World War IIWorld War II1940-19451940-1945

CausesCauses World War I didn’t settle World War I didn’t settle

differencesdifferences Harsh terms of Treaty of Harsh terms of Treaty of

VersaillesVersailles Especially on GermanyEspecially on Germany

Economic instability Economic instability following First World Warfollowing First World War

Italy and Germany look Italy and Germany look to Fascist dictators to Fascist dictators Solve ProblemsSolve Problems Return to GloryReturn to Glory

Aggressions of Axis PowersAggressions of Axis Powers Italy, Germany, Japan formed Axis Italy, Germany, Japan formed Axis

Powers by 1940Powers by 1940 Tripartite PactTripartite Pact

Italy conquered Ethiopia (1936)Italy conquered Ethiopia (1936) Albania (1939)Albania (1939)

Hitler repeatedly violated Treaty Hitler repeatedly violated Treaty of Versailles (1934-1938)of Versailles (1934-1938)

Germany annexed Austria (1938)Germany annexed Austria (1938) Conquered Czechoslovakia and Conquered Czechoslovakia and

Poland (1939)Poland (1939) Hitler also broke Munich and Nazi-Hitler also broke Munich and Nazi-

Soviet Non-Aggression PactsSoviet Non-Aggression Pacts Japan invaded Manchuria (1932)Japan invaded Manchuria (1932)

China (1937)China (1937) French Indochina (1940)French Indochina (1940) Bombed U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Bombed U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl

Harbor (1941)Harbor (1941) Wake Island (1941)Wake Island (1941)

Allied NationsAllied Nations Great BritainGreat Britain France (until 1940)France (until 1940) United States (1941)United States (1941) Soviet Union (1943)Soviet Union (1943) China (1943)China (1943) Italy joins in 1943Italy joins in 1943 Many smaller nationsMany smaller nations

WeaponryWeaponry Improvements made to:Improvements made to:

TanksTanks Machine guns/riflesMachine guns/rifles ArtilleryArtillery SubmarinesSubmarines Battleships & DestroyersBattleships & Destroyers

Aircraft used more Aircraft used more effectively:effectively: German LuftwaffeGerman Luftwaffe British Royal Air Force British Royal Air Force U.S. Army Air CorpsU.S. Army Air Corps Imperial Japanese Naval Air Imperial Japanese Naval Air

ForceForce Air Craft CarriersAir Craft Carriers

By 1942, dominated naval By 1942, dominated naval warfarewarfare

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg German word for “Lightning German word for “Lightning

War”War” Fast moving tanks (Panzers) Fast moving tanks (Panzers)

and ground forcesand ground forces Mixed with air coverMixed with air cover

LuftwaffeLuftwaffe Effectively used against:Effectively used against:

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia PolandPoland HollandHolland DenmarkDenmark NorwayNorway BelgiumBelgium FranceFrance Soviet UnionSoviet Union

War Time LeadersWar Time Leaders Great Britain: Prime Minister Winston ChurchillGreat Britain: Prime Minister Winston Churchill United States: President Franklin D. RooseveltUnited States: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Free-French Forces: General Charles De GaulleFree-French Forces: General Charles De Gaulle

and General Henri Giraudand General Henri Giraud Soviet Union: Premier Joseph StalinSoviet Union: Premier Joseph Stalin Nationalist China: General Chiang Kai-chekNationalist China: General Chiang Kai-chek Germany: Adolf HitlerGermany: Adolf Hitler Italy: Benito MussoliniItaly: Benito Mussolini Japan: Emperor Hirohito & Japan: Emperor Hirohito &

Prime Minister Hideki TojoPrime Minister Hideki Tojo

19401940 April 9: Germany invades Denmark and April 9: Germany invades Denmark and

NorwayNorway May 10: Germany invades Holland, May 10: Germany invades Holland,

Belgium, LuxembourgBelgium, Luxembourg September:September:

U.S. begins military draftU.S. begins military draft Begins building air and naval fleetBegins building air and naval fleet Begins aiding AlliesBegins aiding Allies Japan joins Axis (Tripartite Pact): Japan joins Axis (Tripartite Pact):

