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SocialStudies

World Cultures and Geography

Houghton Mifflin

Unit Resources

Organized for the Way You Teach

■ Reading Skills and Strategies Support■ Vocabulary Practice

Unit 6

Unit 6: Africa South of the Sahara

Unit 6 Almanac Map Practice 143

Unit 6 Data File Practice 144

Chapter 17: Africa South of theSahara: Geography and History

Lesson 1 Reading Skill and Strategy 145

Lesson 1 Vocabulary/Study Guide 146





Skillbuilder: Interpret a Chart 151



Chapter 18: Western and Central Africa





Skillbuilder: Draw Conclusions 158



Chapter 19: Eastern and Southern Africa





Skillbuilder: Read a Satellite Image 165





■ Social Studies Skills Support ■ Map and Graph Practice

Includes:• Lesson Planner and Teacher Resource

CD-ROM• eSocial Studies Book• eTeacher’s Edition• Audio Student’s Book with Primary

Sources and Songs MP3 CD• Education Place®

http://www.eduplace.com/ss/

Program Resources

For more support, see the Grade Level Resources folder.

001_57318_U06_FLD-WCG 6/23/04 5:56 PM

Almanac Map PracticeUNIT 6Name Date

Use the map to answer the questions and complete the activities.

Practice1. Which country is farthest east on the African continent?

2. Which country is on the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans?

3. In which direction is Mauritania from Sierra Leone?

4. Which countries border Lake Chad?

Apply5. With a partner, study the map “European Colonies in Africa, 1912” on

page 508 of your text. Compare that map with the map above. Below,write three ways in which these maps are different.

Unit ResourcesCopyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Use with World Cultures and Geography, p. 484143

ETHIOPIAETHIOPIA

KENYAKENYA

TANZANIATANZANIA

SOUTHSOUTHAFRICAAFRICA

Gulf of Aden

Red Sea

Moz

ambi

que

Cha

nnel

LakeChad

LakeVictoria

LakeNyasaATLANTIC

OCEAN

INDIANOCEAN

MAURITANIA

THE GAMBIA

CAPEVERDE

SENEGAL

LIBERIACÔTE

D’IVOIRE

GUINEA

BURKINAFASO

GHANA

GUINEA-BISSAU SIERRA

LEONE

NIGERIA

MALICHAD

NIGER

CENTRALAFRICAN

REPUBLIC

UGANDA

GABON DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC

OF THECONGO

ANGOLA

NAMIBIA

ZAMBIAMALAWI

BOTSWANA

SOUTHAFRICA LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

MADAGASCAR

MAURITIUS

COMOROS

ZIMBABWE

CAMEROONEQ.GUINEA

SÃO TOMÉAND

PRÍNCIPE

ETHIOPIA

SOMALIA

TANZANIA

KENYA

ERITREA

DJIBOUTI

SEYCHELLES

TOGO

BENIN

1,000500

1,000500

mi 0

km 0

13,000 ft. (4,000 m)

6,000 ft. (2,000 m)

3,000 ft. (1,000 m)

600 ft. (200 m)

0 ft. (0 m)

LEGEND

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA: PHYSICAL

Africa South of the Sahara European Colonies in Africa, 1912

143_57318_U06AMP 6/7/04 3:40 PM Page 143

Data File PracticeName Date

Practice1. Use the Data File on pages 488–493

of your text and the standards in the box (right) to complete the Venn diagram (above).Do the following:

• Compare size, population, literacy rate, life expectancy, and numberof passenger cars per 1,000 people in Burundi and Angola.

• Make generalizations. For example, no two countries will haveexactly the same population or the same number of passenger carsper 1,000 people. Use the information in the box above to help you.

2. Based on the information you used to complete the Venn diagram,which country do you think is more prosperous? Why?

Apply3. Use the back of this page to create a similar Venn diagram for

different countries and categories. You will need to set your ownstandards to decide when data are the same or different. Join a smallgroup and compare results.

