigned millions of

laborers from rural areas laborers from rural areas to build and run new to build and run new industrial centers industrial centers producing iron, steel, oil, producing iron, steel, oil, and coal.and coal.

Neglected to produce Neglected to produce essential consumer goods, essential consumer goods, clothing, and housing.clothing, and housing.

Soviet quality of life fell Soviet quality of life fell even amidst new, even amidst new, industrial strength.industrial strength.

Stalin’s Reign of TerrorStalin’s Reign of Terror

Enforced his political power through numerous “purges”, removing enemies or dissidents Enforced his political power through numerous “purges”, removing enemies or dissidents perceived to be a threat.perceived to be a threat.

The Great Purge began in 1934The Great Purge began in 1934 By 1939, his agents had By 1939, his agents had

– Arrested over 7 million peopleArrested over 7 million people– Executed over 1 millionExecuted over 1 million– Sent millions more into forced labor campsSent millions more into forced labor camps

Nearly all were innocent victims of Stalin’s paranoiaNearly all were innocent victims of Stalin’s paranoia

Italy: Benito MussoliniItaly: Benito Mussolini Wounded in WWI.Wounded in WWI. Bitter that the Versailles Bitter that the Versailles

Treaty didn’t grant Italy Treaty didn’t grant Italy more territory.more territory.

Formed the Fascist Party in Formed the Fascist Party in 19191919– Called himself Called himself Il DuceIl Duce, ,

“the leader”“the leader”– Organized fascist groups Organized fascist groups

throughout Italythroughout Italy– Relied on gangs of thugs Relied on gangs of thugs

to terrorize opponentsto terrorize opponents

MussoliniMussolini

Mussolini’s following grew increasingly powerful amidst Mussolini’s following grew increasingly powerful amidst economic hardship.economic hardship.

In 1922, he threatened to march on Rome, the king panicked In 1922, he threatened to march on Rome, the king panicked and appointed him prime minister.and appointed him prime minister.

Took firm dictatorial control; suspended elections and Took firm dictatorial control; suspended elections and outlawed all other political parties.outlawed all other political parties.

Dreamed of recreating the great Roman Empire.Dreamed of recreating the great Roman Empire.– Slogan: “The Country is Nothing Without Conquest.” Slogan: “The Country is Nothing Without Conquest.”

Hitler’s Rise to PowerHitler’s Rise to Power

Like Mussolini, Hitler was Like Mussolini, Hitler was wounded physically and wounded physically and emotionally by WWI. emotionally by WWI.

Enraged by the Enraged by the settlement terms.settlement terms.– Germany had been Germany had been

forced to give up forced to give up territory, pay steep territory, pay steep reparations, and accept reparations, and accept blame for the war. blame for the war.

The Nazi PartyThe Nazi Party

In 1919, Hitler joined a small political group that In 1919, Hitler joined a small political group that became the National Socialist German Workers’ became the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party.Party, or Nazi Party.

Nazism was a form of fascism that promoted Nazism was a form of fascism that promoted intense German nationalism and racial superiority.intense German nationalism and racial superiority.

Hitler’s powerful speaking skills quickly made him a Hitler’s powerful speaking skills quickly made him a leader. leader.

Failed UprisingFailed Uprising In 1923, with 3,000 followers, In 1923, with 3,000 followers,

Hitler tried to overthrow the Hitler tried to overthrow the German government.German government.

The uprising was easily crushed The uprising was easily crushed and Hitler was sentenced to 5 and Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison.years in prison.

Spent only 9 months in jail, Spent only 9 months in jail, during which he wrote during which he wrote Mein Mein KampfKampf, “my struggle”., “my struggle”.– Articulated his views of Germany’s Articulated his views of Germany’s

problems and outline his plans for problems and outline his plans for revitalization. revitalization.

– Heavily blamed the Jewish race as a Heavily blamed the Jewish race as a sort of cancer to German progress.sort of cancer to German progress.