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis formedRome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis formed November: President Franklin Roosevelt November: President Franklin Roosevelt

elected to third termelected to third term

Germany Conquers FranceGermany Conquers France Invades on June 5, 1940Invades on June 5, 1940 German Blitzkrieg goes around French German Blitzkrieg goes around French

Maginot LineMaginot Line Along French-German borderAlong French-German border

Invades through BelgiumInvades through Belgium Splits Allied lines in twoSplits Allied lines in two Manstein PlanManstein Plan

Half of Allied forces fled to DunkirkHalf of Allied forces fled to Dunkirk Churchill has them rescuedChurchill has them rescued

Rest of Allied forces surrender within Rest of Allied forces surrender within daysdays Including Paris Including Paris

June 14June 14 French government flees to BordeauxFrench government flees to Bordeaux Germans install French Vichy Germans install French Vichy

government government in the southin the south Lasts until Allied liberation in August of Lasts until Allied liberation in August of

19441944

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain Lasts from August through September 1940Lasts from August through September 1940 Fought in skies over BritainFought in skies over Britain Original plan:Original plan:

Luftwaffe bombs RAF spitfires on the groundLuftwaffe bombs RAF spitfires on the ground Then bomb RAF radar towersThen bomb RAF radar towers Then bomb major British citiesThen bomb major British cities Force British to surrender without invasionForce British to surrender without invasion

Luftwaffe gets boredLuftwaffe gets bored Begins bombing London and major citiesBegins bombing London and major cities

Causes much damage & loss of lifeCauses much damage & loss of life Winston Churchill wills his people to “never Winston Churchill wills his people to “never

surrender”surrender” British RAF holds off LuftwaffeBritish RAF holds off Luftwaffe Forces Hitler to abandon plans of invasionForces Hitler to abandon plans of invasion Moral victory for BritishMoral victory for British Bombing would continue intermittently Bombing would continue intermittently

through out warthrough out war

Battle of AtlanticBattle of Atlantic Lasts from 1940-1945Lasts from 1940-1945 British and U.S. Navy British and U.S. Navy

(Atlantic Fleet) square off (Atlantic Fleet) square off against German fleetagainst German fleet

Used battleships, Used battleships, destroyers, submarinesdestroyers, submarines

Aircraft Carriers make an Aircraft Carriers make an appearance later in warappearance later in war

Allied forces eventually Allied forces eventually prevailprevail

19411941 March 11: Lend-Lease Act March 11: Lend-Lease Act

passedpassed U.S. would lend and lease U.S. would lend and lease

used ships and planes to used ships and planes to BritishBritish

Proposed by RooseveltProposed by Roosevelt Passed by CongressPassed by Congress Helped U.S. economyHelped U.S. economy

August 14: Atlantic August 14: Atlantic Charter proposedCharter proposed Endorsed by Churchill and Endorsed by Churchill and

RooseveltRoosevelt At Atlantic ConferenceAt Atlantic Conference Met off coast of Met off coast of

NewfoundlandNewfoundland Vision of post-war worldVision of post-war world Led to creation of United Led to creation of United

Nations in 1945Nations in 1945

8 Points of Atlantic Charter8 Points of Atlantic Charter

No territorial gains were to be sought by the No territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United Kingdom. United States or the United Kingdom.

Territorial adjustments must be in accord Territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples concerned. with the wishes of the peoples concerned.

All peoples had a right to self-determination. All peoples had a right to self-determination. Trade barriers were to be lowered. Trade barriers were to be lowered. There was to be global economic cooperation There was to be global economic cooperation

and advancement of social welfare. and advancement of social welfare. Freedom from want and fear.Freedom from want and fear. Freedom of the seas.Freedom of the seas. Disarmament of aggressor nations, postwar Disarmament of aggressor nations, postwar

common disarmament.common disarmament.

Germany invades Soviet Germany invades Soviet UnionUnion

Blitzkrieg begins early on Blitzkrieg begins early on the morning of June 22, the morning of June 22, 19411941 Called Operation BarbarossaCalled Operation Barbarossa

Violated the non-Violated the non-aggression pactaggression pact

September: German forces September: German forces had reached the gates of had reached the gates of Leningrad in the north Leningrad in the north Smolensk in the center and Smolensk in the center and

Dnepropetrovsk in the southDnepropetrovsk in the south German units reached the German units reached the

outskirts of Moscow in outskirts of Moscow in early December early December

Yet after months of Yet after months of campaigning, the German campaigning, the German army was exhausted army was exhausted Germans expected a rapid Germans expected a rapid

Soviet collapse Soviet collapse Planners failed to equip their Planners failed to equip their

troops for winter warfare troops for winter warfare Speedy German advance had Speedy German advance had

caused the forces to outrun caused the forces to outrun their supply lines their supply lines

Like Napoleon, Hitler’s Like Napoleon, Hitler’s forces got trapped in a forces got trapped in a Russian WinterRussian Winter

In December, the Soviet In December, the Soviet Union launched a major Union launched a major counterattack against the counterattack against the center of the front center of the front Driving the Germans back from Driving the Germans back from

Moscow in chaosMoscow in chaos

Japan bombs Pearl HarborJapan bombs Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941December 7, 1941 Plan was to knock out U.S. Plan was to knock out U.S.

Pacific FleetPacific Fleet Would allow Japan to expand Would allow Japan to expand

into Central and South Pacificinto Central and South Pacific First wave attacked at 7:53AMFirst wave attacked at 7:53AM

Second wave at 9AMSecond wave at 9AM Japanese sunk USS Arizona, Japanese sunk USS Arizona,

Oklahoma, Utah, West Virginia Oklahoma, Utah, West Virginia and other battleshipsand other battleships

Bombed planes at nearby Bombed planes at nearby Hickam Field and other air fieldsHickam Field and other air fields

Third wave wasn’t launched Third wave wasn’t launched because Japanese felt element because Japanese felt element of surprise was goneof surprise was gone

Failed to hit oil tanks Failed to hit oil tanks Failed to hit U.S. aircraft Failed to hit U.S. aircraft

carriers: Lexington, Hornet, carriers: Lexington, Hornet, EnterpriseEnterprise

Were at seaWere at sea U.S. and Great Britain declares U.S. and Great Britain declares

war on Japan on December 8war on Japan on December 8 Germany declare war on U.S. on Germany declare war on U.S. on

December 9December 9 Japanese also captured Guam on Japanese also captured Guam on

December 7thDecember 7th

1942 Pacific1942 Pacific January 7-April 9: Battle of BataanJanuary 7-April 9: Battle of Bataan

American-Filipino forces hold on for American-Filipino forces hold on for months against Japanese invasionmonths against Japanese invasion

FDR demands that Allied Commander FDR demands that Allied Commander Douglas MacArthur evacuate to AustraliaDouglas MacArthur evacuate to Australia

Allied troops finally surrender in AprilAllied troops finally surrender in April Prisoners are taken on Bataan Death Prisoners are taken on Bataan Death

March through the jungleMarch through the jungle Many die along way to Camp O’DonnellMany die along way to Camp O’Donnell

February 27: Battle of Java SeaFebruary 27: Battle of Java Sea Japanese try to invade Dutch East IndiesJapanese try to invade Dutch East Indies Allied forces intercept Japanese convoyAllied forces intercept Japanese convoy Allies forced to retreatAllies forced to retreat 11stst encounter with Japanese since Pearl encounter with Japanese since Pearl

HarborHarbor May 6: Corregidor falls to JapaneseMay 6: Corregidor falls to Japanese

Island fortress in Manila BayIsland fortress in Manila Bay American signal station thereAmerican signal station there Japanese occupy PhilippinesJapanese occupy Philippines

Allies Turn The Tide in the Allies Turn The Tide in the PacificPacific

April 18: Doolittle RaidApril 18: Doolittle Raid U.S. bombers attack military and industrial targets around TokyoU.S. bombers attack military and industrial targets around Tokyo Showed Japanese were vulnerable to air attackShowed Japanese were vulnerable to air attack

Retaliation for Pearl HarborRetaliation for Pearl Harbor May 7-8: Battle of Coral Sea--indecisiveMay 7-8: Battle of Coral Sea--indecisive