Unit ResourcesCopyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 144 Use with World Cultures and Geography, pp. 486–491

• Population: alike whenpopulation is within 2 millionpeople

• Area: alike when area iswithin 200.000 square miles

• Life expectancy: alike whenlife expectancy is within 5years

• Literacy rate: alike when therate is within 10 percent

• Passenger cars per 1,000people: alike if within five cars

• Doctors per 100,000 people:alike if within 10 doctors

• Figures that fall outside theselimits would show thecountries are different.

UNIT 6

Area Area

LifeExpectancy

Burundi Angola

144_57318_U06DAT 6/7/04 3:42 PM Page 144

Reading Skill and StrategyReading Skill: Cause and EffectThis skill helps you understand how one thing is related to another, eitherby causing it or by resulting from it.

Read the section “Many Climates.” Then write three causes ofdesertification and two effects of heavy rainfall in the equatorial region.

Reading Strategy: Summarize3. Read “Waterways.” Put a checkmark (√) next to the best summary.

Africa has very few sources of fresh water.

Africa’s waterfalls and rivers make boat travel difficult.

Africa has enormous lakes, rivers, and waterfalls.

Africa’s largest lake is Lake Victoria.

4. Read “Resources.” Then check the best summary.

Africa has renewable and nonrenewable resources.

Diamonds form over hundreds of millions of years.

Peanuts and trees are two of Africa south of the Sahara’srenewable resources.

Nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced or can bereplaced only over millions of years.

CHAPTER 17, LESSON 1Name Date

Unit ResourcesCopyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Use with World Cultures and Geography, pp. 494–498145

desertification

Causes Effects

1.

2.

Causes Effects

heavy rainfall

145_57318_17L1 6/7/04 9:20 AM Page 145

Study GuideThe terms below tell something about the geography of Africa south ofthe Sahara. Write each one in the correct space in the chart.

Vocabulary and Study GuideVocabularyMatch the definition in the second column with the word in the firstcolumn. Write the correct letter on the line.



1. plateau

2. desertification

3. drought

4. savanna

5. nonrenewable resource

6. renewable resource

A. resource that cannot be replaced or canbe replaced only over millions of years

B. flat grasslands with scattered trees

C. lack of rain

D. process by which a desert spreads

E. resource that can be replaced in arelatively short time

F. raised area of level land

Term Description

7. In Africa these flat grasslands cover more than 4.5 million square miles.

8. This snowcapped mountain, the highest in Africa, rises outof the highlands of Kenya and Tanzania.

9. Most of Africa south of the Sahara is on this raised area of level land.

10. Regions with this climate have two rainy seasons and twobrief dry seasons each year.

11. This river is the longest in the world.

Kilimanjaroplateauequatorial

Nilesavannas

146_57318_17L1 6/7/04 9:26 AM Page 146

Reading Skill and StrategyReading Skill: SequenceThis skill helps you understand the order in which events happened.

Read “Bantu Farmers.” Then fill in the chart below to show the sequenceof events in the Bantu migration.

Reading Strategy: Summarize3. Read “The First Humans.” Then complete the following statement to

write a brief summary of the section.

The first known humans lived in Africa millions of years ago.

Then, over tens of thousands of years, they

4. Read “Trading Networks and Empires.” Then complete the followingstatement to write a brief summary of the section.

A vast trade network developed between



The Bantu first lived in what is now Cameroon.

1.

2.

147_57318_17L2 6/7/04 9:20 AM Page 147

Vocabulary and Study GuideVocabularyWrite the term that best completes each sentence. Two of the terms willnot be used.

1. , scientists who study fossils, have discovered

human remains in Kenya, South Africa, and other African nations.

2. For about 2,000 years the Bantu gradually spread across the

continent. The great movement of these people was called the

.



Bantu migration paleontologists desertification missionary

3. absorbed Ghana in the 1200s

4. also called the Land of Gold

5. arose in the Niger River Valley in the fourth century A.D.

6. began to migrate about 1,000 B.C.