The Great Race: Aryan RaceThe Great Race: Aryan Race Hitler, along with many Hitler, along with many

others, believed in the others, believed in the supremacy of the “Aryan supremacy of the “Aryan race”: blond-haired, blue-race”: blond-haired, blue-eyed Germans.eyed Germans.

Believed all other races to Believed all other races to be inferior, particularly the be inferior, particularly the Jewish race.Jewish race.

Significant research was Significant research was done to reinforce this belief done to reinforce this belief scientifically. scientifically.

Today, biologists agree that Today, biologists agree that race isn’t even a helpful race isn’t even a helpful biological or genetic biological or genetic classification. classification.

Germany’s EconomyGermany’s Economy Even during America’s Even during America’s

booming 1920s economy, booming 1920s economy, Germany suffered Germany suffered hyperinflation (rapid hyperinflation (rapid devaluing of currency).devaluing of currency).

When the global economy When the global economy crashed in 1929, things crashed in 1929, things became desperate.became desperate.

Hitler’s bold promises and Hitler’s bold promises and confidence attracted this confidence attracted this desperation. desperation.

Hitler Becomes ChancellorHitler Becomes Chancellor

With rapidly increasing popularity, Hitler placed second in the With rapidly increasing popularity, Hitler placed second in the presidential election of 1932.presidential election of 1932.

In 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor, head of German government.In 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor, head of German government. Hitler quickly began suspending freedom of speech and press.Hitler quickly began suspending freedom of speech and press. Nazi thugs began violent terrorization of those who opposed Hitler.Nazi thugs began violent terrorization of those who opposed Hitler.

Growing PowerGrowing Power

In 1933 elections, the Nazis won enough seats to take control of parliament.In 1933 elections, the Nazis won enough seats to take control of parliament. In 1934, German President Hindenburg died.In 1934, German President Hindenburg died. Hitler became both chancellor and president.Hitler became both chancellor and president.

– Called this new role Called this new role Der FuhrerDer Fuhrer: “the leader”: “the leader”

Germany RearmsGermany Rearms In violation of the Versailles In violation of the Versailles

Treaty, the Nazis secretly Treaty, the Nazis secretly began rebuilding Germany’s began rebuilding Germany’s armed forces.armed forces.

Hired unemployed workers Hired unemployed workers to build public buildings and to build public buildings and a highway system known as a highway system known as the the autobahnautobahn..

Unemployment fell to near Unemployment fell to near zero and by 1936, the zero and by 1936, the Depression had ended in Depression had ended in Germany. Germany.

1936 Olympics1936 Olympics

Hitler hoped to display new German power and industry.Hitler hoped to display new German power and industry. Hoped to prove racial dominance of the Aryan RaceHoped to prove racial dominance of the Aryan Race African American Jesse Owens wins 5 medalsAfrican American Jesse Owens wins 5 medals

19361936 In 1936, German troops In 1936, German troops

entered Rhineland, in entered Rhineland, in Western Germany, an Western Germany, an area that the Versailles area that the Versailles Treaty had prohibited Treaty had prohibited Germany from rearming.Germany from rearming.

Hitler took a risk in Hitler took a risk in sending military forces to sending military forces to Rhineland, but Britain and Rhineland, but Britain and France did nothing.France did nothing.

Hitler and Mussolini Hitler and Mussolini signed an alliance.signed an alliance.

Map of EuropeMap of Europe

Germany Expands; Germany Expands; SudetenlandSudetenland

Two years later, a much stronger German Army was Two years later, a much stronger German Army was sent to invade Austria, Hitler’s homeland.sent to invade Austria, Hitler’s homeland.

Britain and France protested but did nothing.Britain and France protested but did nothing. Months later, Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, a Months later, Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, a

western portion of Czechoslovakia.western portion of Czechoslovakia.