11stst battle completely fought by aircraft carriers battle completely fought by aircraft carriers Japanese sink more ships than AlliesJapanese sink more ships than Allies But Allies force Japanese to abandon plan to invade AustraliaBut Allies force Japanese to abandon plan to invade Australia

June 3-6: Battle of MidwayJune 3-6: Battle of Midway U.S. learns of Japanese plan to invade Midway IslandU.S. learns of Japanese plan to invade Midway Island Sink 4 Japanese carriersSink 4 Japanese carriers Turning point of war for U.S. NavyTurning point of war for U.S. Navy

June 6-7: Allies begin campaign to retake Aleutians from June 6-7: Allies begin campaign to retake Aleutians from JapaneseJapanese

August 21: Battle of Guadalcanal BeginsAugust 21: Battle of Guadalcanal Begins Allied strategy of “island hopping” beginsAllied strategy of “island hopping” begins Japanese had taken island to build airbase there for Australian Japanese had taken island to build airbase there for Australian

invasioninvasion Japanese hold on for six months against Allied invasionJapanese hold on for six months against Allied invasion One of bloodiest battles of Pacific theatreOne of bloodiest battles of Pacific theatre Allies take island on February 9, 1943Allies take island on February 9, 1943 Begins Allies Solomon Island CampaignBegins Allies Solomon Island Campaign

1942 Europe1942 Europe August 21-February 2, 1943: Battle of StalingradAugust 21-February 2, 1943: Battle of Stalingrad

Hitler’s forces try and take the strategic city on the Volga Hitler’s forces try and take the strategic city on the Volga RiverRiver

Then would march south into the oil fields of the Middle EastThen would march south into the oil fields of the Middle East Germans have success in early monthsGermans have success in early months Soviets get reinforcementsSoviets get reinforcements By February, Soviets force German army to retreatBy February, Soviets force German army to retreat 11stst large-scale defeat for Germans in Europe large-scale defeat for Germans in Europe

October 23-November 5: Battle of El-AlameinOctober 23-November 5: Battle of El-Alamein Rommel’s Afrika Korps tries to take Egypt and Suez Canal Rommel’s Afrika Korps tries to take Egypt and Suez Canal

from Britishfrom British British under General Bernard Montgomery hold off British under General Bernard Montgomery hold off

Germans and secure EgyptGermans and secure Egypt November 8: Operation Torch--U.S. forces land in November 8: Operation Torch--U.S. forces land in

North AfricaNorth Africa North African Campaign beginsNorth African Campaign begins U.S. troops to aid British in liberating Morocco, Algeria, U.S. troops to aid British in liberating Morocco, Algeria,

TunisiaTunisia

1943 Europe1943 Europe January 12-24: Casablanca ConferenceJanuary 12-24: Casablanca Conference

Churchill and Roosevelt meetChurchill and Roosevelt meet Discuss Sicilian and Italian CampaignsDiscuss Sicilian and Italian Campaigns

February 20-22: Battle of Kasserine PassFebruary 20-22: Battle of Kasserine Pass Rommel’s Afrika Korps defeats Allied forcesRommel’s Afrika Korps defeats Allied forces

May 13: Allied victory in TunisiaMay 13: Allied victory in Tunisia End of the North African CampaignEnd of the North African Campaign

July 9-August 17: Allied invasion of SicilyJuly 9-August 17: Allied invasion of Sicily Allies liberate from Axis controlAllies liberate from Axis control

September 3: Allies land at Reggio di CalabriaSeptember 3: Allies land at Reggio di Calabria Italian campaign beginsItalian campaign begins Southern Italy surrenders to Allies; Northern Italy remains in Axis Southern Italy surrenders to Allies; Northern Italy remains in Axis

controlcontrol September 9: 1September 9: 1stst wave lands at Paestum wave lands at Paestum September 10: Allies land at SalernoSeptember 10: Allies land at Salerno September 12-14: 2September 12-14: 2ndnd wave lands at Paestum wave lands at Paestum October 1: Allies land at NaplesOctober 1: Allies land at Naples October 13: Italy declares war on GermanyOctober 13: Italy declares war on Germany November 28-December 1: Allied leaders meet at Tehran November 28-December 1: Allied leaders meet at Tehran

