world war i terms

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World War I the war to end all wars

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Terms for 10th grade U.S. History unit on World War I with period images of weaponry, combat, home-front propaganda, etc.

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Page 1: World War I Terms

World War Ithe war

to

end all wars

Page 2: World War I Terms

Tension in Imperial Europe During Imperial Age, European nations

sought power through acquisition of colonies

Countries competed with each other for relative power

They began to get paranoid about their neighbors—If a war broke out, would they be strong enough to survive?

Nations began to look for ways to ensure their security

Page 3: World War I Terms

Militarism

Policy of aggressively building up a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war

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Alliances

Secret treaties or informal understandings between nations that promised they would side together in the event of war

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Gavrilo Princip

Bosnian-Serb terrorist and nationalist who assassinated Franz Ferdinand

Page 7: World War I Terms

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to the Austria-

Hungarian throne. His assassination was the spark that ignited the war.

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Brinksmanship

A strategy where a country seeks an advantage by creating the impression that they are willing and able to push a situation to the point of war in order to get their demands

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Mobilization

The readying of troops for war

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Ultimatum

A statement, especially in diplomatic negotiations, that expresses or implies the threat of serious penalties if the terms are not accepted

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Kaiser Wilhelm II

German leader during World War I. He declared war on Russia and invaded France.

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Allied Forces

The group of nations that opposed the Central Powers; originally consisting of Great Britain, France and Russia and later joined by the U.S., Italy and others

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Central Powers

The group of nations--led by Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire--that opposed the Allied Forces

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Schlieffen Plan

German plan of attack to avoid a 2-front war: first quickly take out France, then focus troops on Russia

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“Rape of Belgium”

German war crimes committed during the march through neutral Belgium on the way to Paris

Page 19: World War I Terms

Race for the Sea

Early in the war when both sides tried to outflank each other; resulted in a front line of trenches over 200 miles long

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Trench warfare

A form of warfare where opponents occupy static (non-moving) fighting lines, especially fortified trenches in the ground.

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No Man’s Land

Area between the two opposing lines of trenches

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Barbed wire

Formed a barrier to attacking soldiers attempting to cross no man's land

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Mustard gas

First used by Germans in 1917; one of several poison gases used during the war

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Machine Guns

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Tanks

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Aircraft

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Manfred von Richthofen

a.k.a. The "Red Baron," a German fighter pilot who shot down 80 enemy planes and commanded the Flying Circus

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Stalemate

A situation in which neither side can gain the advantage

Page 35: World War I Terms

Shell shock

Battle fatigue; a range of behaviors brought on by exposure to combat and acute psychological stress

The “Thousand-yard stare” --

Page 36: World War I Terms

Total war

The organization of entire societies for war in a social, economic, and even spiritual sense.

Page 37: World War I Terms

War of attrition

A war that is won by slowly wearing down the enemy through prolonged casualties and loss of resources

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Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President during World War I

Page 40: World War I Terms

Isolationism

Foreign policy of neutrality and non-involvement

Wilson made a declaration of neutrality just days into the war

Page 41: World War I Terms

Blockade

An effort to cut off food, supplies, war material or communications from a particular area by force

England used their powerful navy to cut off Germany

Some estimate 750,000 Germans died of starvation

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U.S. Exports

• After war began, U.S. traded even more with Allies

• U.S. economy boomed from supplying Allies with war materials and extending credit

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U-boat

German submarine (Unterseeboot)

Germany began targeting merchant ships

Page 46: World War I Terms

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk off coast of Ireland by German submarine; 128 Americans dead, led to U.S. outrage

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American Reaction

Wilson issues warning to Germany

He affirms Britain’s right to blockade Germany but demands Germany stop attacks on ships

Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, resigned in protest of U.S. non-neutrality

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Germany Resumes Attacks

At breaking point from blockade Germany makes calculated tactical

decision Declares they will attack without

warning after all Figure they can win war with

unrestricted submarine warfare before the U.S. could enter

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Zimmerman Telegram

Telegram intercepted by British intelligence

German ambassador asks Mexico to enter the war on the German side

In return Germany promises to help them recover territory they lost in the Mexican War

