THE GREAT WARTHE GREAT WAR“World War I”“World War I”

A Local Conflict Goes GlobalA Local Conflict Goes Global

1914 - 1918

““MANIAMANIA””

Underlying causes of WWI:Underlying causes of WWI:

MMilitarism ilitarism

AAlliances lliances

NNationalism ationalism

IImperialism mperialism

AAnarchy (international)narchy (international)

MilitarismMilitarism

Glorification of War & Military Glorification of War & Military

Build up of large reserve armiesBuild up of large reserve armies MobilizationMobilization - organize resources for - organize resources for

combat (triggers other nations mobilizing) combat (triggers other nations mobilizing) • Naval ExpansionNaval Expansion – Kaiser Wilhelm II (GR) fires – Kaiser Wilhelm II (GR) fires

Bismarck and expands navy Bismarck and expands navy • wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful) wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful) • G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops new G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops new

battleship - Dreadnoughtbattleship - Dreadnought

In 1914, European armed forces stood In 1914, European armed forces stood like this:like this:

Germany: 2,200,000 soldiers, 97 warshipsGermany: 2,200,000 soldiers, 97 warships Austria-Hungary: 810,000 soldiers, 28 Austria-Hungary: 810,000 soldiers, 28

warships.warships. Italy: 750,000 soldiers, 36 warshipsItaly: 750,000 soldiers, 36 warships France: 1,125,000 soldiers, 62 warshipsFrance: 1,125,000 soldiers, 62 warships Russia: 1,200,000 soldiers, 30 warshipsRussia: 1,200,000 soldiers, 30 warships Great Britain: 711,000 soldiers, 185 Great Britain: 711,000 soldiers, 185

warshipswarships

Another thing the countries of Europe Another thing the countries of Europe did was to train did was to train allall their young men their young men so that if there was a war they could so that if there was a war they could call, not only on the call, not only on the standing armystanding army, , but on huge numbers of trained but on huge numbers of trained reservists!!! reservists!!!

AlliancesAlliances

Defense Agreements Among NationsDefense Agreements Among Nations

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance - (1882) - (1882) Germany, Germany, Italy, Austria-HungaryItaly, Austria-Hungary - attempt to - attempt to isolate France isolate France

Triple EntenteTriple Entente - (1907) - (1907) France, France, Russia, Great BritianRussia, Great Britian• EntenteEntente:: Friendly understanding Friendly understanding

between nationsbetween nations

NationalismNationalism

Extreme pride in one’s nation or Extreme pride in one’s nation or desire to form a nationdesire to form a nation

French Nationalists sought revenge French Nationalists sought revenge against Germany for loss of Alsace-against Germany for loss of Alsace-LorraineLorraine

Slavic Nationalism - Slavic Nationalism - Pan-SlavismPan-Slavism: : Unify all Slavic people under one Unify all Slavic people under one empireempire

Land of Hope and Glory, Land of Hope and Glory, mother of the free...mother of the free...

God who made thee mighty, God who made thee mighty, make thee mightier yet.make thee mightier yet.

Land of Hope and GloryLand of Hope and Glory(Great Britain)(Great Britain)

Germany, Germany above all,Germany, Germany above all,over everything in the world,over everything in the world,

When it steadfastly holds together,When it steadfastly holds together,offensively and defensively.offensively and defensively.

German National AnthemGerman National Anthem

ImperialismImperialism

Domination of one country by Domination of one country by another another

Countries who believed that they Countries who believed that they were superior thought it was alright were superior thought it was alright to conquer and rule others – to conquer and rule others – particularly if they were inhabited by particularly if they were inhabited by races they thought were inferior races they thought were inferior

AnarchyAnarchy

Nations of Europe pursue policies Nations of Europe pursue policies without regard for the wishes of their without regard for the wishes of their neighborsneighbors• Land freaks!!!Land freaks!!!

No democracies!No democracies! Crisis - No international organization Crisis - No international organization

to monitorto monitor

Immediate Causes of WWIImmediate Causes of WWI

Assassination of Assassination of Archduke Francis Archduke Francis Ferdinand Ferdinand • Austria-HungarianAustria-Hungarian• June 28, 1914June 28, 1914• SarajevoSarajevo• Killed by Gavrilo Killed by Gavrilo

Princip - member of Princip - member of Serbian nationalist Serbian nationalist group called the group called the “Black Hand”“Black Hand”

Why assassinated?Why assassinated?

Ferdinand planned to give Slavs of Ferdinand planned to give Slavs of Bosnia-Herzegovina a voice in the Bosnia-Herzegovina a voice in the gov’t equal to that of Austria-gov’t equal to that of Austria-Hungarians Hungarians

This This threatenedthreatened the movement for a the movement for a separate Slavic stateseparate Slavic state

What happens next?What happens next?

A-H hold Serbians responsible A-H hold Serbians responsible A-H seeks assurance (backup) from A-H seeks assurance (backup) from

Germany in event of war Germany in event of war • Germany issues “Blank Check” to A-Germany issues “Blank Check” to A-

H H • Kaiser Wilhelm II gives full support Kaiser Wilhelm II gives full support

to any actions A-H might take to any actions A-H might take against Serbiaagainst Serbia

Tension!!!Tension!!!

A-H issues A-H issues ultimatumultimatum to Serbia to Serbia • set of final conditions that must be accepted to set of final conditions that must be accepted to

avoid severe consequencesavoid severe consequences Demands that Serbia allow A-H officials Demands that Serbia allow A-H officials

into country to suppress all rebellious into country to suppress all rebellious movements & conduct investigation movements & conduct investigation

Gives Serbia 48 hours to agree or face war Gives Serbia 48 hours to agree or face war Serbia does not agree to all parts Serbia does not agree to all parts A-H A-H

declares war on Serbia! (July 28, 1914)declares war on Serbia! (July 28, 1914)

Other Countries Get InvolvedOther Countries Get Involved

Russia (friend of the Serbs) mobilizes Russia (friend of the Serbs) mobilizes troops along borders of Germany & troops along borders of Germany & A-H A-H

Germany warns Russia to stop - they Germany warns Russia to stop - they don’t! don’t!

Germany issues ultimatum to France Germany issues ultimatum to France – 18 hours to decide if it would – 18 hours to decide if it would support Russia – France implies it support Russia – France implies it would support Russia would support Russia

Allies with Russia

Declarations of WarDeclarations of War

Germany declares war on Russia Germany declares war on Russia • Aug 1, 1914Aug 1, 1914

Germany declares war on France Germany declares war on France • Aug 3, 1914Aug 3, 1914

Great Britain still hoped to remain Great Britain still hoped to remain neutral and not go to war, but…neutral and not go to war, but…

Germany Invades Belgium!Germany Invades Belgium!

Germany demands passage across Germany demands passage across Belgium to fight France Belgium to fight France • (*Part of Schlieffen Plan) (*Part of Schlieffen Plan)

British protest demand made by British protest demand made by Germany upon Germany upon neutralneutral nation of nation of Belgium Belgium • 1839 Treaty signed by G.B., Russia, 1839 Treaty signed by G.B., Russia,

France & Germany guaranteed France & Germany guaranteed Belgium’s neutralityBelgium’s neutrality

Germany invades Belgium anywayGermany invades Belgium anyway G.B. demands they withdraw G.B. demands they withdraw Germany responds calling treatyGermany responds calling treaty

““a scrap of paper” a scrap of paper”

G.B. declares war on Germany G.B. declares war on Germany • Aug 4, 1914Aug 4, 1914

The Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s invasion of Belgium was Germany’s invasion of Belgium was part of this planpart of this plan

Germany had enemies to East & Germany had enemies to East & West & West & did not want to fight a war on did not want to fight a war on both fronts at the same time both fronts at the same time

Believed Russia would be slow to Believed Russia would be slow to mobilize and that they could fight & mobilize and that they could fight & defeat France (W. Front) first in 6 defeat France (W. Front) first in 6 weeks & then fight Russia on Eastern weeks & then fight Russia on Eastern Front Front

developed by Germany’s Chief of General developed by Germany’s Chief of General Staff Count von SchlieffenStaff Count von Schlieffen

Invade France in one crushing blowInvade France in one crushing blow• based on the fact that France did not build any based on the fact that France did not build any

of their defense systems along the of their defense systems along the BelgiumBelgium border thus leaving the backdoor to France border thus leaving the backdoor to France wide openwide open

Von Schlieffen calculated that it would Von Schlieffen calculated that it would take Russia at least six weeks to organize take Russia at least six weeks to organize its large Army for an attack on Germany.its large Army for an attack on Germany.

