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Civilization of WorldBy- Neha LalwaniCIVILIZATION- (1) group of people living and working together for the purpose of creating an organized society.(2) the highest cultural grouping of people which distinguishes humans from other species(3) complex systems or network of cities that emerge from pre-urban cultureWHAT IS A CIVILIZATION???

2What is civilization?From civis = citizen or member of a larger group.

The cultural achievements of a specific group of people (e.g., Mayan civilization)

civilized = refined, polite, opposite of barbaric.

Complex SocietiesIntensive agricultureUrbanizationDivision of laborSocial hierarchiesGovernment / StateLarger populationsLaws, Armies, culture

Band/Tribal GroupsHunter/GathererNomadic villagesNo specializationEgalitarianFamily/clan leadershipSmall populationsEIGHT BASIC FEATURES OF A CIVILIZATION:

Writing Systems(2) Infrastructure- public works such as bridges, roads etc. (3) Government / Laws

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(4) Art / Architecture(5) Social Classes5

(6) Organized Religion(7) Job Specialization(8) Development of Cities6Aim: What are the basic features of a civilization?Civilization A complex highly organized social orderCities where the main feature of a civilization. The first cities evolved along ? valleys where fertile land created a food surplus. What word is missing here?Early Civilizations

Features of Civilization

Common Features of CivilizationCivilizations have certain characteristics in common. These include:Advanced Cities and Architecture Cities are centers of trade. They generally have large and diverse populations and advanced forms of architecture (like the Ziggurat in Babylonia)Advanced Technology Technology is defined as any tool, invention, or discovery that allows humans to work faster or more efficiently. These can be as simple as stone tools and farming implements or as advanced as todays computers.Complex Institutions - Including government, religion, and other formal institutions.Specialized Workers - People who do one or a few things well. Examples include farmers, potters, basket weavers, stone masons, iron workers, priests, scribes, government workers, etc.Systems of Recordkeeping History doesnt really begin until the first written records. Everything before it is considered pre-history. Keeping a written record of even the simplest things in a society (such as trade) and/or forms of literature, personal recollections, diaries, etc. help historians understand the collective past. It is how we communicate with future generations.Copy in notebookCIVILIZATIONCitiesCentral governmentTraditional economyOrganized religionSocial classesArt and architectureRoads, bridges, and other public worksSystem of writingSpecialized jobs11Organized GovernmentsEarly cities needed a strong government to administer unity, protection, law, justice and welfare. Early rulers had heredity rule. This meant they inherited their status and claimed a right from the gods to rule.

ActivityHow does our government provide the following? Give examplesUnity Protection Law Justice WelfareComplex Institutions (Religion)Most ancient people were polytheistic, which means they believed in many gods who controlled the forces of nature and peoples lives.

Can you guess all the religions here? What might they all have in common?

Polytheism

Job SpecializationCity people developed many new jobs with many different skills. Cities needed craftsmen, warriors, government officials, priests and builders.

Social ClassesIn cities people were ranked according to their jobs. Priests and nobles (top) merchants and artisans (middle)Farmers (near the bottom) Slaves (at the bottom)

Social Mobility Being able to move between social classes in ones lifetime. Is it easy today to move up the social pyramid?Art and ArchitectureThe art and architecture of a civilization expressed the values and beliefs of the people that create them. Such monuments reassure people of the power of their government and religion

What value is being expressed in the Statue of Liberty?Public WorksKeeping cities functioning required public works like irrigation systems, roads, bridges, defensive walls and in some cases plumbing

What would life be like in this city without public works?

WritingWriting was needed for record keeping regarding taxes, trade, written laws and calendars.Early writing was made up of pictograms (simple drawings)

How are these writing systems similar? MCENTARFER

Summary AssessmentWhat purpose does government serve in any organized society?Religions around the world have similar beliefs and values. How does religion contribute to an orderly society?What different kinds of specialized jobs did civilized people have?Who occupied the top, middle and lowest social classes of ancient cities?What does art and architecture tell us about a society?What public works did ancient cities have?What kind of writing did early people have? What was record keeping important?Pompeii: A civilization preserved.

Why are there steps in the street?

