world civilization week 10
TRANSCRIPT
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Age of Revolutions
French Revolution
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Factors Leading to Revolt
Economic Crisis
- Seven Years
War: 1756-1763- American Revolution
Unstable Monarchy
Enlightenment Ideas
- Reform
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On the Eve of Revolution
The death of Louis XV in 1774
brought political turmoil to France
Depleting economic system
New Tax Scheme failed (Rene
Maupeou) and the Frenchparlements were at war with each
other.
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Assembly of Notables
Charles de Calonne: 1734-1802became the minister of finance in 1786
New Land Tax and Internal Revenues.
In 1787, called for a meeting of theAssembly of Notablesa group of the
top aristocrats in France.
The meeting backfired!
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Estates General TheAssembly of Notables refused
Calonnes policy and demanded direct
control of the government. The Notables called for the reappointment
of Necker and anEstates General.
Enlightenment established a need forREFORM and gave aristocrats leverage.
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The Three Estates
Frances population at the end of the 18th
century was about 25 million.
1st EstateClergy: only included about 100,000owned 15% of the land but paid no taxes. They paid
the don gratuit.
2nd EstateNobility: around 400,000 people and
owned 20% to 25% of the land. The did not paytaxes.
3rd EstateEveryone Else: everyone from wealthy
merchants to peasants.
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Calling of the Estates General
Louis XVI backed off, then dismissed
Necker, and replaced him with the
Archbishop of ToulouseBrienne.
But the clergy, like the aristocracy, refused
the subsidy and reduced the don gratuit.
By 1788, Louis XVI capitulates andconvokes the Estates General and
reappoints Necker.
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Vox Populi
What is the Third Estate?
- Everything; but everythingshackled and oppressed
Abbe Sieyes remarks called the
attention to the nobles for ACTION. The fate of the Nation!!!
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Voting Rights Aristocracy attempted to limit the
influence of the Third Estate.
1. Equal number of representatives
2. One vote per group/estate
This caused dissemination amongthe nobility and the people.
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The Meeting
Versailles: May 5, 1789
Royal council had doubled the
membership of the Third Estate
- economic reform
- political reform Cahiers de doleances - Grievances
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National Assembly
The Third Estate organized astandoff against Louis XVI.
The standoff lasted a few weeks -wanted a new legislative body.
They circumvented the Monarchy
and formed a National Assembly onJune 17, 1789.
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Tennis Court Oath
On June 20, 1789 the Assembly was
locked out of the meeting house.
Moved to a nearby tennis courtjeu
de paume.
Members swore an oath:- A French Constitution
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Jean-Sylvain Bailly
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Constituency
On June 27th Louis XVI acquiesced
and called for a meeting.
The National Constituent Assembly
- composed members from each estate
- shared liberal goals for reform
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Fall of the Bastille
Louis XVI attempts to kibosh the
Assemblydismissed Necker. Bread Riots begin to surface.
On July 14th 800 men stormed the
Bastille. Ninety-eight died and prisoners released.
Bernard-Rene de Launay
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The War Begins
Bastille Day was the foundation forthe heated war that followed.
The Great Fear - popular urbandisturbance. The peasants enter thescene.
August 4, 1789 - abolished the feudalregime.
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Assembly moves to Paris
The National Assembly had four
major goals:
1. Constitutional monarchy
2. Rationalism
3 Laissez- faire economics4. Anticlericalism--Deism
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Political Changes
Active and Passive Citizens.Only men paying annual taxes equal to three
day of local labor could vote. Status based on property, not heritage.
Split up the Provinces into
Departments. What about the Women????
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Economic Policy
Suppressed workers guilds -> Chapelier
Law
Liberated the grain trade.
Confiscated Church Lands.
- Assignats
Established the metric system.
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Problems
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Counterrevolutionary Activity
- migrs
On June 20, 1791 Louis XVIattempted to flee France.
Captured in Varennes on June 24.
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Unstable Elements
Louis XVI was reluctant to change.
Resentment from the aristocracy.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Chapelier Law & the Declaration of Pillnitz
Workers & Peasants felt left out.
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The Jacobins
The Constitution failed for a number
of factors.
Legislative Assembly - 1791-92
Factionalism -- The Jacobins
- wanted a republic- Applied Rousseaus ideas.
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The Girondists
Jacobins who came from the department
of Gironde.
Were adamantly against the counter-revolutionaries.
Jacques-Pierre Brissot (1754-1793)
Declared war on Austria - reactionagainst theDeclaration of Pillnitz
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The Second Wave
Deposed the Monarchy and established
a Republic.
Liberty, Equality, & Brotherhood
In 1792,Paris Commune formed and
the September Massacresbegan.
Sans-Culottes - The Convention
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Sans-Culottes
In French Without Breeches
basically the working man.
Left out of the Constitutionfelt
neglected.
Believed in shared political powerand wanted to end the HUNGER!
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A Turn of Events
The Jacobins and the sans-culottesformed theMountain in Paris.
Main Goal was to overthrow themonarchy and establish aREPUBLIC!
In 1793, they put Louis XVI on trialfor conspiring against liberty.
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Europe At War
After the Convention executed Louis
XVI on January 21, 1793--they went
to war with Europe.
- Great Britain
- Holland- Spain
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The Terror Begins
The Reign of Terror filtered out of
the second wave of the
revolutionJacobins!
Main goal was to protect the new
Republic
The Committees job was to over see
affairs of France.
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Vive la France!
The Committee of Public Safety led
the way in the protection of the
Republic.
- Maximilien Robespierre
- Jacques Danton- Lazare Carnot
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Robespierre
1758-1794
Left-wing Jacobin
Supported thesans culottes
Ruler during the
Terror Festival of the
Supreme Being
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To Arms!!!
Robespierre and the Committee ofPublic Safety issued the levee en
masse. Revolutionary expectations--protect
the REPUBLIC!
Robespierre answer was put terrorinto their hearts!
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The Policies
Exclusion of Women from politics
De-Christianization of France
- Supreme Being
Revolutionary Tribunals against
enemies of the republic- Guillotine
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De-Christianization
Developed a new French Calendar
Norte Dame --- Temple of Reason
Forced priests to marry and sent
many to the guillotine!
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The Supreme Being
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The End of the Terror
Robespierre began to turn against
his own revolutionaries.
Executes many extreme sansculottes, called enrags The other
Jacobins turned against him and
sent him to the guillotine!
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Thermidorian Reaction
A tempering of the revolution
Quell the heated battles of theTerror
Institute rule and law
Ban violent groups like the
Commune
Restructure the government
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White Terror
The second stage of the Reaction
Applied due process to try and
convict former terrorists.
The Catholic Church and refractory
priests. Gender Roles defined!!!
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The Directory
Constitution of the Year III (1795)
Legislature of two houses: (Bicameral)
- Council of Elders
- Council of Five Hundred
Executive Body was a five person
directory.
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Victory???
Some scholars consider the
Thermidorian Reaction the end of
the revolutionary period in France.
If this is true, then what group/side
ended up winning the most?
Who was left out?
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Bourgeoisie
If any one group came out on top,
then it was the bourgeoisie.
What about the peasants?
What happened to the sans culottes?
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Political Issues
The removal the sans-culottes from
political life. Bread riots resurfacedentrance of
Napoleon.
Conspiracy of Equals - GracchusBabeuf.
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Next Week
How was Napoleon both the protector and
destroyer of the revolutionary ideals:Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood?