wild edible plants of the bodrum area (muÛla,...

Introduction

In Turkey, the Aegean coast is believed to have anoutstanding plant gathering tradition incomparable withany other area in Anatolia. Some people even argue thatthe Cretan Turks brought this tradition to the regionwhen they immigrated in the 19th and early 20th century.Lyle-Kalças (1974) wrote that plant gathering for food islimited to an area "from the Dardanelles south along the

Aegean coast to the Mediterranean", and cannot be foundmore than 100 km inland. However, our research inCentral Anatolia and various scattered records hasindicated that this belief has no foundation, and wild plantgathering for food and other needs is an ongoingtradition and a customary practice throughout Anatolia(e.g., Baytop, 1994; Ertu¤-Yarafl, 1996; Ertu¤, 2000).The research project on the Useful Plants of Bodrum was

Turk J Bot28 (2004) 161-174© TÜB‹TAK

161

Wild Edible Plants of the Bodrum Area (Mu¤la, Turkey)

Füsun ERTU⁄ R›dvan Pafla Sok. Refik Bey Apt. 13/14 Göztepe 81080 ‹stanbul - TURKEY

[email protected]

Received: 17.10.2002Accepted: 29.01.2003

Abstract: The town of Bodrum is situated on a peninsula in south-western Turkey in the province of Mu¤la. The research projecton the Useful Plants of the Bodrum Area has been collecting data since October 1999 on the traditional uses of plants for food,medicine, fodder, fuel, handicrafts and other purposes. The information was collected over a two-and-a-half-year period frominformants of various ages and background categories in Bodrum and the surrounding villages, with the help of about 25 volunteers.In addition to the informant-based research, year-round surveys of weekly markets in Bodrum, Milas and Mu¤la have been carriedout to check the availability of the locally known edibles in these markets.

Over 770 plant samples were collected and about 400 species identified. The information on each species is entered into a database.The highest percentage of useful plants was of natural or so-called "wild" edibles. A total of 179 species (143 natural and 36 cultivarand introduced) are recorded in the food and beverage category. Some edible plants are no longer collected by local people, someothers are known only by certain villagers, and some species are under the threat of over collection.

Key Words: Ethnobotany, wild edibles, Bodrum (Halicarnassos), Mu¤la, C1 square, Turkey.

Bodrum Yöresinin Yenen Yabani Bitkileri (Mu¤la, Türkiye)

Özet: Bodrum, güneybat› Anadolu’da Mu¤la ili s›n›rlar› içindeki bir yar›mada üzerinde yer al›r. Bodrum Yararl› Bitkiler Araflt›rmaMerkezi Projesi Ekim 1999’dan beri g›da, ilaç, yem, yakacak, el sanatlar› ve di¤er geleneksel bitki kullan›mlar› ile ilgili verileritoplamaktad›r. Elde edilen veriler iki buçuk y›l› aflk›n bu süre içinde 25 gönüllünün katk›lar›yla Bodrum ilçesi ve köylerinde farkl› yaflve sosyal kategorilerden kaynak kiflilerden sa¤lanm›flt›r. Kaynak kiflilerle görüflmelerin yan› s›ra Bodrum, Milas ve Mu¤la pazarlar›nahaftal›k ziyaretlerle pazarlara getirilen yabani ve tar›m› yap›lan bitkiler kaydedilmifltir.

Bu süre içinde 770’i aflk›n bitki örne¤i toplanm›fl ve bunlardan 400’e yak›n türün saptamas› yap›lm›fl ve bir veri taban›na aktar›lm›flt›r.Yararl› bitkiler aras›nda en önemli kategori toplam 179 tür (143 do¤al/“yabani” ve 36 tar›m› yap›lan) ile yenen- içilenler grubudur.Yenildi¤i saptand›¤› halde baz› bitkilerin art›k toplanmad›¤›, baz›lar›n›n sadece belirli bölgelerde bilindi¤i, bir k›sm›n›n da afl›r›toplanma tehdidi alt›nda oldu¤u gözlenmifltir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Etnobotanik, yenen yabani bitkiler, Bodrum, Mu¤la, C1 karesi, Türkiye

designed with this in mind, and especially to determine ifthere is a significant difference between the informationcollected here and that of other areas, particularly withregard to wild edibles. The town of Bodrum is wellknown for the richness of its greens, which are broughtto market throughout the year, and the whole area ofMu¤la is famous for its variety of wild orchids used tomake salep (Sezik, 1969, 1984).

There are a limited number of ethnobotanical studieson the Mu¤la area, and the Aegean region in general.These are primarily related to medicinals (e.g. Honda etal., 1996; Sayar et al., 1995; Sucu, 1983, 1989; Tanker& Sucu, 1983), and a few related to wild edibles(Çolako¤lu & Bilgir, 1977; Çolako¤lu & Tömek, 1975;Lyle- Kalças, 1974; Siyamo¤lu, 1984; Tuzlac›, 2000).Among these Tuzlac›’s floristic and ethnobotanical studyhas the widest scope; he listed 346 species in 72 familieson the Bodrum Peninsula, of which 43 species were givenas useful in various categories (2000). Our researchproject hypothesised that in a long-term, systematic

ethnobotanical study focused on a relatively limited area,the number of useful plants would be much higher andmore detailed information on their various uses would beavailable.

Research Area and the background for research

Bodrum is situated on a peninsula in south-westernTurkey in the province of Mu¤la and in the C1 square ofthe Flora of Turkey. The Bodrum peninsula covers 650km2 and is surrounded in the north by the Gulf ofMandalya, in the west by the Aegean Sea, and in the southby the Gulf of Gökova (Fig. 1). It is on the 37th paralleland has a temperate Mediterranean climate, with warm,rainy winters, and hot, dry summers. The annualprecipitation is about 750 mm, and the highest point ofthe peninsula is less than 800 m. The majority of the floraconsists of Mediterranean elements.

In antiquity, Bodrum was called Halicarnassus, where,in the fourth century B.C., King Mausolos reigned fromthe capital of Caria. It was then a very prosperous Aegean

162


Figure 1. Map of the Bodrum Peninsula; some of the selected villages and towns which are mentioned in the text and tables are shown, drawing:Ayfle Tunçay

town. The Mausoleum, one of the Seven Wonders of theAncient World, was built in Bodrum by Mausolos'successors (Alpözen, 2000). However, for most of itsrecent history Bodrum has been a small port, inhabited bya mixed population of Greeks and Turks. After the 1922population exchange, the Greeks were replaced by CretanTurks. Today, the town of Bodrum has a population ofabout 25,000, and the whole peninsula has about 80,000inhabitants. In the summer tourists swell the populationto 250,000.

The research project on the Useful Plants of Bodrumwas started in October 1999 with the support of theAcademia Mediterranea Halicarnassensis Foundation,with the aim of setting up an international institute inBodrum. However, due to the Turkish economic crisis theFoundation's support ceased after 7 months. The projectcontinued with private donations, and the support ofvolunteers and scientists from various institutions,especially Gazi and ‹stanbul universities (seeAcknowledgements).

Materials and Methods

The research project on the Useful Plants of Bodrumwas developed as a multi-disciplinary project to gatherdata on the traditional uses of plants for food, medicine,fodder, fuel and handicrafts. The documentation of localnatural and cultural heritage was believed to be useful forlocal development projects and in training programmes. Itwas designed as a long-term study, and in the first fewmonths 20 volunteers were trained to collect data. Inaddition to interviews with people who had a knowledgeof plants, we performed market surveys in and aroundBodrum.

The Friday markets in Bodrum were our main focusfor this research (Fig. 2), while other markets were onlysurveyed for comparisons. The Friday markets in Bodrumare a magnet for numerous villagers from thesurrounding area. Samples of wild edibles, herbs,medicinal plants and ethnographic objects made fromplant materials, such as baskets, spoons and amulets,were collected and recorded. While the plants and therelated information were entered into a database, plant-based ethnographic materials were recorded on aseparate card file. A total of 60 forms were completed,and about 30 objects such as brooms, spoons, baskets,amulets, spinning tools and mats were collected.

On many visits to the Friday markets, the team wasfortunate to be invited to the homes of some of thevillagers, who were knowledgeable, and who not onlygave information, but allowed the team to go with themto collect plants (Fig. 3). From them it was learnt thathalf the known edibles, most of the medicinals, fodderand fuel plants, as well as many handicraft plants, werenot brought to the market.

F. ERTU⁄

163

Figure 2. Friday Market of Bodrum, May 25, 2001, photo: F. Ertu¤

Figure 3. Naime Genç gathering Salvia fruticosa, Gölköy, May 29,2001, photo: F. Ertu¤

The number of informants in this project was 109, ofwhich 68 were women (62.3 %) and 41 men (37.6 %),between the ages of 11 and 88, with a mean age of 53.K›z›la¤aç, Yal›çiftlik, Çömlekçi, Sazköy, Mumcular andEkinambar› were the main villages outside the BodrumPeninsula, 8-60 km from the town of Bodrum, where wecollected samples or where our informants were from(see Fig.1).

A programme in two local village elementary schools,one in the peninsula, in Gündo¤an, and the other outsidethe peninsula, in Yal›çiftlik, was also conducted. First, atalk with slides on local useful plants, and thenquestionnaires on edible and medicinal plants were givento the students. A total of 51 forms were returned bystudents in the two schools, with information on ediblesand medicinals. After the forms were evaluated, some ofthe families were visited and detailed information wasobtained.

Herbarium specimens are given to the ‹stanbulUniversity and Gazi University herbariums.

Edible Plants Evaluation and some examples

A total of 143 edibles (136 natural plants and sevenmushrooms) in 42 families are in the wild food and

164


Table 1. Bodrum preliminary results, October 1999- June 2002.

Number of specimens collected: 774Number of identified species: 390 (in 89 families)Number of useful species with sufficient data and samples: 355Number of species with insufficient information: 35 Endemics: 21

CATEGORIES NATIVE SPECIES PERCENTAGE CULTIVARS & INTRODUCED TOTAL338 WITHIN NATIVE % PLANTS 52 390

Edibles 143 42 36 179Medicinals 92 27.2 24 116Fodder 55 16.2 5 60Handicrafts 34 10.05 6 40Fuel 6 1.77 1 7Miscellaneous uses 67 19.8 11 78

Note: Due to the overlapping uses of plants these numbers and percentages should not added up for a total sum. See Tables 3 and 4 for plant cat-egories and multi-uses.

EDIBLES (IA & IB)

SUB CATEGORIES NATIVE (IA) CULTIVARS & INTRODUCED PLANTS (IB) 143 36

Leaves and shoots 63 12Stems and roots 7 2Bulbs 25 3Fruit 16 24Mushrooms 7 -Flowers 5 1Tea plants 17 -Spices 13 4Others (e.g. gum, starter) 6 1

num

ber

of a

vaila

ble

spec

ies

Oct. Jan. April Julymonths

—

—

—

—

—

— — — — — — — — — — — —

50

40

30

20

10

0

Table 2. Availability of Bodrum’s edible wild green throughout theyear.

F. ERTU⁄

165

beverage category, and this group constitutes about 42%of all natural useful plants (Tables 2 & 3). Within theedibles category, leaves and shoots are the most widelyconsumed. Among all natural edibles, 63 leaves andshoots, 17 tea plants, 16 fruit, 13 spice plants, sevenmushrooms, seven roots and rhizomes, six gum andstarter plants and five flowers were recorded, in additionto 25 species of orchid bulbs for salep. Some of thesespecies have two or more uses, and they appear indifferent categories. For example, Mentha pulegium L.,Origanum onites L., O. vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link)Ietsw. and Thymbra spicata L. are considered both asherbal teas and spices; Salvia fruticosa Mill. is consideredin two edible categories as a fruit and a herbal tea (foroverlaps see Table 3, Plant Categories).

