AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYAP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY *Chapter 2 Class Notes* *Chapter 2 Class Notes*

Cultures, Environments, Cultures, Environments, and Regionsand Regions

What is Culture?What is Culture?

Culture TraitCulture Trait – –

A single attribute of a cultureA single attribute of a cultureEXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?

Wearing a Turban in Muslim / Indian Wearing a Turban in Muslim / Indian culture (Dress)culture (Dress)

Building blocks…Building blocks…

Culture Trait…Culture Trait…

Culture ComplexCulture Complex

Culture SystemsCulture Systems

Cultural RegionCultural Region

Culture RealmCulture Realm

Human Geo Equals…Human Geo Equals…

Cultural LandscapeCultural Landscape – –

The imprint of humans on the land The imprint of humans on the land (Carl Sauer)(Carl Sauer)

Transformation of Physical Transformation of Physical landscape into Cultural landscape landscape into Cultural landscape (everything we build)(everything we build)

Chicago in 1803Chicago in 1803

Chicago in 2013Chicago in 2013

Leaving your mark…Leaving your mark…

Sequent OccupanceSequent Occupance – –

Notion that successive societies Notion that successive societies leave their lasting cultural leave their lasting cultural imprints on a place over timeimprints on a place over time

Can see evidence of past Can see evidence of past societies societies on landscapeon landscape

But never forgetting where you came But never forgetting where you came from…from…

(Cultural) Hearth-(Cultural) Hearth-

Location where a specific Location where a specific culture culture

first arose (Birthplace, Origin )first arose (Birthplace, Origin )Egyptian Culture: Nile ValleyEgyptian Culture: Nile Valley

Islam: MeccaIslam: Mecca

LimitationsLimitations

Environmental Determinism-Environmental Determinism-Human Behavior / Development is Human Behavior / Development is

controlled by the Physical controlled by the Physical EnvironmentEnvironment

Earthquakes rip Cities apartEarthquakes rip Cities apart

Volcanoes Erupt & Burn CitiesVolcanoes Erupt & Burn Cities

Or is it…?Or is it…?

Possibilism-Possibilism-Response to Env. Det. (favored in H. Response to Env. Det. (favored in H.

Geo)Geo)

Human Decision Making is the crucial Human Decision Making is the crucial factor in Developmentfactor in Development

Technology is KEYTechnology is KEY

Earthquake Earthquake ““proofproof”” Buildings Buildings

Humans Building…Humans Building…

Centripetal ForceCentripetal Force – – Forces that Forces that UniteUnite

Language, culture, religionLanguage, culture, religion

Centrifugal ForceCentrifugal Force – – Forces that Forces that DivideDivide

Language, culture, religionLanguage, culture, religion

How Culture Spreads…How Culture Spreads…

Diffusion – Spatial SpreadingDiffusion – Spatial Spreading

Cultural DiffusionCultural Diffusion – Spreading & – Spreading & Adopting of cultural element Adopting of cultural element from original place to wider from original place to wider areaarea

2 types…2 types…

Two types of DiffusionTwo types of Diffusion

1. 1. RELOCATION DIFFUSIONRELOCATION DIFFUSIONCulture being physically carried one place to Culture being physically carried one place to another through Migration / Immigrationanother through Migration / Immigration

Colonists (Puritans) to AmericaColonists (Puritans) to America

2. 2. EXPANSION DIFFUSIONEXPANSION DIFFUSIONIdea starts in a source areaIdea starts in a source areaStays strong there while spreading outwardStays strong there while spreading outwardIslam – start (Hearth) in Saudi ArabiaIslam – start (Hearth) in Saudi Arabia

2 forms of EXP. DIFF.

1.1. CONTAGIOUS DIFFUSIONCONTAGIOUS DIFFUSION – –

Something transmitted over space Something transmitted over space because people who carry it are close because people who carry it are close to each otherto each other

(Common Cold)(Common Cold)

Form 1Form 1

2. 2. HIERARCHIAL DIFFUSIONHIERARCHIAL DIFFUSION – –

Element diffuses through those who are Element diffuses through those who are SUSPECTIBLE to it (hits certain groups, SUSPECTIBLE to it (hits certain groups, leapfrogs others).leapfrogs others).

HIV – spreads in cities first and fast, but HIV – spreads in cities first and fast, but only among certain populationsonly among certain populations(gay pop., drug users, hemophiliacs, (gay pop., drug users, hemophiliacs,

unprotected sex)unprotected sex)

Form 2Form 2

Diffusion of IslamDiffusion of Islam

Through Diffusion & Contact…Through Diffusion & Contact…

AcculturationAcculturation – One culture – One culture dominates the otherdominates the otherWeaker adopts more from dominantWeaker adopts more from dominant

AssimilationAssimilation – Total domination of – Total domination of stronger culturestronger culture

Weaker culture usually erasedWeaker culture usually erased

A fair trade…A fair trade…

TransculturationTransculturation – A more even – A more even exchange between culturesexchange between cultures

Both cultures are sources and Both cultures are sources and adoptersadopters

Causes for movement…Causes for movement…

PUSH FACTORSPUSH FACTORS

Something that forces you out of the Something that forces you out of the place where you areplace where you are

Usually a negativeUsually a negativeStorm wrecks your house, forces you Storm wrecks your house, forces you

to move elsewhereto move elsewherePersecutionPersecution

PULL FACTORSPULL FACTORS

Something that attracts you to go Something that attracts you to go to another placeto another placeWarm weather in FLAWarm weather in FLAJob opportunity in NYJob opportunity in NY

Remember!!!!Remember!!!!

YOU ARE WHERE YOU YOU ARE WHERE YOU ARE!ARE!

PUSH and PULL FACTORS PUSH and PULL FACTORS

are are NOT PRO & CONNOT PRO & CON