Fast Food

Frozen in time

ANCIENTCIVILIZATIONS

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONSAncient MesopotamiaAncient EgyptAncient IndiaAncient ChinaAncient GreeceAncient Rome

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAOldest known civilizationBabylonGilgameshHammarabiNebuchadnezzarZigguratHanging gardens

ANCIENT EGYPTNile RiverMummiesPharaohsRamesesKing TutankhamenCleopatra

ANCIENT INDIAIndus ValleyHindu religionBuddhaReincarnation

ANCIENT CHINAGreat WallChinese CharactersDynastiesInventionsConfucius

ANCIENT GREECEGreek Gods and myths Archimedes and friendsTrojan WarFirst DemocracyArchitectureOlympics

ANCIENT ROMEEtruscansRoman EmpireJulius CaesarColiseumHannibal and the elephantsMount Vesuvius

Roots of Indus Valley CivilizationRoots of Indus Valley began as early as 7000 B.C.E.Possibly began as herders who moved into the river valley during colder months.Over time, they may have decided to farm river-watered lands of the valley.They began trading by boat along the Indus down into the Arabian Sea, into the Persian Gulf, and up the Tigris and Euphrates into Mesopotamia.

43At first scholars thought the civilizations of the Indus Valley had developed the art of city building from the Sumerians and other people of Mesopotamia, but later scholars believed that Harappa had grown up independently.

Written records, the key that re-opened the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt are scarce in the Indus valley. The only written materials so far discovered are seal inscriptions that give only limited information. Scholars have not succeeded in their attempts to decipher the script. They differ substantially in their interpretations. As a result, our understanding is limited. The Artifacts: Crafts and the ArtsCrafts of the Indus valley included pottery making, dyeing, metal working in bronze, and bead making.Bead materials included: jade from the Himalayas,lapis lazuli from Afghanistan,turquoise from Persia, amethyst from Mewar in India, and steatite, which was found locally.

44The Artifacts: Crafts and the ArtsSmall sculptures in stone, terra cotta, and bronze appear to represent priestly or governmental officials, dancing girls, and perhaps mother goddesses. Since there are no surviving texts to explain identities, these can only be guesses.

45The Artifacts: Crafts and the ArtsDice and small sculptures of bullock carts were probably used as toys and games.The first known use of cotton as a fiber for weaving textiles occurred in the Indus Valley.

46Carefully Planned CitiesOriginating around 2500 B.C.E. the thriving civilizations survived for around 500 years.Both Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, two of the largest among 500 sites, were three miles in circumference with around 40,000 people.

47Mohenjo-Daro and HarappaTo the north is a citadel or raised area.In Mohenjo-Daro, the citadel is built on an architectural platform about 45 feet above the plain.On the summit was a huge communal bath.Next to the large bath was a huge open spacea granary where food was stored from possible floods.Fortified walls mark the southeast corner.

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49Mohenjo-Daro and HarappaThe lower city was laid out in a gridiron with the main streets about 45 feet wide.Private houses, almost every one with its own well, bathing space, and toilet consisting of a brick seat over a drainage area.Brick-lined drains flushed by water carried liquid and solid waste to sumps, where it was carted away, probably to fertilize nearby fields.

50Mohenjo-Daro and HarappaThe town plan was regular.Even fire-baked bricks were uniform in size and shape.The regularity of plan and construction suggests a government with organization and bureaucratic capacity.No monumental architecture clearly marks the presence of a palace or temple.There is little sign of social stratification in the plan or buildings.

51The city of Harappa was vandalized for thousands of years before, as well as during the railroad constructions and few artifacts remain. Mohenjo-Daro was on a high water table, and any deeper excavation threatens to flood the site. It is impossible to dig down to the foundation level of the city.

Further exploration of Mohenjo-Daros surface, however, continues to yield fascinating results. A recent survey revealed an outlying segment of Mohenjo Daro about a mile away from the known city. Was it part of an industrial area or a residential suburb?Indus Valley Burial SitesHeads pointing to the northSome grave goods, such as pots of food and water, small amounts of jewelry, simple mirrors, and some cosmetics.Not extravagant like royal burials of Egypt or even of Mesopotamia.

52Indus Valley Archaeological FindsAmong the 20,000 artifacts uncovered, the extraordinary extremes of wealth and poverty of Egypt and Mesopotamia do not appear.

Why do you think that is the case?

53Indus Valley Archaeological FindsQuestions of Interpretation:Artifacts stress the apparent classlessness of the society.Until the Harappan language is deciphered, its civilization will remain mysterious.

54Enter: The AryansApproximately 1500 B.C.E. a nomadic and pastoral people who spoke the Indo-European language passed through the Hindu Kush mountains.They called themselves Aryans or noble people.They established small herding and agricultural communities throughout northern India.Their migrations took place over several centuries.