Care was taken to document all the orchids that weresold as flowers and bulbs in Bodrum market in order toobtain information on local bulb collection and trade.However, in Gündo¤an only one woman was found, whocollected orchid bulbs for home consumption as salep,and only two women collected bulbs to sell to middlemen.

Although all orchids are considered edible in our lists,their role in local diets should be viewed with caution.There are other plants that the villagers know as edible,but are rarely used now in the local diet, for example, aparasite plant Cytinus hypocistis, which we found on theroots of Cistus monspeliensis, the rock-rose bush (Fig. 4).Some of the villagers remembered it as a very good sweetand 20-25 years ago they also used it as glue. The fleshyand scaly red and yellow flower heads of this parasite areknown as edible in Greece, and have been used as amedicinal (Baumann, 1996).

At this point it should be noted that over a quarter(35 or 25 %) of all edibles are also considered medicinals.This overlap indicates the close relationship betweenhealth and food. A good example of this is Urtica dioicaL. This stinging nettle (Fig. 5), locally called dalan, is oneof the most commonly used greens, and many recipeswere recorded for its use in soups, breads, pies andomelets. It is also considered one of the most commonlyused medicinals with about 11 different recipes.

Figure 4. Cytinus hypocistis on the roots of Cistus monspeliensis,Gündo¤an- April 19, 2001, photo: F. Ertu¤

Figure 5. Urtica dioica, bought from Bodrum market, March 23,2001, photo: F. Ertu¤

166


Tabl

e 3.

W

ild e

dibl

es o

f th

e Bo

drum

are

a.

Abbr

evia

tions

in P

lant

Cat

egor

ies:

IA1

: G

reen

s, I

A2:

Stem

& R

oots

, IA

3: B

ulbs

, IA

4: F

ruit

& S

eeds

, IA

5: M

ushr

oom

s, I

A6:

Flow

ers,

IA7

: H

erba

l tea

s, I

A8:

Spic

es,

IA9:

Oth

ers

(e.g

. gu

m,

juic

e);

IIA1:

Med

icin

als

used

in h

uman

tre

atm

ents

, IIA

2: M

edic

inal

s fo

r an

imal

s; I

II A:

Fue

l pla

nts;

IVA

. Fo

dder

s; V

A: P

lant

s us

ed in

han

dicr

afts

:

VA1:

Nat

ural

dye

s, V

A2:

Mat

ting;

VA3

: Ba

sket

ry,

VA4:

Bro

oms,

VA5

: Ca

rpen

try

(e.g

. bo

wls

, m

usic

al in

str.

), V

A6:

Pray

er b

eads

, VA

7: A

mul

ets,

VA8

: O

ther

s (e

.g.

rope

);

VIA

Oth

er u

ses

(e.g

. in

sect

icid

es,

beep

lant

s).

Fam

ily N

ame

Spec

ies

Nam

eLo

cal N

ame

Plan

t Ca

tego

rySp

ecim

en n

o.D

ry s

ampl

e no

.

1AG

ARIC

ACEA

EAg

aric

us c

ampe

stri

sL.

çim

enm

anta

r›IA

535

6, 7

122

AMAR

ANTH

ACEA

EAm

aran

thus

vir

idis

L.de

lisir

ken

IA1

706

3AN

ACAR

DIA

CEAE

Pist

acia

lent

iscu

sL.

sak›

za¤a

c›/s

ak›z

l›k/s

ak›z

d›r›

k/kü

ndük

/kün

ük/d

atça

l›s›

IA9,

IIA

1, V

A356

, 17

8, 2

04,

282

4Pi

stac

ia t

ereb

inth

usL.

subs

p. p

alae

stin

a(B

oiss

.) E

ngl.

çite

mik

/çet

imek

/men

engi

çIA

4, I

A9,

IIA1,

VA1

, VI

A135

9, 4

05,

437

465

Rhu

s co

riar

iaL.

sum

ak/s

omak

IA8,

IIA

120

06

APIA

CEAE

Beru

la e

rect

a(H

uds.

)Co

ville

suka

zaya

¤›IA

16,

108

7Cr

ithm

um m

ariti

mum

L.de

nizm

arul

u/ka

yako

ru¤u

IA1

116

116

a, 4

40,

446

8D

aucu

s ca

rota

L. g

roup

Cda

rakl

›kIA

1, I

A2,

IIA1

565,

620

9Ec

hino

phor

a te

nuifo

liaL.

sub

sp.

tarh

anao

tuIA

843

6si

btho

rpia

na(G

uss.

) Tu

tin10

Eryn

gium

cam

pest

reL.

var

. vi

rens

Link

deve

taba

n›IA

177

011

Eryn

gium

cre

ticum

Lam

.de

veta

ban›

IA1

40,

76,

724

732

12Fa

lcar

iasp

.s›

n›rg

azay

a¤›

IA1

413

Foen

icul

um v

ulga

reM

ill.

arap

saç›

/s›r

ra/s

›ra

IA1

8, 4

2, 8

5, 9

6, 1

36,

196

14H

ippo

mar

athu

m c

rist

atum

(DC.

) Bo

iss.

çarfl

amba

IA2

773

730

15La

goec

ia c

umin

oide

sL.

peyn

irçi

çe¤i

IA8

370,

587

16O

enan

the

pim

pine

lloid

esL.

kaza

ya¤›

/kaz

›yak

IA1

30,

109,

131

, 49

8, 5

8817

Opo

pana

x hi

spid

us(F

riv.