ConferenceConference Joseph Stalin meets with Churchill and Roosevelt for the first timeJoseph Stalin meets with Churchill and Roosevelt for the first time Stalin demanded a Second Front be openedStalin demanded a Second Front be opened Discuss Allied invasion of western EuropeDiscuss Allied invasion of western Europe

1943 Pacific1943 Pacific November 1: Battle of Empress November 1: Battle of Empress

August BayAugust Bay U.S. Navy victoriousU.S. Navy victorious Secures landings at BougainvilleSecures landings at Bougainville

November 1-December 24: November 1-December 24: Battle of BougainvilleBattle of Bougainville Allied forces liberate the islandAllied forces liberate the island Ends the Solomon Islands CampaignEnds the Solomon Islands Campaign

November 21-24: Battles of November 21-24: Battles of Tarawa and Makin atollsTarawa and Makin atolls Tarawa one of the bloodiest Tarawa one of the bloodiest

conflictsconflicts U.S. Marines invasion helps liberate U.S. Marines invasion helps liberate

islandisland Allies liberate Gilbert IslandsAllies liberate Gilbert Islands

1944 Europe1944 Europe January 22: Allied January 22: Allied

invasion of Anzio Beachinvasion of Anzio Beach February 14-March 31: February 14-March 31:

Battle of AnzioBattle of Anzio Allies pinned down on Allies pinned down on

beach for weeksbeach for weeks Finally force Axis retreatFinally force Axis retreat

May 11-18: Battle of May 11-18: Battle of Monte CassinoMonte Cassino Germans take refuge in Germans take refuge in

ancient monasteryancient monastery Allies bomb and cause Allies bomb and cause

major destructionmajor destruction June 4: Allies liberate June 4: Allies liberate

RomeRome

D-Day: June 6thD-Day: June 6th Allied invasion of Normandy, Allied invasion of Normandy,

FranceFrance Called “Operation Overlord”Called “Operation Overlord”

Paratroopers “jumped” in behind Paratroopers “jumped” in behind German lines the night beforeGerman lines the night before

Helped secured beach landingsHelped secured beach landings Bombardment from armada Bombardment from armada

before landingsbefore landings Troops came ashore before 7AMTroops came ashore before 7AM

Landings at Omaha, Utah, Sword, Landings at Omaha, Utah, Sword, Gold, and Juno beachesGold, and Juno beaches

Heaviest opposition and Heaviest opposition and casualties at Omaha Beachcasualties at Omaha Beach

Allies finally come ashore and Allies finally come ashore and take coastal region and townstake coastal region and towns

Takes them several months to Takes them several months to “breakout” from coast“breakout” from coast

Many regard D-Day as most Many regard D-Day as most important event of 20important event of 20thth Century Century

August 15: Allied invasion of August 15: Allied invasion of Southern FranceSouthern France Operation Anvil/DragoonOperation Anvil/Dragoon Allies liberate France and Allies liberate France and

march toward German bordermarch toward German border August 25: Allies liberate August 25: Allies liberate

ParisParis

Operation Market GardenOperation Market Garden Allied invasion of HollandAllied invasion of Holland

September 17-25September 17-25 Allied plan to invade Allied plan to invade

Germany through HollandGermany through Holland Allied paratroopers make Allied paratroopers make

“jump” into occupied territory“jump” into occupied territory Initially a successInitially a success

Allies capture Waal Bridge at Allies capture Waal Bridge at NijmegenNijmegen

Eventually failedEventually failed Allied plan to advance across Allied plan to advance across

Rhine at Arnhem had to be Rhine at Arnhem had to be abandonedabandoned

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge December 16-January 31, December 16-January 31,

19451945 Also known as Battle of the Also known as Battle of the

ArdennesArdennes Germans launch massive Germans launch massive

offense against Allied lines in offense against Allied lines in BelgiumBelgium

Near town of BastogneNear town of Bastogne Cause a “bulge” in Allied linesCause a “bulge” in Allied lines Allies get reinforcementsAllies get reinforcements Within weeks, drive Germans Within weeks, drive Germans

backback Force German retreatForce German retreat Last German offensive of warLast German offensive of war