Schlieffen's plan involved using 90% of Schlieffen's plan involved using 90% of Germany's armed forces to attack FranceGermany's armed forces to attack France

Allies vs. Central PowersAllies vs. Central Powers AlliesAllies

• Great BritainGreat Britain• RussiaRussia• ItalyItaly• FranceFrance• United States – April 6, 1917United States – April 6, 1917

Central PowersCentral Powers• GermanyGermany• Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary• TurkeyTurkey• BulgariaBulgaria

ExpectationsExpectations

Both sides thought the war would be a Both sides thought the war would be a quick ordeal… quick ordeal…

Kaiser told his soldiers, “you’ll be home Kaiser told his soldiers, “you’ll be home before the leaves have fallen from the before the leaves have fallen from the trees.” trees.”

They underestimated the role They underestimated the role industrialization would play in this war – industrialization would play in this war – development of weaponsdevelopment of weapons

Russia, because of its size was considered Russia, because of its size was considered a “steamroller” – how untrue!a “steamroller” – how untrue!

Types of WarfareTypes of Warfare War in trenchesWar in trenches

• poisonous gasespoisonous gases• Machine gunsMachine guns• TanksTanks• No Man’s LandNo Man’s Land

War at SeaWar at Sea• SubmarinesSubmarines

War in the AirWar in the Air• AirplanesAirplanes• ZeppelinsZeppelins

World War I was the catalyst for more major World War I was the catalyst for more major military technological innovations than any military technological innovations than any

other war in history! other war in history!

Warfare of the Great Warfare of the Great WarWar

War of the SeaWar of the Sea

Royal NavyRoyal Navy Merchant shipsMerchant ships

• Cargo shipsCargo ships• Plant underwater minesPlant underwater mines

U-BoatU-Boat

Unterseeboot – German term Unterseeboot – German term Attacked merchant convoys bringing Attacked merchant convoys bringing

supplies to Allied forces from US and supplies to Allied forces from US and CanadaCanada

Sank three American merchant ships Sank three American merchant ships in 1917 – prompting US to enter warin 1917 – prompting US to enter war

TorpedoesTorpedoes

Torpedoes were used by submarinesTorpedoes were used by submarines The Germans used torpedoes to blow The Germans used torpedoes to blow

up ships carrying supplies from America up ships carrying supplies from America to Britainto Britain

The Germans torpedoed the passenger The Germans torpedoed the passenger liner Lusitania on May liner Lusitania on May 7th7th, 1915, 1915• 1,195 lives are lost1,195 lives are lost• Americans were outraged and joined the Americans were outraged and joined the

war in 1917 on the side of the allies.war in 1917 on the side of the allies.

U-boat garageU-boat garage

Convoy of merchant ships and battleships

War of the AirWar of the Air

PlanesPlanes

Used to deliver bombsUsed to deliver bombs Spy workSpy work Later became fighter aircraft armed with Later became fighter aircraft armed with

machine guns, bombs and some times machine guns, bombs and some times cannonscannons

DogfightsDogfights• Fights between two planes in the skyFights between two planes in the sky

ZeppelinZeppelin

BlimpBlimp Greatly used by GermansGreatly used by Germans Used for passenger transport and Used for passenger transport and

military purposesmilitary purposes• Bombing, machine guns, and scoutingBombing, machine guns, and scouting

Not very successful!Not very successful!• Vulnerable to gunfireVulnerable to gunfire

Most successful as reconnaissance Most successful as reconnaissance – lead German ships to Allied ships – lead German ships to Allied ships in Sea in Sea

War on LandWar on Land

TrenchesTrenches• Good ones were Good ones were

built in a zig-zag built in a zig-zag patternpattern

• Underground citiesUnderground cities Western frontWestern front

• 6,000 miles of 6,000 miles of trenchestrenches

Machine GunsMachine Guns

4-6 men to work them4-6 men to work them Had to be on a flat surfaceHad to be on a flat surface Fire-power of 100 gunsFire-power of 100 guns

No Man’s LandNo Man’s Land

Area of land between opposing Area of land between opposing trenchestrenches

Many men died within first days of Many men died within first days of war because of the allure of it war because of the allure of it (peering over the edge – sniper (peering over the edge – sniper bullet)bullet)

TanksTanks

““Little Willie”Little Willie” Daimler engine (Chrysler), Daimler engine (Chrysler),

caterpillar track, crew of 3caterpillar track, crew of 3 Maximum speed was 3mphMaximum speed was 3mph COULD NOT cross trenchesCOULD NOT cross trenches End of War – modernized tankEnd of War – modernized tank

• Fits 10 menFits 10 men• Revolving turret (gun)Revolving turret (gun)• 4mph4mph

ChlorineChlorine

German army were the first to use chlorine gas German army were the first to use chlorine gas in 1915in 1915