) G

rise

b.sa

r›ot

IA1

93,

133,

616

18Sc

andi

x pe

cten

-ven

eris

L.ki

flkifl

IA1

111,

172

, 18

9, 2

94,

318,

551

19Sm

yrni

um c

onna

tum

Bois

s. e

t K

otsc

hysa

r›kö

rek

IA1

691

20Sm

yrni

um o

lusa

trum

L.ba

ld›r

anIA

128

, 29

, 75

, 94

?, 1

20,

124,

166

, 24

321

AREC

ACEA

E/PA

LMAE

Phoe

nix

theo

phra

stii

Gre

uter

gölk

öyhu

rmas

›IA

4, V

A5,

VIA1

22AS

TER

ACEA

ECe

ntau

rea

sols

titia

lisL.

sub

sp.

sols

titia

lisça

k›rd

iken

i/kab

abafl

dike

niIA

1, I

A232

0?,

703,

768

23Ce

ntau

rea

urvi

lleiD

C. (

END

.)ço

bank

ald›

ran/

ya¤l

›bid

eIA

171

9, 7

2124

Chon

drill

a ju

ncea

L. v

ar.

junc

easa

k›zo

tuIA

966

4, 7

0225

Chry

sant

hem

um c

oron

ariu

mL.

dalla

ma

IA1,

IIA

143

, 23

8, 2

46,

314,

324

, 52

026

Chry

sant

hem

um s

eget

umL.

alag

ömeç

/ale

güm

eci

IA1,

IIA

129

1, 4

82,

571

27Cy

nara

car

dunc

ulus

L.en

gina

rdik

eni

IA4/

6?,

IA9

771

729

28Ec

hino

ps v

isco

sus

DC.

ssp

. bi

thyn

icus

(Boi

ss.)

Rec

h.f.

sak›

zdik

eni

IA9

690

29N

otob

asis

syr

iaca

(L.)

Cas

s.ya

vank

enke

rIA

277

273

130

Ono

pord

um il

lyri

cum

L.de

liken

ker/

flevk

etib

osta

nIA

238

2b,

674,

681

, 72

867

731

Scol

ymus

his

pani

cus

L.ke

nker

/usl

uken

ker

IA2,

IIA

132

, 77

, 13

4, 3

82a,

687

, 72

773

332

Scor

zone

ra c

ana

(C.A

.Mey

.) H

offm

.te

kesa

kal›

IA1

145,

164

33Sc

orzo

nera

ela

taBo

iss.

teke

saka

l›IA

110

3, 1

75,

336

34So

nchu

s as

per

(L.)

Hill

sub

sp.

glau

cesc

ens

(Jor

d.)

Ball

sütlü

ot/fl

ütle

n/hi

ndib

a (‹

slam

hane

leri

)/bo

dan

(Mu¤

la)

IA2

285,

508

, 76

935

Sonc

hus

cf.

oler

aceu

sL.

eflek

halv

esi/h

alve

cik/

alad

iken

IA1

3, 1

10,

147

36Ta

raxa

cum

off

icin

ale

Web

erhi

ndib

a/ka

ymak

IA1,

IIA

121

, 14

1, 1

76,

195

37Tr

agop

ogon

long

iros

tris

Bisc

h. e

x Sc

h.Bi

p. v

ar.

keçi

saka

l›/te

kesa

kal›

IA1,

VA1

373,

639

long

iros

tris

38BO

RAG

INAC

EAE

Anch

usa

undu

lata

L. s

ubsp

.hy

brid

a(T

en.)

Cou

t.ba

ll›ko

tu/b

enek

liot/

s›¤›

rdili

IA1

114,

146

, 51

1, 7

20?

39Ce

rint

he m

ajor

L.al

acak

›z/b

örek

otu

IA1

197,

298

, 44

940

BRAS

SICA

CEAE

Bras

sica

nig

ra(L

.) K

och

kara

hard

alIA

174

841

Caps

ella

bur

sa-p

asto

ris

(L.)

Med

ik.

da¤m

arul

u/ka

yam

arul

uIA

1, I

IA1

25,

26,4

8, 6

4?,

65?,

95,

117

, 18

4, 1

93,

726

42Ca

rdam

ine

cf.

ulig

inos

aM

.Bie

b.su

kerd

imes

iIA

110

043

Lepi

dium

spi

nosu

mAr

d.ke

rdim

e?IA

132

244

Lepi

dium

sat

ivum

L.te

reIA

167

45R

apha

nus

raph

anis

trum

L.tu

rpot

uIA

17,

130

, 17

4, 2

74a,

274

b, 4

8046

Sina

pis

arve

nsis

L.ha

rdal

/akh

arda

l/del

ihar

dal

IA1

20,

696,

697

, 75

1, 7

5247

CAM

PAN

ULA

CEAE

Cam

panu

la ly

rata

Lam

. su

bsp.

lyra

ta(E

ND

.)in

ekm

emes

i (M

ilas)

/tav

ukbu

du-

IA1

142,

304

, 50

3, 7

22ta

vuka

ya¤›

(M

u¤la

)/da

¤düv

ele¤

i (G

ündo

¤an)

48CA

PPAR

ACEA

ECa

ppar

is s

pino

saL.

var

. in

erm

isTu

rra

gebr

e ot

u/ke

bere

IA1,

IA6

, IIA

157

749

CAR

YOPH

YLLA

CEAE

Sile

necf

. ita

lica

(L.)

Per

s.yu

¤flür

e¤i/k

›y›fl

ay›k

IA1

112,

143

, 46

650

Sile

ne v

ulga

ris

(Moe

nch)

Gar

cke

var.

vul

gari

sk›

y›fla

k/k›

¤flak

IA1

295,

321

, 50

5

F. ERTU⁄

167

51CA

RYO

PHYL

LACE

AESt

ella

ria

med

ia(L

.) V

ill.

kufly

üre¤

i/urg

anc›

kIA

127

, 50

, 18

352

CHEN

OPO

DIA

CEAE

Salic

orni

a eu

ropa

eaL.

deni

zbör

ülce

siIA

131

, 42

953

CRAS

SULA

CEAE

Sedu

m r

uben

sL.

kaya

üzüm

üIA

155

5, 5

9854

DIO

SCO

REA

CEAE

Tam

us c

omm

unis

L. s

ubsp

.cr

etic

a(L

.) K

it Ta

nac

›ot

IA1,

IIA

121

5, 2

17,

286,

323

, 35

8, 5

2364

455

ERIC

ACEA

EAr

butu

s un

edo

L.ko

caye

mifl

/da¤

çile

¤iIA

4, V

IA13

125,

160

22

, 12

5 56

FABA

CEAE

Cera

toni

a si

liqua

L.ha

rup/

har›

p/ha

rnup

IA

4,

IIA1,

IVA

, VI

A158

, 59

, 35

0, 4

2011

, 42

057

Lupi

nus

mic

rant

hus

Gus

s.do

muz

bakl

as›/c

avur

bakl

as›

IA4?