1944 Pacific1944 Pacific February 1-8: Allies take KwajaleinFebruary 1-8: Allies take Kwajalein February 18-23: Allies take Truk and February 18-23: Allies take Truk and

EniwetokEniwetok Ends Marshall Islands CampaignEnds Marshall Islands Campaign

April 22: Allies take Hollandia, New April 22: Allies take Hollandia, New GuineaGuinea

Allies liberate New Guinea on September Allies liberate New Guinea on September 1717

June 15-July 9: Allies retake SaipanJune 15-July 9: Allies retake Saipan June 19-20: Battle of Philippine SeaJune 19-20: Battle of Philippine Sea

Also known as the “Marianas Turkey Also known as the “Marianas Turkey Shoot”Shoot”

U.S. Naval forces victorious over JapaneseU.S. Naval forces victorious over Japanese July 21-August 10: Allies retake GuamJuly 21-August 10: Allies retake Guam July 24-August 1: Allies retake TinianJuly 24-August 1: Allies retake Tinian

End of Mariana Islands campaignEnd of Mariana Islands campaign October 23-26: Battle of Leyte GulfOctober 23-26: Battle of Leyte Gulf

Last major naval encounter in PacificLast major naval encounter in Pacific Victory allows Allies to land in PhilippinesVictory allows Allies to land in Philippines Campaign would last until May 8, 1945Campaign would last until May 8, 1945

1945 Europe1945 Europe February 4-11: Allies leaders meet at YaltaFebruary 4-11: Allies leaders meet at Yalta

Last time Roosevelt would meet with Churchill and Last time Roosevelt would meet with Churchill and StalinStalin

Discuss plan for end of the European warDiscuss plan for end of the European war Getting the Soviets involved in Pacific warGetting the Soviets involved in Pacific war

February-March: Allies liberate Belgium, Luxembourg, February-March: Allies liberate Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlandsand the Netherlands

March 7: Allies secure the Ludendorff Bridge at March 7: Allies secure the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen Remagen

Last standing span over the Rhine Last standing span over the Rhine Allies cross the Rhine RiverAllies cross the Rhine River

April 12: President Roosevelt diesApril 12: President Roosevelt dies Harry S. Truman becomes presidentHarry S. Truman becomes president

April 29: Italian Campaign ends in Allied victoryApril 29: Italian Campaign ends in Allied victory April 30: Hitler commits suicideApril 30: Hitler commits suicide May 2: Berlin surrendersMay 2: Berlin surrenders

May 4: Germany surrendersMay 4: Germany surrenders May 8: V-E DayMay 8: V-E Day

July 17-August 2: Allied leaders meet at Potsdam July 17-August 2: Allied leaders meet at Potsdam ConferenceConference

Truman and British Prime Minister Atlee meet Joseph Truman and British Prime Minister Atlee meet Joseph Stalin for 1Stalin for 1stst time time

Discuss ending Post-war Europe and war in PacificDiscuss ending Post-war Europe and war in Pacific

1945 Pacific1945 Pacific February 19-March 16: Allies take Iwo JimaFebruary 19-March 16: Allies take Iwo Jima March: Allies begin massive firebombing of March: Allies begin massive firebombing of

Japanese citiesJapanese cities March 3: Allies liberate ManilaMarch 3: Allies liberate Manila April 1-June 21: Allies take OkinawaApril 1-June 21: Allies take Okinawa

Last major conflict of Pacific theatreLast major conflict of Pacific theatre May 8: Philippines Campaign endsMay 8: Philippines Campaign ends August 1: Soviet Union declares war on August 1: Soviet Union declares war on

JapanJapan Invades Manchuria and KoreaInvades Manchuria and Korea

August 6: U.S. drops atomic bomb on August 6: U.S. drops atomic bomb on HiroshimaHiroshima

August 9: U.S. drops an atomic bomb on August 9: U.S. drops an atomic bomb on NagasakiNagasaki

August 15: Japan surrendersAugust 15: Japan surrenders V-J DayV-J Day

September 2: Treaty ending war in the September 2: Treaty ending war in the Pacific signed on board USS Missouri in Pacific signed on board USS Missouri in Tokyo BayTokyo Bay