Neville Chamberlain: Neville Chamberlain: AppeasementAppeasement

Neville Chamberlain, Britain’s Prime Minister, pursued a policy of appeasement. Neville Chamberlain, Britain’s Prime Minister, pursued a policy of appeasement. Appeasement- giving in to a competitor’s demands in order to keep peace.Appeasement- giving in to a competitor’s demands in order to keep peace. Chamberlain met with Hitler and Mussolini in Munich, Germany in 1938 and Chamberlain met with Hitler and Mussolini in Munich, Germany in 1938 and

agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland in hopes to satisfy his appetite for agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland in hopes to satisfy his appetite for territory.territory.

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War In 1937 a Civil War broke out in Spain between the In 1937 a Civil War broke out in Spain between the

government and rebels.government and rebels. Germany and Italy provided aid to the rebels and bombed the Germany and Italy provided aid to the rebels and bombed the

Spanish town of Guernica into ruins, gaining international Spanish town of Guernica into ruins, gaining international attention.attention.

One witness said the attack was “a preview of the end of the One witness said the attack was “a preview of the end of the world.”world.”

Pablo Picasso's famous Guernica

Section 2: Europe Goes to Section 2: Europe Goes to WarWar

Germany’s continued aggression Germany’s continued aggression finally pushed France and Britain to finally pushed France and Britain to enter a war they tried to avoid.enter a war they tried to avoid.

Chamberlain’s Chamberlain’s AppeasementAppeasement

Some praised Neville Some praised Neville Chamberlain as a Chamberlain as a peacemaker, others saw peacemaker, others saw appeasement as giving appeasement as giving power to an enemy.power to an enemy.

Winston Churchill, at the Winston Churchill, at the time a member of time a member of Parliament said, “Britain Parliament said, “Britain and France had to choose and France had to choose between war and dishonor. between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They They chose dishonor. They will have war.”will have war.”

Continued ExpansionContinued Expansion

6 months after granting Hitler the 6 months after granting Hitler the Sudetenland, Germany had taken all Sudetenland, Germany had taken all of Czechoslovakia.of Czechoslovakia.

In March of 1939, Britain and France In March of 1939, Britain and France threatened Hitler with war if he threatened Hitler with war if he continued expanding.continued expanding.

B&F pledged support to Poland in the B&F pledged support to Poland in the event of their invasion. event of their invasion.

Hitler’s Pact With StalinHitler’s Pact With Stalin

To avoid two-fronted To avoid two-fronted war, Hitler and Stalin war, Hitler and Stalin signed a ten-year signed a ten-year Nonaggression Pact.Nonaggression Pact.

Although they were Although they were sworn enemies, Stalin sworn enemies, Stalin didn’t think Hitler didn’t think Hitler planned on attacking the planned on attacking the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

Hitler wanted to buy a Hitler wanted to buy a period of peace on the period of peace on the Eastern frontier.Eastern frontier.

Invasion of Poland; War Invasion of Poland; War BeginsBegins

On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland causing On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany.Britain and France to declare war on Germany.

Britain and France had more soldiers than Germany, but Britain and France had more soldiers than Germany, but lacked the organization and armament of Germany.lacked the organization and armament of Germany.

Blitzkrieg; “Lightening War”Blitzkrieg; “Lightening War” In Poland, Germany In Poland, Germany

revealed a new form of revealed a new form of mass-attack warfare, mass-attack warfare, blitzkrieg.blitzkrieg.

Dive-bombing Dive-bombing warplanes attacked warplanes attacked first, then tanks moved first, then tanks moved in, surrounded, and in, surrounded, and destroyed the enemy. destroyed the enemy.

Germany overran Germany overran Poland in less than a Poland in less than a month.month.

Invasion of PolandInvasion of Poland

InactionInaction

After the fall of Poland the war entered a period of inaction After the fall of Poland the war entered a period of inaction for several months.for several months.

The British and French held back, fearing great losses, The British and French held back, fearing great losses, while Hitler regrouped and waited.while Hitler regrouped and waited.

A strong fortification called the Maginot Line, protected A strong fortification called the Maginot Line, protected France from an attack, but not on their Belgium border.France from an attack, but not on their Belgium border.

German AttackGerman Attack On April 9, 1940, war On April 9, 1940, war

resumed as Hitler resumed as Hitler attacked Denmark and attacked Denmark and Norway. Norway.