, IV

A23

658

258

FAG

ACEA

EQ

uerc

us c

occi

fera

L.

mefl

e/pi

litIA

4, I

IIA98

, 28

1, 3

45,

409

38

, 45

, 55

, 98

a, 4

4259

Que

rcus

itha

bure

nsis

Dec

ne s

ubsp

. m

acro

lepi

s(K

otsc

hy)

Hed

ge e

t Ya

lt.

pala

mut

IA4,

VA1

408,

601

, 68

560

160

GER

ANIA

CEAE

Erod

ium

cic

utar

ium

(L.)

L'H

ér.

i¤ne

likIA

166

61Er

odiu

m h

oeff

tianu

mC.

A.M

ey.

kuzu

göbe

¤iIA

114

062

Erod

ium

mos

chat

um(L

.) L

'Hér

.i¤

nelik

IA1

129,

186

, 22

563

Erod

oium

mal

acoi

des

(L.)

L'H

ér.

i¤ne

likIA

122

664

HYM

ENO

GAS

TRAC

EAE

Rhi

zopo

gon

lute

olus

Fr.

dobi

lenm

anta

r›IA

571

665

LAM

IACE

AECo

rido

thym

us c

apita

tus

(L.)

Rch

b.f.

keki

k/ka

rake

kik

IA8,

IIA

1, V

IA2

395,

645

66La

miu

m m

osch

atum

Mill

. va

r. m

osch

atum

lünl

ün o

tuIA

1, I

IA1

293,

377

67La

miu

msp

.ba

ll›ba

ba

IA6

190

68M

elis

sa o

ffic

inal

isL.

o¤ul

otu/

mel

isa

IA7,

IIA

175

469

Men

tha

pule

gium

L.ça

y›rn

anes

i/nan

a/na

rpuz

/nar

p›z

IA7,

IA8

, IIA

1, V

IA10

600,

613

80?

70M

icro

mer

ia m

yrtif

olia

Bois

s. e

t H

ohen

.ça

yotu

IA7

367,

63

371

Ori

ganu

m o

nite

sL.

keki

k/sa

lman

keki

k/in

cirk

eki¤

iIA

7, I

A8,

IIA1,

IIA

224

5, 3

26,

580,

614

91,

394

72O

riga

num

vul

gare

L. s

ubsp

. hi

rtum

(Lin

k) I

etsw

. ka

rake

kik

IA7

, IA

8, I

IA1

5173

Phlo

mis

ang

ustis

sim

aH

ub.-

Mor

. (E

ND

.)ya

ylaç

ay›

IA7

1874

Phlo

mis

fru

ticos

aL.

da¤ç

ay›

IA7

338

75R

osm

arin

us o

ffic

inal

isL.

bibe

riye

/kufl

dili

IA7,

IA8

, IIA

182

76Sa

lvia

fru

ticos

aM

ill.

adaç

ay›/a

lmek

ekik

/alm

eçal

›s›/e

lmaç

al›s

›IA

4, I

A7,

IIA

149

, 51

7, 7

4016

, 87

, 29

9, 3

5577

Salv

ia t

omen

tosa

Mill

.ad

açay

›IA

724

478

Satu

reja

thy

mbr

aL.

keki

k/lim

onke

ki¤i

IA7,

IA8

351,

368

, 52

244

7?79

Side

ritis

lept

ocla

daO

.Sch

war

z et

P.H

.Dav

is (

END

.)da

¤çay

›/k›z

›lanç

ay›

IA7,

IIA

1?13

80Si

deri

tis li

bano

tica

Labi

ll. s

ubsp

. lin

eari

s(B

enth

.)

da¤ç

ay›/g

ökte

peça

y›IA

7; I

IA1?

14Bo

rnm

. (E

ND

.)81

Thym

bra

spic

ata

L. v

ar.

spic

ata

çayk

eki¤

i/pey

nirk

eki¤

iIA

7, I

A864

9, 6

9973

482

Zizi

phor

a ta

uric

aM

.Bie

b.ça

ykek

i¤i/s

ivri

keki

kIA

7, I

A8,

IIA1

422

83Zi

ziph

ora

tenu

ior

L.na

rpuz

IA7,

IA8

, IIA

186

84LA

UR

ACEA

ELa

urus

nob

ilis

L.de

fne/

tene

lIA

7, I

A8,

IIA1,

VIA

1, V

IA2

406,

407

, 51

254

, 61

785

LEPI

OTA

CEAE

Mac

role

piot

a ko

nrad

ii(H

uüsm

.ex

Ort

on)

Mas

.ka

raku

lakm

anta

r›IA

571

586

LILI

ACEA

EAl

lium

am

pelo

pras

umL.

kara

köre

men

/keç

ikör

emen

i/dev

ekör

men

iIA

112

7, 1

88?,

579

, 66

567

587

Alliu

m s

ubhi

rsut

umL.

kö

rem

en/k

örm

enIA

173

, 13

8, 1

87,

524,

535

88As

para

gus

acut

ifoliu

sL.

til

kifle

nIA

1, I

IA1

47,

167,

170

, 17

7, 2

55,

424

89Sm

ilax

asp

era

L.si

lcan

/s›lc

an/›s

›lcan

IA1

263,

287

, 36

0, 4

1090

MAL

VACE

AELa

vate

ra c

retic

aL.

deve

likIA

122

8, 2

7391

Mal

va s

ylve

stri

sL.

eb

egüm

eci/g

aba/

ilmik

IA1,

IIA

19,

198

, 31

4?,

621

92M

OR

ACEA

EFi

cus

cari

caL.

sub

sp.

cari

ca(m

ale)

inci

rbo¤

as›/e

rkek

inci

rIA

4, I

IA1

93M

OR

CHEL

LACE

AEM

orch

ella

con

ica

Pers

.ku

zugö

be¤i

man

tar›

/kuz

ugöb

e¤i

IA5,

IIA

174

194

Mor

chel

la e

lata

Fr.