Chlorine gas causes a burning sensation in the Chlorine gas causes a burning sensation in the throat and chest painsthroat and chest pains

Death is painful - you suffocate! Death is painful - you suffocate! The problem with chlorine gas is that the The problem with chlorine gas is that the

weather must be right. If the wind is in the wrong weather must be right. If the wind is in the wrong direction it could end up killing your own troops direction it could end up killing your own troops rather than the enemyrather than the enemy

Mustard GasMustard Gas

Mustard gas was the most deadly weapon Mustard gas was the most deadly weapon usedused

Fired into the trenches in shellsFired into the trenches in shells Colorless and takes 12 hours to take effectColorless and takes 12 hours to take effect Effects include: blistering skin, vomiting, sore Effects include: blistering skin, vomiting, sore

eyes, internal and external bleedingeyes, internal and external bleeding Very painful – victims had to be tied to bed!Very painful – victims had to be tied to bed! Death can take up to 5 weeksDeath can take up to 5 weeks Remain in soil for several more weeksRemain in soil for several more weeks

Trench ProblemsTrench Problems

LiceLice

Would breed in the seams of filthy clothing Would breed in the seams of filthy clothing (warm areas) and cause uncontrollable (warm areas) and cause uncontrollable itching itching

Lice caused Trench FeverLice caused Trench Fever• painful disease that began suddenly with painful disease that began suddenly with

severe pain followed by high feversevere pain followed by high fever• Recovery - away from the trenches - took up to Recovery - away from the trenches - took up to

twelve weeks.  twelve weeks.  Lice were not actually identified as the Lice were not actually identified as the

culprit of Trench Fever until 1918culprit of Trench Fever until 1918

RatsRats

Millions of them infected trenchesMillions of them infected trenches Black and brown ratsBlack and brown rats Gorge themselves on human remainsGorge themselves on human remains

• disfigured dead bodies by eating disfigured dead bodies by eating their eyes and livertheir eyes and liver

• could grow to the size of a cat could grow to the size of a cat A single rat couple could produce up A single rat couple could produce up

to 900 offspring in a year – ultimately to 900 offspring in a year – ultimately spreading infection and spreading infection and contaminating food.contaminating food.

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Why did it take so long for Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the America to get involved in the

war?war?• America was isolationist America was isolationist • ““Why should I get involved in Why should I get involved in

someone else’s problems”someone else’s problems”

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Which side should the US pick?Which side should the US pick?

•11 million German-Americans •Irish-Americans hated Great Britain

•Close cultural ties •Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories)•Big business loaned much $ to allies

Central Powers: Allies:

Nations 1914 1915 1916 Britain $594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102 France $159,818,924 $364,397,170 $628,851,988 Germany $344,794,276 $28,863,354 $288,899

US Exports to both sides:

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What did it take to get the US What did it take to get the US involved?involved?1. Blockades

•Britain blockaded (stopped) all German ships going to America

•Germany announced a submarine war around Britain

Y-53 German Submarine 1916

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What did it take to get the US What did it take to get the US involved?involved?1. Blockades

•In May, 1915 Germany told Americans to stay off of British ships

•They could/would sink them

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What did it take to get the US What did it take to get the US involved?involved?1. Blockades

•Lusitania torpedoed, sinking with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans)

•Was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunition

German Propaganda Justifying Lusitania sinking

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What did it take to get the US What did it take to get the US involved?involved?1. Blockades

•The US sharply criticized Germany for their action

•Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the future

Note in Bottle After Lusitania Disaster

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What did it take to get the US What did it take to get the US involved?involved?2. Unlimited Submarine Warfare

•1917 Germany announced “unlimited submarine warfare” in the war zone

Why? Otherwise their blockade would not be successful

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What did it take to get the US What did it take to get the US involved?involved?3. Zimmerman Note

•US intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico,

•It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back in return for an alliance

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What did it take to get the US What did it take to get the US involved?involved?

•Zimmerman Note + the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war

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Thinking Slide:Thinking Slide:

•Should we tell the story of WWI with Germany as the “bad guy”? Explain.

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How was the war looking How was the war looking for the allies?for the allies?

•Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917

•Made it a one front war for Germany - all its troops could concentrate on France

Not Good...

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Convincing the American Convincing the American PeoplePeople

Posters - Gee!!Posters - Gee!!

•How do you think this poster helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea?