7. changed from hunting and gathering to farmingabout 5,000 years ago

8. conquered Mali

9. defeated by a Moroccan army

10. created by Sundiata

11. ruled by Mansa Musa for 20 years

12. Today, many Africans speak their languages.

Study GuideTell which people or kingdom each statement refers to by writing Bantu,Ghana, Mali, or Songhai on the line.

148_57318_17L2 6/7/04 9:27 AM Page 148

Reading Skill and StrategyReading Skill: Cause and EffectThis skill helps you see how one event can be related to another, eitherby causing it or by resulting from it.

Read “The Slave Trade.” Complete the chart below by listing the effects ofthe European slave trade on African life and society.

Reading Skill: Summarize4. Read “European Colonialism.” Then write a summary of the first two

paragraphs.

5. Read “Competition for Africa.” Then write a summary of thatparagraph.



Cause: Europeans introduced a form of slavery that devastated Africanlife and society.

Effect: Effect: Effect:1. 2. 3.

149_57318_17L3 6/7/04 9:20 AM Page 149

Vocabulary and Study GuideVocabulary

1. Circle the letter for the correct definition of missionary.

A. someone who goes to another country to do religious and social work

B. a scientist who studies fossils

C. the minority people who ruled Rwanda-Burundi

2. Use the word missionary in your own sentence.

z



Study GuidePut a checkmark (√) next to each item that states an effect Europeanshad on Africa south of the Sahara.

3. Slavery came to Africa for the first time.

4. As many as 12 million enslaved Africans were sent to Northand South America.

5. Family and economic life suffered when many young peoplewere taken away.

6. Africans began to live on farms, in small towns, and in bigcities.

7. New ways of thinking brought by missionaries sometimesdestroyed traditions.

8. In the late 19th century, Africans had no say in how Africa wasdivided.

9. African culture was respected.

10. Some Africans became nomadic hunters.✔

✔

✔

✔

150_57318_17L3 6/7/04 9:27 AM Page 150

Skillbuilder: Interpret a ChartCHAPTER 17Name Date

Practice1. Which countries have fewer than 20 automobiles per 1,000 people?

2. Which country has more telephones per 1,000 people than Kenya but

less than Zimbabwe?

ApplyWrite a paragraph that summarizes the information in the chart.

Consumer Goods in Africa

Kenya

Egypt

Ethiopia

South Africa

Zimbabwe

5

19

1

95

29

15

28

3

146

32

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

Country Automobiles(per 1,000 people)

Telephones(per 1,000 people)

Computers(per 1,000 people)


151_57318_17SKB 6/7/04 9:17 AM Page 151

Reading Skill and StrategyReading Skill: Compare and ContrastThis skill helps you understand how ideas, people, or events are similarand different.

Read “New African Countries.” As you read, complete the chart below toshow the similarities and differences between Nigeria and South Africa.

Reading Strategy: Summarize4. Read “Journey to Freedom.” Then write a summary of the section.



Nigeria1. independence

in 1960;

South Africa3. independence in

1910Both

2.

152_57318_17L4 6/12/04 12:34 PM Page 152

Vocabulary and Study GuideVocabularyWrite the term from the list below that best completes each sentence.

1. In South Africa, the major cause of apartheid was .

2. Nigeria’s caused problems after independence.

3. In 1948, an official policy of racial segregation known aswas adopted.



apartheid diversity racism

Study GuideWrite T in the blank if the statement is true. If the statement is false, writeF in the blank and then write the corrected statement on the line below.

4. Colonial rulers sent most Africans to universities in Europe andthe United States.

5. European nations wanted the resources of Africa.

6. Africans refused to fight in World War I and World War II.

7. Nigeria is home to many different cultures and languages.

153_57318_17L4 6/7/04 9:27 AM Page 153


Read “Nations Helping Nations.” Then complete the chart below to showthe similarities and differences between the Organization of African Unity(OAU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

Reading Strategy: Question3. Read “New Maps of West Africa.” Put a checkmark (√) next to the

question you might ask while reading this section.

How did European interest in mountains affect the map of Africa?

How were the borders of Nigeria and South Africa created?

How did European interest in rivers affect the borders ofAfrican countries?

What role did Germany play in shaping the map of Africa?

4. Read “Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Put a checkmark (√) nextto the question you might ask while reading this section.

How did Mobutu change the former government of Zaire?

Where is the Democratic Republic of the Congo?

How many people live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo?

How is African-style clothing made?



OAU

1.

ECOWAS

2.

154_57318_18L1 6/7/04 9:22 AM Page 154

Vocabulary and Study GuideVocabularyIf the statement is true, write true on the line. If it is false, change theunderlined word or words to make it true.

1. A rite of passage is the overthrow of agovernment by force.

2. To mediate means to settle disputes.

Study GuideRead the statements below. If the statement applies to the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, write DRC on the line. If the statement applies toGhana, write Ghana on the line. If the statement applies to both, writeboth on the line.

3. Its borders today are similar to its colonialborders.

4. It was once known as the Gold Coast.

5. It was once under European rule.

6. It gained independence in 1957.

7. It gained independence in 1960.

8. It was ruled by Joseph Mobutu.

9. It was ruled by Kwame Nkrumah.

10. It was ruled by Laurent Kabila.

11. It was ruled by Jerry John Rawlings.

12. A coup d’état took place here.



155_57318_18L1 6/7/04 9:29 AM Page 155

Reading Skill and StrategyReading Skill: Main Idea and DetailsThis skill helps you understand events by seeing how they are related.

Read “Ways of Life.” Then complete the chart below. Write details thatsupport the main idea.

Reading Strategy: Question4. Look over “Economies and Cultures.” Read the headings. Turn each

heading into a question. As you read, look for the answers to thosequestions.

Heading 1: Economies of Western and Central Africa

Question:

Answer:

Heading 2: Ways of Life

Question:

Answer:



In many African societies, older people have a higher status than younger people.

1. 2. 3.

156_57318_18L2 6/7/04 9:23 AM 6


Study GuideChoose the best answer for each item. Write the letter of your answer inthe blank.

4. An economy in which goods are traded according to age-old customs is called a

A. command economy.

B. traditional economy.

C. market economy.

5. Countries in Western and Central Africa export

A. foods, such as cacao beans, coffee, bananas, andpineapples.

B. valuable minerals, such as diamonds, gold, and uranium.

C. all of the above.

6. Musicians in some traditional African societies act as

A. exporters.

B. mine owners.

C. historians.

7. When the Igbo people in Nigeria sit in order of age, it is an example of

A. a rite of passage.

B. higher status for older people.

C. age groups having different responsibilities.



1. cash crop

2. rite of passage

3. subsistence farming

A. a ceremony marking transition from onestage of life to another

B. growing food mainly to feed one’s ownhousehold

C. a crop grown only for sale

157_57318_18L2 6/7/04 9:29 AM Page 157

Skillbuilder: Draw ConclusionsCHAPTER 18Name Date

PracticeRead “Government in Ghana.” Fill in the fact boxes above with importantfacts from the passage.

ApplyNow draw a conclusion based on the facts you learned while reading thepassage. Write your conclusion in the conclusion box above.

ConclusionFacts

Facts

Facts

Facts

Facts


158_57318_18SKB 6/7/04 4:15 PM Page 158


Read “History of Nigeria’s People.” Then complete the chart below toshow the differences among the Yoruba, the Igbo, and the Hausa.

Reading Strategy: Question4. Read “Becoming a Democracy.” Write four questions below to share

with a partner.



Yoruba

1.

Igbo

2.

Hausa

3.

159_57318_18L3 6/7/04 9:23 AM Page 159

Vocabulary and Study GuideVocabularyCircle the letter of the term that best completes each sentence.

1. A skilled worker who makes goods by hand is known as a(n)

A. missionary. B. artisan.

C. paleontologist. D. hunter-gatherer.

2. Something that is handed down from one generation to the next is a(n)

A. heritage. B. tradeoff.

C. desertification. D. irrigation.

Study Guide

Use words and numbers from the list below to fill in the blanks.

Nigeria has a diverse landscape and population. It contains several

environments and is home to people from more than (3)

ethnic groups.

Today, about (4) percent of Nigerians belong to three

ethnic groups: The (5) live in southwestern Nigeria. The

(6) live in the southeastern part of the country. The

(7) live mostly in northern Nigeria. Most of them belong to

the (8) religion.

Nigeria became an independent country in (9) . Soon

afterward, the country suffered from a (10) when the Igbo

declared their independence. The fighting lasted for four years.



60 Hausa 250 Igbo1960 Muslim civil war Yoruba

160_57318_18L3 6/7/04 9:29 AM Page 160

Reading Skill and StrategyReading Skill: SequenceThis skill helps you understand the order in which events happened.

Read “The Masai and the Zulu.” Then complete the chart below to showthe three main stages in the history of the Zulu.

Reading Strategy: Predict and Infer3. Look at the photograph and caption at the top of page 545.

Put a checkmark (√) next to a prediction you can make about “Government in Somalia.”

Somalia has had a successful economy since gainingindependence.

Somalia is a democratic society.

Historically, Somalia has not had a stable government.

4. Look at the photograph and caption on page 546. Put a checkmark (√) next to a prediction you can make about “Governmentin Rwanda.”

The government of Rwandan has taken rights away fromwomen.

The government of Rwanda has passed laws to benefitwomen.

The women of Rwanda are leaving the country to find jobs.



2.

1.

The Zulu migrated to Southern Africa about 1,800 years ago.

161_57318_19L1 6/7/04 9:24 AM Page 161

Vocabulary and Study GuideVocabularyWrite the term that best completes each sentence.

1. A kingdom that develops from buying and selling goods is known as

a(n) .

2. are hardened remains of bone or plant life.

Study GuideRead the statements below. Write the name of the kingdom, society, orcountry that each statement refers to. Choose your answers from the list.You may use an answer more than once.

3. In the 1800s, they began fighting among themselves over water and grazing rights.

4. In this country, civil war has led to increasedpower for women.

5. Its king became a Christian in A.D. 350.

6. These farmers and ranchers fought manywars to expand their territory in the 1800s.

7. These nomadic herders once lived in nearlyall of Kenya.

8. These people built a great trading empire onthe lower Zambezi River.

9. These people built zimbabwes.

10. Twelve separate clans are fighting for controlof this country.

apartheid paleontologists fossils trading empire



Aksum Shona MasaiSomalia Rwanda Zulu

162_57318_19L1 6/7/04 9:31 AM Page 162


Read “Africa’s Economic Strength.” Then complete the chart below toshow three causes of strong economies in Southern African countries.

Reading Strategy: Predict and Infer4. Scan the headings, photographs, and captions in “Economy of

Eastern and Southern Africa.” Then complete the sentence to make aprediction about this section.

The economies of Eastern and Southern Africa are based on

.

5. Look at the photograph, caption, and heading in “Cultures of Easternand Southern Africa.” Then complete the sentence to make aprediction about this section.

Two areas of culture in this section are .



Effect: Countries in Southern Africa have strong economies.

Cause: Cause:Cause:1. 2. 3.

163_57318_19L2 6/12/04 12:36 PM Page 163

Study GuidePlace a checkmark (√) next to each fact that is a problem in Eastern andSouthern Africa. On the line below each statement you choose, explainwhat the problem is.

4. Agriculture is the primary industry in the region.

5. Droughts are common in the region.

6. In parts of the region, coffee and cotton are important cashcrops.

7. Somalia and Kenya receive less than 20 inches of rain per year.

8. Many pastoralists are nomads.✔

✔

✔




1. pastoralism

2. overgrazing

3. kinship

A. a process in which animals eat grassfaster than it can grow back

B. the term for family relationships

C. the way of life of people who raisegrazing animals

164_57318_19L2 6/7/04 9:31 AM Page 164

Skillbuilder: Read a Satellite ImageCHAPTER 19Name Date

This satellite image shows the number of lightning flashes across the continent of Africa during the months of September, October, and November 1999. The darkest areas represent the location of thegreatest number of flashes, and the lightest areas represent the least.

Practice1. Which part of Africa had the least number of lightning flashes in the

fall of 1999?

2. Which part of Africa had the most lightning flashes in the fall of 1999?

3. Is the city of Tripoli or Kigali likely to see more lightning activity during

a fall season?

ApplyIf lightning often comes from clouds and is followed or accompanied byrain, what can you say about the climate in Northern Africa compared tothat of Central Africa?

Satellite Image of Africa with Lightning Strikes

Pretoria30°S

30°N

0°

Kigali

Tripoli

Freetown

0 >10 >50 >150

1999 September,October, November

Flash scale


165_57318_19SKB 6/8/04 11:39 AM Page 165


Read “European Settlers.” Then complete the chart to show thesimilarities and differences between South Africa as a Dutch colony and South Africa as a British colony.

Reading Strategy: Predict and Infer4. Look at the heading and picture in “Geography and History of South

Africa.” Which group of people do you predict you will read about inthis section?

5. Look at the photograph in “A Nation of Apartheid.” Who do you predictis an important person you will read about?



South Africa as aBritish Colony

2.

South Africaas a Dutch Colony

1. Both3.

166_57318_19L3 6/7/04 9:25 AM Page 166

Vocabulary and Study GuideVocabularyWrite the term that best completes each sentence.

1. The U.S. and Great Britain imposed on South Africa.

2. The flat grassland located on the plateau of South Africa is called

the .



Study GuideDates of important events in the history of South Africa are listed below.Write each one next to the event it describes. Then number the events inthe order in which they occurred. One has been done for you.

3. Apartheid became the official policy of South Africa.

4. The United States and Great Britain imposed sanctions against South Africa.

5. Nelson Mandela became president of South Africa.

6. The Khoisan and Bantu were living in South Africa for more than 1500 years.

7. The Union of South Africa was established.

8. Many apartheid laws were repealed.

9. Diamonds and gold were discovered in South Africa.

10. German, French, and British settlers came to South Africa.

1before 1652

1910 before 16521948 after 19891985 1700s and 1800s1993 second half of 19th century

heritage overgrazing sanctions veldt

167_57318_19L3 6/17/04 3:51 PM Page 167


Read “Government of Kenya.” Then complete the chart below to showthree causes of the creation of a multiparty system in Kenya.

Reading Strategy: Predict and Infer4. Look over “The People of Kenya.” Read the headings and scan the

photographs and the terms in dark type. Then make a predictionabout what each section will be about.

Main Heading: The People of Kenya

Prediction:

Subheading: Nairobi

Prediction:



Effect: In 1991, Moi agreed to allow a multiparty system.

Cause: Cause:Cause:1. 2. 3.

168_57318_19L4 6/12/04 12:38 PM Page 168

Vocabulary and Study GuideVocabulary

1. Circle the letter for the correct definition of multiparty system.

A. the term for family relationships

B. measures taken by nations against a country for violating international law

C. when other parties can offer ideas for new laws and policies that might be different from those of the ruling party

2. Use the term multiparty system in your own sentence.

Study GuideThe statements in the box below are effects. Write each effect in thecorrect space in the chart.

z



Many Kenyans are herders.

Many tourists come to Kenya.

Most Kenyans live in the highlands.

3.

Cause Effect

Three-quarters of Kenya is too dry forfarming.

4.The Kenyan highlands have rich soil andlots of rain.

Kenya protects wild animals. 5.

Causes and Effects in Kenya

169_57318_19L4 6/7/04 9:32 AM Page 169

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