kuzu

göbe

¤im

anta

r›/k

uzug

öbe¤

iIA

5, I

IA1

216

95M

YRTA

CEAE

Myr

tus

com

mun

isL.

sub

sp.

com

mun

ism

ersi

nIA

4,

IIA1,

VA3

, VI

A61,

2,

419,

485

39

96O

RCH

IDAC

EAE

Anac

ampt

is p

yram

idal

is(L

.)R

ich.

sa

lepç

içe¤

iIA

326

7a,

348

97Ba

rlia

rob

ertia

na(L

oise

l.) G

reut

er

patp

atan

akIA

315

3, 4

52,

496

98Li

mod

orum

abo

rtiv

um(L

.) S

w.

sale

pçiç

e¤i

IA3

354

99N

eotin

ea m

acul

ata

(Des

f.)

Stea

rnsa

lep

IA3

214

100

Oph

rys

bom

bylif

lora

Link

.ko

yung

özü

IA3

202a

101

Oph

rys

ferr

um-e

quin

umD

esf.

koyu

ngöz

ü (K

›z›la

¤aç)

IA3

212,

221

, 47

310

2O

phry

s fu

sca

Link

.ke

digö

zü (

K›z

›la¤a

ç)IA

321

1b,

475

Tabl

e 3.

Con

tinue

d

168


Tabl

e 3.

Con

tinue

d

103

OR

CHID

ACEA

EO

phry

s ho

lose

rica

(Bur

nm.f

.) G

reut

er s

sp.

holo

seri

casa

lepç

içe¤

iIA

3(s

lide)

104

Oph

rys

lute

aCa

v. s

sp.

min

orO

. et

E.D

anes

chsa

lep

IA3

266,

454

105

Oph

rys

oest

ifera

M.B

ieb.

sub

sp.

oest

ifera

sale

pIA

321

1a10

6O

phry

s om

egai

fera

Flei

schm

.ko

yung

özü

(K›z

›la¤a

ç)IA

320

2b,

474

107

Oph

rys

tent

hred

inife

raW

illd.

koyu

ngöz

ü (K

›z›la

¤aç)

IA3

206,

472

108

Oph

rys

vern

ixia

Brot

. ss

p. v

erni

xia

kedi

gözü

IA3

476

109

Oph

yrs

umbi

licat

aD

esf.

sub

sp.

umbi

licat

asa

lepç

içe¤

iIA

3sl

ide

110

Orc

his

anat

olic

aBo

iss.

dild

amak

/dili

ç›k›

k/di

liç›k

›r›k

(M

ilas)

IA

345

6, 4

71,

554,

596

111

Orc

his

italic

aPo

ir.

tavfl

anto

pu/t

avfla

ntop

u¤u

IA3

213,

259

, 26

4, 2

67b,

311

112

Orc

his

lact

eaPo

ir.

sale

pçiç

e¤i

IA3

737

113

Orc

his

laxi

flora

Lam

. sa

lep

IA3

219,

269

, 36

511

4O

rchi

s pa

pilio

nace

aL.

var

. pa

pilio

nace

asa

lepo

tu/k

at›r

t›rna

¤› (

K›z

›la¤a

ç)/t

avfla

ntop

u¤u

(Çöm

lekç

i)IA

315

6, 2

10,

220,

232

, 44

8, 4

55,

743

115

Orc

his

cf.

sanc

taL.

pi

rinç

çiçe

¤i/p

iren

/pür

enIA

336

411

6O

rchi

s si

mia

Lam

. to

ram

anto

slak

(Çö

mle

kçi)

IA3

742

117

Sera

pias

ori

enta

lis(G

reut

er)

H.B

aum

ann

et

sa¤›

rkul

a¤›

IA3?

231

Kün

kele

subs

p. c

aric

aH

.Bau

man

n et

Kün

kele

11

8Se

rapi

as p

atm

iaH

irth

et

Spac

hsa

¤›rk

ula¤

›IA

3?(s

lide)

119

Sera

pias

pol

itisi

iRen

zsa

¤›rk

ula¤

›IA

3?53

012

0Se

rapi

as v

omer

acea

e (B

urm

.f.)

Bri

q. s

ubsp

. la

xiflo

ra

sa¤›

rkul

a¤›

IA3

218,

265

121

OXA

LID

ACEA

EO

xalis

pes

-cap

rae

L.ek

fliot

IA1

182

122

PAPA

VER

ACEA

EPa

pave

r du

bium

L.

sabu

ncuk

IA1?

101,

314

123

Papa

ver

rhoe

asL.

ge

linci

k/ka

pç›k

otu/

kap›

rc›k

(M

u¤la

)/IA

1;

VA1

74,

137,

223

, 27

2, 3

09,

315

gelin

cikl

ales

i (Sa

zköy

)12

4Pa

pave

r rh

opal

othe

ceSt

apf

gelin

cik/

kapç

›kot

uIA

1?5

125

PIN

ACEA

EPi

nus

brut

iaTe

n.ça

mIA

4, I

A9,

IIA1,

VIA

324

012

6Pi

nus

pine

aL.

küne

rçam

›IA

4, I

IA1

52,

439

12

7PL

EUR

OTA

CEAE

Pleu

rotu

s er

yngi

i (D

C.)

Qué

l.kö

rekm

anta

r›IA

547

8, 7

10,

713

128

PLU

MBA

GIN

ACEA

ELi

mon

ium

sin

uatu

m(L

.) M

ill.

deni

zmar

ulu

IA1,

VIA

855

788

129

POLY

GO

NAC

EAE

Beta

sp.

ovam

anc›

r›IA

172

130

Rum

ex a

ceto

cella

L.

kuzu

kula

¤›IA

113

9, 1

63,

185,

207

, 22

9, 3

3013

1R

umex

sp.