In May Germany In May Germany launched blitzkrieg on the launched blitzkrieg on the Netherlands, Belgium, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.and Luxembourg.

They were all overrun They were all overrun within days or weeks.within days or weeks.

Meanwhile, they invaded Meanwhile, they invaded Northern France by going Northern France by going above the Maginot Line.above the Maginot Line.

DunkirkDunkirk Invasion of France divided Invasion of France divided

British and French Troops British and French Troops into two groups, the north into two groups, the north and south. and south.

At the coastal city of Dunkirk, At the coastal city of Dunkirk, facing sure defeat in the facing sure defeat in the north, troops retreated on a north, troops retreated on a makeshift fleet of boats makeshift fleet of boats across the English Channel across the English Channel into Great Britain.into Great Britain.

340,000 troops were saved, 340,000 troops were saved, leaving on 900 vessels.leaving on 900 vessels.

Fall of FranceFall of France

After the retreat of Dunkirk, German troops turned and After the retreat of Dunkirk, German troops turned and swept through southern France.swept through southern France.

In stunning speed, Germany captured Paris by June 14, In stunning speed, Germany captured Paris by June 14, and on the 22and on the 22ndnd France officially surrendered. France officially surrendered.

By the summer of 1940, Hitler had conquered almost By the summer of 1940, Hitler had conquered almost all of Western Europe.all of Western Europe.

1940 map of Europe1940 map of Europe

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain Britain presented a Britain presented a

different challenge for different challenge for Germany, being an island Germany, being an island with a strong Navy.with a strong Navy.

Germany focused on Germany focused on controlling the air.controlling the air.

In August 1940, he In August 1940, he launched an launched an unprecedented air assault unprecedented air assault known as the Battle of known as the Battle of Britain.Britain.

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain For over a month, as For over a month, as

many as 1,000 planes many as 1,000 planes dropped bombs on dropped bombs on Britain each day.Britain each day.

At first, Germany only At first, Germany only attacked British ports attacked British ports and airfields.and airfields.

Soon they also began Soon they also began attacking aircraft attacking aircraft factories and oil tanks.factories and oil tanks.

Finally, they began Finally, they began bombing the city of bombing the city of London itself.London itself.

Bombing CiviliansBombing Civilians

The bombing of cities/civilians was a historic shift in The bombing of cities/civilians was a historic shift in warfare, breaking the “rules” of war.warfare, breaking the “rules” of war.

Both sides of the war continued bombing population Both sides of the war continued bombing population centers throughout the remainder of the war.centers throughout the remainder of the war.

Defense/ProtectionDefense/Protection Britain’s Royal Air Force, Britain’s Royal Air Force,

though greatly though greatly outnumbered, went into outnumbered, went into the sky to counterattack the sky to counterattack the German bombers.the German bombers.

Britain also managed to Britain also managed to crack the code of German crack the code of German communication, to learn communication, to learn their plans.their plans.

Londoners routinely hid in Londoners routinely hid in bunkers and ran for cover bunkers and ran for cover during air raids. during air raids.

Section 3: Japan Builds an Section 3: Japan Builds an EmpireEmpire

While dictators gained power in Europe, a While dictators gained power in Europe, a separate imperial power was growing in separate imperial power was growing in East Asia, Japan.East Asia, Japan.

Japan and WWIJapan and WWI

Japan had joined the Allies in WWI.Japan had joined the Allies in WWI. Thrived economically after the war.Thrived economically after the war. Enacted a two-party political system Enacted a two-party political system

and joined international peace and joined international peace agreements.agreements.

Showed signs of stability and Showed signs of stability and democracy, initially. democracy, initially.

Democracy in CrisisDemocracy in Crisis

Japan experienced sharp economic Japan experienced sharp economic recessions in the 1920s that intensified recessions in the 1920s that intensified in Global Depression of the 1930s.in Global Depression of the 1930s.

Massive layoffs and strikes led to Massive layoffs and strikes led to political discontent.political discontent.

Japanese blamed the new democratic, Japanese blamed the new democratic, multiparty system of government for multiparty system of government for taking too long to deal with problems.taking too long to deal with problems.

Rise of NationalismRise of Nationalism

Radical nationalist Radical nationalist groups formed in groups formed in response to the response to the government’s perceived government’s perceived weakness.weakness.

Demanded an end to Demanded an end to multiparty political multiparty political system.system.

Radicals assassinated Radicals assassinated business and political business and political leaders.leaders.

ManchuriaManchuria

Japan’s population was exploding and struggled to Japan’s population was exploding and struggled to provide food and resources for everyone.provide food and resources for everyone.

Thought the acquisition of Manchuria, at the time a Thought the acquisition of Manchuria, at the time a part of China, could provide them with new resources part of China, could provide them with new resources and undeveloped land.and undeveloped land.

The Manchurian IncidentThe Manchurian Incident In 1931, a Japanese army In 1931, a Japanese army

stationed in Manchuria stationed in Manchuria claimed that Chinese claimed that Chinese soldiers became violent and soldiers became violent and seized several Manchurian seized several Manchurian cities.cities.

The operation was not The operation was not supported by Japanese supported by Japanese government, who attempted government, who attempted to stop the seizure.to stop the seizure.

The Japanese army The Japanese army operated independently and operated independently and by 1932 had taken over all by 1932 had taken over all of Manchuria.of Manchuria.

The Manchurian IncidentThe Manchurian Incident

Japan announced that Japan announced that Manchuria was an Manchuria was an independent state, called independent state, called Manchukuo, under Japanese Manchukuo, under Japanese protection.protection.

Manchukuo was a puppet Manchukuo was a puppet state, a supposed state, a supposed “independent” country under “independent” country under the control of a powerful the control of a powerful neighbor. neighbor.

Japan sent millions of farmers, Japan sent millions of farmers, entrepreneurs, and soldiers to entrepreneurs, and soldiers to secure it as a Japanese secure it as a Japanese colony.colony.

OppositionOpposition

This takeover, known as the This takeover, known as the Manchurian Incident, was opposed by Manchurian Incident, was opposed by the U.S. and Britain, but they did the U.S. and Britain, but they did nothing to stop it.nothing to stop it.

The League of Nations ordered Japan The League of Nations ordered Japan to end occupation, Japan refused and to end occupation, Japan refused and withdrew from the League.withdrew from the League.

Military PowerMilitary Power The Manchurian Incident The Manchurian Incident

gave the military power gave the military power over the government.over the government.

In 1932, naval officers In 1932, naval officers helped assassinate the helped assassinate the prime minister and other prime minister and other politicians.politicians.

Japan’s government was Japan’s government was never actually overthrown, never actually overthrown, but its power was lost to but its power was lost to the army.the army.

Politicians were afraid to Politicians were afraid to speak out against the speak out against the military for fear of their military for fear of their own lives. own lives.

War Against ChinaWar Against China

In 1937, Japan extended their invasion of China.In 1937, Japan extended their invasion of China. A minor clash outside of Beijing turned into full-scale war.A minor clash outside of Beijing turned into full-scale war. Japan occupied Beijing and threatened all of northern China.Japan occupied Beijing and threatened all of northern China. Japan’s superior weapons overpowered China’s greater manpower. Japan’s superior weapons overpowered China’s greater manpower.

War Against ChinaWar Against China

Japanese warplanes Japanese warplanes ruthlessly bombed ruthlessly bombed Chinese cities. Chinese cities.

During the “Rape of During the “Rape of Nanjing,” Japanese Nanjing,” Japanese soldiers brutalized or soldiers brutalized or killed over 100,000 killed over 100,000 civilians, including civilians, including women and children. women and children.

Aid to ChineseAid to Chinese The much of the world The much of the world

condemned Japan’s condemned Japan’s actions.actions.

Roosevelt, “ the epidemic Roosevelt, “ the epidemic of lawlessness is of lawlessness is spreading.”spreading.”