Last straw for Wilson

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Autocrat A ruler with unlimited power

Russian Revolution ends their autocracy

Makes it easier for U.S. to justify war “to make the world safe for democracy”

Russia out of war, leaving France and Britain vulnerable

Wilson declares war on April 6, 1917

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American Expeditionary Force

American forces sent to Europe

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Harlem Hellfighters

369th (Colored) Infantry Regiment integrated into the French Army

Received France's highest combat medal

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Selective Service Act of 1917 Act that

authorized the draft

Draft began almost immediately

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Espionage Act of 1917

Made it illegal to oppose the draft

Page 57: World War I Terms

Sedition

Speech or actions meant to incite rebellion against a government

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Sedition Act of 1918

Made it illegal to obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds or to discuss anything "disloyal" to the U.S. government

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Schenck v. United States

Established restrictions of freedom of speech in cases of "clear and present danger"

OliverWendellHolmes

Page 61: World War I Terms

Propaganda

Committee on Public Information aimed to unite public opinion

Published over 75 million pieces of printed material

Encouraged journalists to use “self-censorship”

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"Four Minute Men"

75,000 volunteers recruited by the Committee on Public Information

Gave 4-minute speeches in support of the war effort

Helped turn public opinion

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Shaping the economy for war

War Industries Board coordinated production of military supplies

National War Labor Board pressured industries to grant workers concessions in return for not striking

Other “War Boards” for railroads, fuel, food, etc.

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Liberty bonds

Bonds sold to promote the war effort; heavily-promoted by the government

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Help from the Homefront $23 billion by 1920 Victory gardens Meatless Tuesdays and

Wheatless Wednesdays Production of alcohol

restricted to conserve grain

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Women on the Homefront Shortage of

male labor led to women being hired to do work traditionally done by men

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Workers were especially needed to produce war supplies

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Great Migration

Massive numbers of African-Americans also migrated North for jobs previously closed to them

500,000 by 1920

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Anti-German Sentiment

German names changed “Liberty sandwich,” “Liberty

cabbage” Hot dog

I’m not a frankfurte

r

Ja, du bist ein

frankfurter

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Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson drafted 14-point plan for peace in 1918

First presented to joint session of Congress before war to justify entry in moral terms

Later presented at Versailles peace conference after the war, but failed to win approval of all 14 points into final treaty

Wilson advocated “Peace without victory”

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Main Points

No secret alliances Freedom of the seas Removal of trade barriers

(tariffs, etc.) Reduce military to just

what’s necessary to protect your own country

Let go of some colonies Create a League of Nations

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Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended the war

June 28, 1919

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Big Four

Countries at the table:*U.S. *Italy *France*Great Britain

Germany and Russia excluded

Everyone wanted different things

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Reparations

Payments from an enemy for economic costs of war

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Terms of the Treaty

Germany humiliated:--Charged with war crimes--Forced to accept guilt for the war--Must drastically reduce military --Allow France to occupy the Rhineland for 15 years--Give up territory--Pay reparations

France wanted revenge and security against any future German threat

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League of Nations

International body proposed by Woodrow Wilson to ensure peace and stability after the war through cooperation and accountability

Sentiment that the horrors of modern warfare was a beast that must be tamed

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Ratification

Congressional approval of a bill

Wilson tours country making speeches

Instead of appealing to Congressmen, he courts public approval

Backfires

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Failure to Ratify

Congress fails to ratify

League is weak without U.S.

Wilson in poor health; collapses from stroke

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Irreconcilables

Would not accept U.S. membership in the League of Nations, no matter what

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Reservationists

Would accept the League of Nations with very specific (and numerous) reservations

Henry Cabot Lodge

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Dulce Et Decorum Est

Poem written by British poet and solider Wilfred Owen, famous for its horrific imagery of war

Owen died in battle shortly before the armistice

WWI proved to be fertile ground for artists who used their art as a means of coming to terms with the horrors of modern warfare

Page 86: World War I Terms

DULCE ET DECORUM EST by WILFRED OWEN

Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!---An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling, And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime... Dim, through the misty panes and thick green

light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,--- My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori.