world civilization week 3

7/29/2019 World Civilization Week 3

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The Late Middle Ages

Week 3:

Philosophy, Politics, & Culture


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Progress or Regress?

Europe flourished in the 12th and13th centuries.

Developments in thought

transformed society. Universities and Scholasticism


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Scholasticism Emphasis upon logic and dialectic

Conceptual analysis rooted in the artof disputation

Aristotelian principle ofSufficient

Reason


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Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274

Influenced by

Muslims

philosophers

Linked God to

Humans


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Via Antique Aquinas believed that essence was

existence. I am who am

Deontological - cause to effect

The Five Proofs - Aristotle sReasons for Causality.

Summa Contra Gentiles & SummaTheological


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William of Ockham 1280 - 1349

Ockham s Razor

Reduces

everything to the

simplest equation.

Nominalism


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Via Moderna Ockham did not believe there was a

need forproofs because there is

faith.

There are no UNIVERSALS outside

of words and concepts. To be is to be an individual


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Questions??? Was Aquinas right in asserting that

we need both faith and reason?

Does reason negate the power of

God?

Who sounds more appealingAquinas or Ockham? Why?


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Crisis of Church & State

Benedict XI 1303-1305 short reign as pope

allowed for Philip IV to directly influence

the papacy.

In 1305, Philips childhood friend, Bertrand

de Got was elected Clement V.

Thus, begins the French domination of theCollege of Cardinals, and Avignon Papacy.


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Avignon Papacy

Clement V: 1305-1316

John XXII: 1316-1334

Benedict XII: 1334-1342

Clement VI: 1342-1352

Innocent IV: 1352-1362

Urban V: 1362-1370

Gregory XI: 1370-1378


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John XXII

Attempted to move the papacy back to

Rome.

Fighting with Emperor Louis

IVsimilar to Boniface and Philip IV

Ultimately stayed because of the pressure

from the kingdoms.


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Indulgences

Basically pardons for un-repented sins

get out of purgatory.

Under Clement VI you could buy

indulgences for people who were already

DEAD!


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Opposition to Avignon

English opposed the papacy at

Avignon as a result of the Hundred

Years War.

Others opposed the decadence of the

Papal Curia. 1377 Gregory XI moved back to

Rome.


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The Great Schism: 1378-1417

After Gregory XI died the Italians insisted

on an Italian pope and elect Urban VI.

A few months later, the French Cardinalselect Clement VII, who is headed in

Avignon.

Conciliar Theory of Church Government


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Conciliarism

The basic theory of conciliarism was to

unify and reform the Church, and it called

for several Church Councils. Council of Pisa 1409-1410

Council of Constance 1414-1417

Council of Basel 1431-1449


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Pre-Reformation Stirrings

John Wycliff and

Lollards in England

Mass in Vernacular

Clerical Poverty

Against Indulgences

Challenged the dogmaof Transubstantiation

Jan Huss and Hussites

in Bohemia

Mass in Vernacular

Challenged the

validity of the

sacraments

Lay communion


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Political Development

Government Models in the Middle Ages:

Cortes

Spain 1230

ParliamentEngland 1265

Estates GeneralFrance 1304

Reichstag (Imperial Diet) HRE 1356


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The Hundred Years War

1337 - 1453 struggle for power between

France and England.

Not really one but, several, a long series

of campaigns broken by occasional

interludes of truce and peace.


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Background to War

Treaty of Paris 1259

King Henry III of England (1216-1272)

abandoned his claims to Normandy,Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and Poitou.

King Louis IX of France (1226-1270)

reserved his right to hold the Englishduchy of Gascony as a fief.


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Underlying Causes

Piracy: French and English sea

merchants robbing and looting boats.

Flanders: English Wool superior to the

wool trade, but clothes and products

made in Flanders.

Dynastic Implications: 1328 Charles IV

of France died with no direct male heir.


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The Plot Thickens

Capetian Dynasty failed to produce a male

line.

Philip IV had four children: Louis, Philip,Charles, and Isabelle.

Isabelle was married to King Edward II of

England and they had a son Edward III.


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Philip VI de Valois

1328-1350

Count of Valois, and

1st

cousin to KingCharles IV Capet.

Holds vassalage over

King Edward III of

England.

Extremely Haughty


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Edward III and Philip VI


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The War Begins

In 1337, Philip VI began to support the

Scottish Rebels against the English Crown.

He also attempted to take Gascony awayfrom Edward III, by seizing territory

through force.

The so-called King of France

Three Major Phases of War


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Conflict during Edward III

1337-1360 was the

first phase of the war.

Edward embargoedwool causing urban

rebellions in Flanders.

England was

outnumbered 4 million

to 15 million


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Battle of Crecy

Edward attacked

Normandy and finally

defeated the French inCrecy in 1346.

Major English victory

because they held onto

the port city of Calais.


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A Brief Respite

Edward and Philip ran

out of money. Philip VI died in 1350

John II aka Jean le

Bon (1350-1364) was

crowned King of

France.


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The Black Prince of Wales

Edward, the Black

Prince, begins his

campaign, in 1355 Plunders the French

countryside

1356 captures King

John II of France nearPoitiers.


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Battle of Poitiers


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English Success

France witnessed a lack of leadership due to

John IIs imprisonment.

1358 Estates General attempts to takecontrol of government under Etienne

Marcel, but leads to the Jacquerie Revolt.

1360 Treaty of Bretigny


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Effects of the Treaty

The French were to pay 3 million crowns to

the English.

Only came up with 400,000 crowns butEdward released John and held his family.

John turned himself into Edward and lived

out his days in London. Charles V (1364-1389) becomes King of

France.


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The Second Phase of War

The second phase began over a Feudal

dispute in the Duchy of Gascony, which the

Black Prince, Edward ruled. Charles V was savvy and quite intelligent.

His main strategy was to start war, but

avoid the English troops.


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Dynastic Issues

After Edward III died (1377) and Charles V

(1380), the war effort lessened.

Richard II (1377-1399) of England was a

weak and unfavorable monarch.

English Peasant Revolt 1381 brought

animosity to the lowering sort.

Richard abdicates to his cousin Henry

Bolingbroke.


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Once more into the breech dear Friends

Henry V (1413-1422)

Led a series ofvictories in France and

eventually seized the

whole country in

1420.


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The Third Phase

Henry V was capable and efficient

monarch, but he was cruel, cold, and selfish.

In 1415, he led a small garrison of Englishtroops into Calais.

Heavy rains and disease cornered Henrys

troops. Battle of Agincourt - October 25, 1415


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The fewer men, the greater share of

honor!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjZWL3bq8gwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjZWL3bq8gwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjZWL3bq8gwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjZWL3bq8gw


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Treaty of Troyes

Henry V negotiated the Treaty of Troyes

(1420) which stated that he would marry the

Charles VIs daughter, Catherine, andbecome the heir apparent to the King of

France.

Henry V and Charles VI both died in 1422


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Final Phase of War

Henry VI of England

declared king of

France, but was an

infant

Henry VIs uncles

assume control.

Charles, the dauphin,went into hiding.


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Joan of Arc

Deliver of French

Military genius, who

had visions fromSaints and God.

Her visions were

presented to Charles

in hiding, in 1429.


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Siege of Orleans


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Charles VII

On July 16, 1429

Charles marched

across France to

Reims.

Crowned King of

France.

Slowly acquired backhis land.


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Visionary of God ???

Joan of Arc was

captured by the

Burgundians.

In 1430, she was

ransomed to the

English who tried her

as a heretic.


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The End of the War

In 1435, Charles VII makes peace with the

Burgundians and slowly takes control of

France - Treaty of Arras. 1450 Battle of Formigny

1452 Battle of Bordeaux

1453 Battle of Castillon


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The Black Death

Europe had been weakened due tofamine and bad health.

Overpopulation of cities 1347 - plague hits Europe

Bubonic - carried by fleas on rats

Wipes out 2/5 of the population


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Conceptions of Death

Christians

believed it was a

bad sign Humanism

develops during

this time. Pre-Renaissance


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Canterbury Tales

Geoffrey Chaucer

wrote this story in

midst of Black Plague.

Morally inspired and

teller of several

pilgrim stories

Holy Relics ThomasaBeckett


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Back to the Dark Ages

The 12th and 13th centuries Europeflourished.

In the 14th and 15th centuries thereis a great decline.

Pre-Renaissance Europe was hit

with social, political, and economicdistress.


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The Break Down

Hundred Years War- 1337-1453

Black Death - Plague hits Western Europe

1347-1430

Great Schism - 1378-1417

Conciliar Movement1415

End of the Byzantine Empire - 1453

Humanism - Reacting to Scholastics


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Next Week

Next week we delve into the Renaissance

and the Birth of Modernity.

Based off the readings in the textbook andpacket discuss the meaning of the

Renaissance

How does Burckhardt view it? Whatcriticisms can be leveled against his view?

world civilization week 3

Documents