55During the 2nd millennium BCE as Harappan society declined, bands of foreigners filtered into the Indian subcontinent and settled throughout the Indus valley and beyond. Most prominent were nomadic and pastoral peoples speaking Indo European languages who called themselves Aryans. Interchange between the resident Harappans and the invading Aryans produced new, hybrid cultural forms that we know primarily from the Aryan records. Ironically, these records are almost entirely literary and artistic. Reversing the Harappan pattern, the early Aryans have left a treasure of literature, but virtually no architectural or design artifacts.

Aryan Influence on Harappan SocietyAryan migrations took place over several centuries.Their arrival was not an invasion or organized military campaign.It is likely that Indo-European migrants clashed with Dravidians (people settled in the Harappan area.)By the time Aryans entered India, internal problems had already brought Harappan society to the point of collapse.During the centuries after 1500 B.C.E., Dravidian and Indo-European peoples intermarried and laid social and cultural foundations that influenced Indian society to present day.56Aryan Influence on Harappan SocietyThe Aryans survived on pastoral economy, sheep and goats.The especially prized their horses and cattle, but horses did not breed well in India so they had to import animals from Asia.The Aryans consumed both dairy products and beef. Centuries later cattle would become sacred.

57Aryan Influence on Harappan ReligionThe Vedas were collections of religious and literary poems and songs transmitted orally.There were four parts.The most important part was the Rig Veda, a collection of 1,028 hymns addressed to the Aryan gods. Aryan priests compiled the Rig Veda between 1400 and 900 B.C.E.It wasnt put into writing until about 600 B.C.E.

58The Aryans did not use writing, but they composed poems and songs. They preserved extensive collections of religious and literary works by memorizing them and transmitting them orally from one generation to another in thei rsacred language, Sanskrit.

The earliest of these orally transmitted works were the Vedas, which were collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the various gods of the Aryans.The Vedic Age 1500 to 500 B.C.E.The Vedas refer often to conflicts between Aryans and the Dravidians and other people already living in India.The Vedas refer to Indra, the Aryan war god and military hero, who would destroy parts of the city.This suggests that the Aryans clashed repeatedly with the Dravidians of the Indus valley, attacking their cities and wrecking their irrigation systems.

59The Vedas refer to Indra, the Aryan war god and military hero, as someone who ravaged citadels, smashed dams, destroyed forts the way age consumes cloth garments.

The Vedic Age 1500 to 500 B.C.E.The Aryans often had friendly relations with Dravidian peoples.They learned about the land and adopted Dravidian agricultural methods.Still there was competitions over land and resources.It appears that the Aryans did not have a formal government but they formed chiefdoms with a leader known as a raja (Sanskrit term for king.)

60The Vedas refer to Indra, the Aryan war god and military hero, as someone who ravaged citadels, smashed dams, destroyed forts the way age consumes cloth garments.

Aryan Migrations in IndiaAryans first settled in the Punjab, the upper Indus River valley that straddles modern-day border between northern India and Pakistan.They spread east and south and established communities throughout much of the subcontinent.They learned to make iron tools and with axes and plow they cleared forests and established agricultural communities in the Ganges valley.The Aryans gradually lost the tribal political organization they had brought into India and evolved into small kingdoms with formal governments.

61The Caste SystemOriginally based on color: Aryans were wheat-colored and Dravidians were darker skinned.Four Main Varnas or Castes:Priests (brahmins)Warriors and Aristocrats (Kshatriyas)Cultivators, artisans, and merchants (vsaishyas)Landless peasants and serfs ( shudras)Untouchables (people who performed dirty tasks) added much later

62Caste comes the Portuguese word casta which refers to a social class of herditary and unchangeable status. When Portuguese merchants visited India during 16th century, they noticed the sharp, inherited distinctiosn between different social groups, which they referred to as castes. Scholars have employed the term caste ever since in reference to the Indian social order.

When Aryans first entered India, they probably had a fairly simple society consisting of herders and cultivators led by warrior chiefs and preists. As they settled in India, however, growing social complexity and interaction with Dravidian peoples promted them to refine their social distincitions. The Aryans used the term varna, a Sanskrit word meaning color to refer to the major social classes. This terminology suggests that social distinctions arose partly from differences in complexion between the Aryans who referred to themselves as wheat colored and the darker skinned Dravidians. Over time Aryans and Dravidian mixed, mingled, interacted, and intermarried to the point that distinguishing between them was impossible. Nevertheless in early Vedic times differences between the two peoples probably prompted Aryans to ase social distinctions on Aryan or Dravidian ancestry.