The Soviet Union supplied The Soviet Union supplied China with arms, China with arms, warplanes, and military warplanes, and military advisors.advisors.

Britain sent supplies to Britain sent supplies to China over the Burma China over the Burma Road, a 700-mile-long Road, a 700-mile-long highway linking Burma to highway linking Burma to China.China.

Chinese UnificationChinese Unification

The war unified China in opposition to Japan, The war unified China in opposition to Japan, particularly two longtime enemies.particularly two longtime enemies.– General Jiang Jieshi: military leader of ChinaGeneral Jiang Jieshi: military leader of China– Mao Zedong: Chinese Communist leaderMao Zedong: Chinese Communist leader

The two had been struggling for power but joined The two had been struggling for power but joined together to fight Japan.together to fight Japan.

By 1939, the war had reached a sort of stalemate.By 1939, the war had reached a sort of stalemate.

Jiang Jieshi Mao Zedong

Looking Beyond ChinaLooking Beyond China As Europe became As Europe became

distracted with their own distracted with their own war, Japan chose to war, Japan chose to expand their empire to expand their empire to the south. the south.

Announced a Announced a Greater East Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereAsia Co-Prosperity Sphere, , to unite the territory from to unite the territory from Manchuria to the Dutch Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies.East Indies.

Presented it as a liberation Presented it as a liberation of the countries, but really of the countries, but really an invasion for resources.an invasion for resources.

Axis PowersAxis Powers

In September 1940, Japan allied itself In September 1940, Japan allied itself with Germany and Italy.with Germany and Italy.

Signed a neutrality pact with the Signed a neutrality pact with the Soviet Union in 1941.Soviet Union in 1941.

With early success, Japan turned With early success, Japan turned their attention to challenging their attention to challenging America. America.

Section 4: From Isolationism to Section 4: From Isolationism to WarWar

After an early policy of neutrality, the U.S. began After an early policy of neutrality, the U.S. began aiding the allies, before entering the war after the aiding the allies, before entering the war after the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor.Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor.

United States NeutralityUnited States Neutrality

Struggling to overcome the Great Struggling to overcome the Great Depression, the U.S. focused internally Depression, the U.S. focused internally during the 1930s, not abroad.during the 1930s, not abroad.

The Hawley-Smoot tariff in 1930 prompted The Hawley-Smoot tariff in 1930 prompted the stagnation of international trade.the stagnation of international trade.

Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts Congress passed a series of Congress passed a series of

Neutrality Acts, designed to Neutrality Acts, designed to limit international limit international involvement.involvement.– 1935- banned the U.S. from 1935- banned the U.S. from

providing weapons to nations at providing weapons to nations at war.war.

– 1936- banned loans to these 1936- banned loans to these nations.nations.

– 1937- permitted trade with 1937- permitted trade with fighting nations in nonmilitary fighting nations in nonmilitary goods, but required the country goods, but required the country to pay cash and transport the to pay cash and transport the cargo themselves.cargo themselves. Known as cash and carryKnown as cash and carry

Growing ConcernGrowing Concern In the late 1930s, the U.S. In the late 1930s, the U.S.

economy was slowly economy was slowly recovering, allowing for recovering, allowing for more international attention.more international attention.

Concern over both German Concern over both German and Japanese expansion and Japanese expansion began to grow.began to grow.

After Germany invaded After Germany invaded Poland, the country still Poland, the country still opposed going to war, but opposed going to war, but heavily sympathized with heavily sympathized with Britain. Britain.

Debating the American RoleDebating the American Role After the war officially After the war officially

began in 1939, Roosevelt began in 1939, Roosevelt asked Congress to revise asked Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts.the Neutrality Acts.

Congress repealed the Congress repealed the arms embargo and began arms embargo and began providing Britain and providing Britain and France with weapons.France with weapons.

Neutrality legislation still Neutrality legislation still prevented them from prevented them from lending money to the lending money to the Allies.Allies.