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Convincing the American Convincing the American PeoplePeople

1. War to End All Wars

Idealism: 2 Goals For War:

2. Making the World Safe for Democracy

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Convincing the American Convincing the American PeoplePeople

Idealism: Fourteen Points

What? President Wilson’s Plan for after the war

•Fourteen promises, including freedom of the seas & a League of Nations to work for peace

President Woodrow Wilson

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What did the US do to help? What did the US do to help?

• US US provided provided the food, the food, money, money, and fresh and fresh toops toops needed needed to win the to win the warwar

American Troops March Through London

Supplies:

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How did the War Affect the US?How did the War Affect the US?Women

•Women filled factory jobs

•May have led 19th Ammendment after the war (Gave women the right to vote)

•Black soldiers still served in Segregated Units

African Americans

•“Great Migration” - thousands of African Americans moved North to work in factories

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How did the War Affect the US?How did the War Affect the US?Enforcing Loyalty

•Hatred of all things German

•Ex. “Liberty Cabbage”

•Espionage Act 1917 & Sedition Act of 1918 punished those against the war (many labor leaders)

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The ArmisticeThe Armistice

Marks the official end of WWIMarks the official end of WWI November 11, 1918 – 11am fighting November 11, 1918 – 11am fighting

on Western Front ceases (11/11 at on Western Front ceases (11/11 at 11!)11!)

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles January 1919 January 1919 Paris, FranceParis, France Leader present from 4 great powersLeader present from 4 great powers

• Woodrow Wilson (US)Woodrow Wilson (US) 14 points and the League of Nations14 points and the League of Nations

• Georges Clemenceau (France)Georges Clemenceau (France) Impossible for Germany to wage war againImpossible for Germany to wage war again

• David Lloyd George (Britain)David Lloyd George (Britain) Wanted GB to remain independentWanted GB to remain independent

• Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Wanted territorial rewards promised back in Wanted territorial rewards promised back in

19151915

Punishments on GermanyPunishments on Germany The German ArmyThe German Army was limited to 100,000 was limited to 100,000

menmen• Was not to possess any heavy artilleryWas not to possess any heavy artillery• The general staff was abolishedThe general staff was abolished• The navy was to be reduced.The navy was to be reduced.• No air force would be permitted, and the No air force would be permitted, and the

production of military planes was production of military planes was forbidden. forbidden.

The TreatyThe Treaty obligated the Germans to pay obligated the Germans to pay reparations amounting to over £15 billion to reparations amounting to over £15 billion to the Allies. the Allies.

More...More... Alsace-LorraineAlsace-Lorraine was to be returned to was to be returned to

France, and Poland regained its France, and Poland regained its independence. independence.

GermanyGermany was to pay for all civilian was to pay for all civilian damages caused during the war. This damages caused during the war. This burden, combined with payment of burden, combined with payment of reparations to the Allies of great quantities reparations to the Allies of great quantities of industrial goods, merchant shipping, of industrial goods, merchant shipping, and raw materials, was and raw materials, was expected to expected to prevent Germany from being able to prevent Germany from being able to finance any major military effort.finance any major military effort.

Treaty BackfiresTreaty Backfires

How do we know this?How do we know this?• WWII – Adolf Hitler!WWII – Adolf Hitler!

The punishment was so severe, that it The punishment was so severe, that it wiped out any chance of a democracy in wiped out any chance of a democracy in GermanyGermany• Thus, it give opportunity for someone to rise up Thus, it give opportunity for someone to rise up

in a militaristic dictatorship to re-unify the in a militaristic dictatorship to re-unify the peoplepeople

WWI set us up for WWII!!!WWI set us up for WWII!!!

War Facts War Facts

Lasted 4 years, 3 months, and 14 Lasted 4 years, 3 months, and 14 daysdays

Cost $282 billion for all countries Cost $282 billion for all countries involved – 20involved – 20thth century cost! century cost!

Total soldiers – 65 millionTotal soldiers – 65 million 8+ million soldiers killed 8+ million soldiers killed

• – – over 5,000/dayover 5,000/day Another 21million are woundedAnother 21million are wounded Over 6 million civilian deathsOver 6 million civilian deaths

Casualties of AlliesCasualties of Allies

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

Mobilized Killed

Russia

France

GB

Italy

US5,000,000+

Casualties of Central PowersCasualties of Central Powers

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

Mobilized Killed

Germany

A.H.

Turkey

Bulgaria3,000,000+

Final ThoughtFinal Thought

The war we have just been through,The war we have just been through,though it was shot through with though it was shot through with terror, is not to be compared with the terror, is not to be compared with the war we would have to face next time. war we would have to face next time.

- Woodrow Wilson- Woodrow Wilson