After about 1000 BCE the Aryan increasingly recognized four main varns. Jati (Subcastes)As Vedic Society became more complex and specialized, the caste system changed to include specialized occupations.Occupation determined an individuals jati (subcaste).By the 18th and 19th centuries C.E., the system featured several thousand jati.Brahmins alone have some 1,800 jati.

63The Development of a Patriarch SocietyAryan Society had a strong patriarchal social order at the time of their migration into India.All priests, warriors and tribal chiefs were men.Women influenced affairs within their families but had no public authority.Women rarely learned the Vedas and were denied formal education.Sati, the practice of a wife sacrificing herself on her husbands funeral pyre, was considered noble.

64Religion in Vedic AgeThe Rig Veda sheds light on religious practices.The chief deity was Indra, a war god, who was partial to fighting and drink.Varuna was a god who presided over the sky from his heavenly palace. He oversaw behavior of morals and preserved order.Cattle, sheep, goats, and horses from Aryan herds were sacrificed to gain divine support, large families, long life, and abundant herds.

65Religion in Vedic AgeAround 800 B.C.E. some individuals withdrew into the forest of the Ganges valley and lived as hermits.They drew inspiration from religious beliefs of Dravidian people who worshipped nature spirits.Dravidians also believed that human souls took on new physical forms after the deaths of their bodies. The idea of reincarnation was born.

66The UpanishadsAppeared late in Vedic Age, around 800 to 400 B.C.E.Upanishad means sitting in front of and refers to practice of disciples gathering before a sage for discussion of religious issues.The Upanishads were dialogues that explored the Vedas.

67The UpanishadsEach person is part of a large, cosmic order and forms a small part of a universal soul known as Brahman.Brahman is an eternal, unchanging foundation for all things.Individual souls were born into physical world many times.Their souls were most often humans but sometimes animals, and even occasionally plants.The highest goal of the individual soul is to escape the cycle of birth and rebirth to enter into permanent union with Brahmin.

68Doctrines of the UpanishadsSamsara Upon death, individuals go temporarily to the World of the Fathers and then return to earth in a new form.Karma a man of good acts will become good, a man of bad acts, bad. He becomes pure by pure deeds, bad by bad deeds.Suffering A certain amount of pain and suffering is inevitable in human existence.Moksha is a deep endless sleep that comes with permanent liberation from physical incarnation. Brahmin You can achieve Brahmin through meditation and asceticism, leading extremely simple lives and denying all pleasure.

69Religion and Vedic AgeModern historians have often interpreted the Upanishads as a way to justify social inequalities imposed by the Caste System.The doctrines of Samsara and karma have reinforced the Vedic social order.

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Permanent SettlementPermanent settlement, part of life by the people who had learned to master the environment; this settlement left permanent structures, artifacts and records that showed how the settlers had developed their society.

Cities1As farmers settled in river valleys, they began to grow surplus or extra food; this extra food increased the population of the settlements; in time, the settlements grew into cities (e.g. Ur and Babylon).

As cities expanded, the food supply and irrigation systems needed to be maintained; governments, such as councils or religious leaders, began to oversee the business and existence of the cities.2Organized Central Governments

Organized ReligionsReligious leaders would conduct elaborate ceremonies to appease the gods and ensure a bountiful harvest; floods and droughts were blamed on the gods anger so rituals were conducted in the temples.3

Job Specialization4Artisans and craftsmen were needed to maintain specific items and tasks; Now, some concentrated on teaching, scribing, stonecutting and so forth.

Social ClassesAs jobs became specialized so did the status and needs of certain individuals; the need for an educated religious leader was more respected than an unskilled worker; herders were needed for the food, while masons were needed for building; the slave was on the lowest rank of the social ladder; warriors and kings were on top.5

6Writing SystemRecords were needed to keep accounts on trade goods and food storage; writing was needed because the information became too great; in addition, one needed to express more complex ideas such as "belief" and "social order" where pictures and words simply would not suffice.

7Art and ArchitectureThis expressed the beliefs and values of a civilization; often the art was used to impress visitors and people about the beauty and power of a king or community.

8 Public WorksThe government would order these, although costly, to aid and benefit the community; such things as a wall to protect from attack or a canal to aid in irrigation would help insure the survival of a people.

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