France FallsFrance Falls France fell so quickly that France fell so quickly that

many Americans began to many Americans began to support more extensive aid support more extensive aid to Britain. to Britain.

The U.S. sent 50 destroyer The U.S. sent 50 destroyer ships to Britain in exchange ships to Britain in exchange for permission to build for permission to build bases on British territory.bases on British territory.

Americans who opposed Americans who opposed involvement formed the involvement formed the America First Committee. America First Committee. – Charles Lindbergh was a Charles Lindbergh was a

prominent and vocal critic of prominent and vocal critic of foreign involvement.foreign involvement.

FDR and ChurchillFDR and Churchill In 1940, FDR won In 1940, FDR won

reelection to a third reelection to a third term, freeing him from term, freeing him from campaign pressures.campaign pressures.

Britain was running out Britain was running out of money and resources.of money and resources.

Churchill wrote to FDR, Churchill wrote to FDR, “the moment “the moment approaches, when we approaches, when we shall no longer be able shall no longer be able to pay cash for shipping to pay cash for shipping and other supplies.”and other supplies.”

Lend-LeaseLend-Lease FDR proposed a bold FDR proposed a bold

solution: lend Britain solution: lend Britain supplies without payment in supplies without payment in return.return.

““If your neighbor’s house is If your neighbor’s house is on fire, you don’t sell him a on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and hose. You lend it to him and take it back after the fire is take it back after the fire is out. –Rooseveltout. –Roosevelt

Congress passed the Lend-Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in March, 1941.Lease Act in March, 1941.– Authorized the President to aid Authorized the President to aid

any nation whose defense was any nation whose defense was considered vital to American considered vital to American security.security.

Lend-Lease AidLend-Lease Aid

Lend-Lease AidLend-Lease Aid

Relations with JapanRelations with Japan Although focused on Europe, Although focused on Europe,

the U.S. also began limiting the U.S. also began limiting purchases from Japan.purchases from Japan.

Ended sales of iron and Ended sales of iron and steel.steel.

After Japan seized French After Japan seized French IndochinaIndochina– FDR froze Japanese FDR froze Japanese

financial assets in the U.S.financial assets in the U.S.– Cut off all oil Cut off all oil

shipments/tradeshipments/trade

Final Weeks of PeaceFinal Weeks of Peace Amidst growing tension, General Amidst growing tension, General

Tojo Hideki became Japan’s Tojo Hideki became Japan’s prime minister in October 1941.prime minister in October 1941.

Tojo was a militant army officer Tojo was a militant army officer who supported war against the who supported war against the U.S.U.S.

America had cracked Japanese America had cracked Japanese code this time.code this time.

By Nov. 27, Americans decoded By Nov. 27, Americans decoded messages that spoke of Japanese messages that spoke of Japanese aircraft movement and American aircraft movement and American attacks.attacks.– They expected an attack, but They expected an attack, but

didn’t know where.didn’t know where.

Pearl Harbor AttackPearl Harbor Attack On December 7, 1941, On December 7, 1941,

180 Japanese 180 Japanese warplanes attacked warplanes attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Half of America’s Half of America’s Pacific Fleet was Pacific Fleet was stationed at Pearl stationed at Pearl Harbor.Harbor.

In less than two hours…In less than two hours…– 2,400 Americans were 2,400 Americans were

killed; 1,200 woundedkilled; 1,200 wounded– 200 American warplanes 200 American warplanes

destroyed or damageddestroyed or damaged– 18 warships sunk or 18 warships sunk or

damaged; 8 out of 9 of damaged; 8 out of 9 of the fleet’s battleships.the fleet’s battleships.

United States Declares WarUnited States Declares War

Pearl Harbor stunned AmericaPearl Harbor stunned America Roosevelt called December 7, 1941, “a date that Roosevelt called December 7, 1941, “a date that

will live in infamy.”will live in infamy.” The very next day, December 8, the U.S. declared The very next day, December 8, the U.S. declared

war on Japan.war on Japan. Days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the Days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the

U.S.U.S.