›lb›d

a/la

bada

IA1,

IIA

192

, 31

2, 3

33,

539

609

132

POR

TULA

CACE

AEPo

rtul

aca

oler

acea

eL.

sem

izot

u/se

miz

IA1,

IIA

170

113

3R

AFFL

ESIA

CEAE

/CY

TIN

ACEA

ECy

tinus

hyp

ocis

tisL.

sub

sp.

orie

ntal

isW

etts

t.pi

rent

utka

l›IA

6, V

IA4

545,

549

549

134

RAN

UN

CULA

CEAE

Ran

uncu

lus

ficar

iaL.

sub

sp.

ficar

iifor

mis

ya

¤l›o

t/de

veta

ban›

(M

u¤la

)IA

114

4, 1

54,

159,

723

Rou

y et

Fou

caud

135

RO

SACE

AECr

atae

gus

mon

ogyn

aJa

cq.

k›z›

lc›y

›k/a

l›çIA

4, V

A581

97?

136

Pyru

s am

ygda

lifor

mis

Vill.

var

. am

ygda

lifor

mis

çö¤ü

r/ah

lat/

akla

t IA

4, I

IA1,

VA5

205,

404

68?

137

Rub

us s

anct

usSc

hreb

.bö

¤ürt

len

IA4,

IIA

137

4, 4

0113

8Sa

ngui

sorb

a m

inor

Scop

.m

ayas

›lotu

IA1

106

139

RU

SSU

LACE

AELa

ctar

ius

sp.

çint

arm

anta

r›/ç

›nta

rIA

514

0SC

RO

PHU

LAR

IACE

AEVe

rbas

cum

lydi

umBo

iss.

var

. ly

dium

(EN

D.)

eflek

mem

esi/b

all›k

IA6

671

141

SOLA

NAC

EAE

Sola

num

nig

rum

L. s

ubsp

. ni

grum

bam

bul/g

irito

tu/ü

züm

cülo

tIA

124

, 13

5, 2

24,

679

142

Hyo

scya

mus

alb

usL.

balo

tuIA

660

614

3U

RTI

CACE

AEU

rtic

a di

oica

L.da

lan/

›s›r

gan

IA1,

IIA

119

, 13

2, 1

81,

199,

290

, 52

5

F. ERTU⁄

169

Tabl

e 4.

Cu

ltiva

ted

and

intr

oduc

ed e

dibl

es o

f th

e Bo

drum

are

a.

Abbr

evia

tions

in P

lant

Cat

egor

ies:

IB1

: Ed

ible

Gre

ens,

IB2

: St

em &

Roo

ts,

IB3:

Bul

bs,

IB4:

Fru

it &

See

ds,

IB5:

Mus

hroo

ms,

IB6

: Fl

ower

s, I

B7:

Her

bal t

eas,

IB8

: Sp

ices

,

IB9:

Oth

ers

(e.g

. gu

m,

juic

e);

IIB1:

Med

icin

als

used

in h

uman

tre

atm

ents

, IIB

2: M

edic

inal

s fo

r an

imal

s; I

IIB:

Fuel

pla

nts;

IVB

: Fod

ders

; VB

: Pl

ants

use

d in

han

dicr

afts

:

VB1:

Dye

s, V

B2:

Mat

ting;

VB3

: Ba

sket

ry,

VB4:

Bro

oms,

VB5

: Ca

rpen

try

(e.g

. bo

wls

, m

usic

al in

str.

), V

B6:

Pray

er b

eads

, VB

7: A

mul

ets,

VB8

: O

ther

s (e

.g.

rope

);

VIB

Oth

er u

ses

(e.g

. in

sect

icid

es,

beep

lant

s).

* In

trod

uced

(no

n-na

tive)

pla

nts

Fam

ily N

ame

Spec

ies

Nam

eLo

cal N

ame

Plan

t Ca

tego

ries

Spec

imen

no.

Dry

sam

ple

no.

1AM

ARAN

THAC

EAE

*Am

aran

thus

chl

oros

tach

ysW

illd.

delis

irke

nIB

166

2

2* A

mar

anth

us r

etro

flexu

sL.

sirk

en/u

slus

irke

nIB

139

3, 6

61,

705

3AN

ACAR

DIA

CEAE

*Sch

inus

mol

leL.

k›

rm›z

› bib

er a

¤ac›

IB8

61,

397

69

4AP

IACE

AEAp

ium

gra

veol

ens

L.ke

revi

z IB

1, I

B3,

IIB1

647

5Co

rian

drum

sat

ivum

L.ki

flnifl

IB

127

5

6AR

ECAC

EAE/

PALM

AE*T

rach

ycar

pus

fort

unei

(Hoo

k.)

Wen

dl.

kara

bebb

e a¤

ac›

IB4,

VIB

878

78

7AS

TER

ACEA

ECy

nara

sco

lym

usL.

engi

nar

IB2,

IB4

/6?,

IB9

, IIB

175

3

8BR

ASSI

CACE

AEBr

assi

ca o

lera

cea

var.

cap

itata

L.

laha

na/la

hana

cib

ezi

IB1,

IIB

1

9Er

uca

sativ

aM

ill.

roka

IB1

209

10CA

CTAC

EAE

*Opu

ntia

fic

us-in

dica

(L.)

Mill

. fr

enk

inci

ri /

fren

cir/

firen

cir

IB4,

IIB

167

6

11CU

CUR

BITA

CEAE

Cucu

rbita

pep

oL.

kaba

kIB

4, I

B6

12FA

BACE

AELa

thyr

us o

chru

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In the local Aegean cuisine, greens have an importantrole. From October on, it is possible to collect about 25wild greens, and this number can increase to 43 inFebruary. The number then decreases, and in May manyedible greens have bloomed and the leaves have becometough, leaving only about 15 still edible (Table 2). Duringautumn and winter, Bodrum and other towns’ marketscontain high piles of greens which include many species(Fig. 6). The piles are called either "böreklik" or"kavurmal›k"-- for pies or roasting. These greens areeither roasted with onion in olive oil, and served with orwithout yogurt, or boiled and served with olive oil andlemon. Alternately the greens and Allium L. species, suchas Allium ampeloprasum and A. subhirsutum, are mixedtogether and folded into the Turkish flat bread calledyufka. Foeniculum vulgare (locally called s›rra) adds adistinct flavour to all roasted greens and pies, as well asmeat stews. About 20 % of all greens (13 species) can beeaten raw, especially tender ones such as Oxalis pes-caprae, Rumex acetocella and Stellaria media, but eatingraw greens is not a common tradition in the Bodrum diet,compared with other parts of Turkey.

While hardal (both Sinapis arvensis and Brassica nigra)and turpotu (Raphanus raphanistrum sp.) are the mostfrequently consumed greens, some greens are moreprized than others. For example the shoots of Asparagusacutifolius (tilkiflen) (Fig. 7), Smilax aspera (silcan), andTamus communis subsp. cretica (ac›ot) are among thefavourites of the people of Bodrum. Although all threeare collected between January and May, when they aretender and can be eaten raw, the villagers prefer to roastthem with onions, and mixed with eggs.

The survival of one of Bodrum's favourite edibles,kenker, Scolymus hispanicus (Fig. 8), is under threat(Ertu¤, 2002). It can be dug up from October to April,and its roots and the fresh leaves, cleaned of spines, areused in stews with meat or chicken and chickpeas. As itsroots are the main edible part, it is now rare on thepeninsula, and the sellers in the market explained thatthey now dig up this plant in the Milas area, 60 km northof Bodrum. This plant, which for 6 months of the year isone of the most common edibles in Bodrum market, isnever seen in either of the markets in Milas or Mu¤la,both within a 100-km radius.

Another favourite food is delikenker, Onopordumillyricum (Fig. 9). It is used in an unusual recipe (ibid.) inthis area. From December to April, the top part of the

170


Figure 6. A woman in front of wild greens pile in Mu¤la Market,February 17, 2000, photo: F. Ertu¤

Figure 7. Asparagus acutifolius, collected from Ortakent, January30, 2002, photo: F. Ertu¤

F. ERTU⁄

171

root and the bottom leaves of the plant are collected. Thespines and green parts of the leaves are removed and onlythe large central veins are left (Fig. 10). These are boiled,and a filling of rice, onions and spices is placed in themiddle of the veins, which are then folded over and tiedwith string. After they are cooked in a pan, they aredipped in a mixture of flour, eggs and water, and fried inhot olive oil. This recipe is also used for Centaureasolstitialis subsp. solstitialis, and is apparently not knownin any other area.

Among all the edibles, we recorded six endemicspecies for Turkey and the Aegean islands. While two,Campanula lyrata subsp. lyrata and Centaurea urvillei, areused for their leaves, three of them, Phlomisangustissima, Sideritis leptoclada and Sideritis libanotica subsp. linearis, are used as teas, and the flowers ofVerbascum lydium var. lydium are edible, and eatenmostly by children.

Figure 8. Scolymus hispanicus, Gündo¤an, July 12,2001, photo: F.Ertu¤

Figure 9. Onopordum illyricum, Gündo¤an, July 10, 2001, photo:F. Ertu¤

Figure 10. Removal of green parts of the O. illyricum leaves by Fatoflfiirin, January 29, 2002, Ortakent, photo: F. Ertu¤

Although several wild fruit are considered edible,Myrtile (mersin- Myrtus communis- Fig. 11), strawberrytree (kocayemifl -Arbutus unedo), and the fruit of Pistaciaterebinthus subsp. palestina (çitemik) are most commonlybrought to markets, and the rest are eaten as snacks, andare not sold in markets. Of seven edible mushrooms, onlytwo, Pleurotus eryngii and Lactarius species, arecommonly seen in the market; the others known as edibleby a few informants.

We also attempted to record the cultivars (see Table4) with various uses, and the ones apparently forgottenor rarely planted in other areas. For example, Sorghumbicolor (akdar›), which was found in Bodrum market, wasonce important in the local diet and is now almostforgotten, and used only as fodder for young chicks.Another variety or hybrid was the spiny globe artichoke(Cynara scolymus), also found in Bodrum. Otheruncommon records of cultivars from Bodrum are fromthe family Fabaceae. A cultivar identified as Lathyrusochrus, called locally Gambilya bakla, and its seeds areused to make fava. Two subspecies of Pisum sativum,subsp. elatius and subsp. sativum var. arvense are alsocultivated in gardens, and both the seeds and greenshoots are edible. Introduced plants were also recorded(Table 4: indicated with *), as some of them are collectedas edibles, such as Amaranthus species and the fruit ofOpuntia ficus-indica (firencir).

Discussion

During this long-term ethnobotanical study, ourassumption was confirmed and we obtained detailedinformation on about 350 useful species. In the Aegean,more aromatic and bulbous plants are available than inmany other parts of Turkey and its mild climate allowsfor the collection of plants over long periods with ease.When we compare the diets in the surroundingMediterranean countries we see that many of the Aegeanedibles we recorded are frequently used although some ofthe recipes differ (Lambraki, 2001; Savvides, 2000).

However, the general hypothesis of the exceptionalrichness of edible wild plants in the Bodrum area (or onthe Aegean coast) was not confirmed. The number ofedibles collected in Bodrum is only slightly higher than inCentral Anatolia. In two areas, where we have detailedstudies about wild edibles for comparison, people gatherquite similar numbers of plants. Although variations inclimate and vegetation may often cause people to collectdifferent species, or treat them in different ways, themain difference is the preferences of the people whogather them.

The people of the Aegean and the Mediterranean arewell known for their gathering tradition, because they donot only eat maybe more greens, but they also appreciatethem more. The green vegetables (wild or cultivated)treated in rich olive oil more or less constitute their maindishes. In East, South-east and Central Anatolia, whereanimal husbandry is the main source of income, meat ishighly valued, but is only consumed on feast days. Inthese areas rural people collect and consume wild greens,especially during winter, and bulbs, mushrooms and fruitduring the spring and autumn; all of which play animportant role in their carbohydrate-rich diet. Incontrast, in the Aegean region meat is not highly valued,even if their diet probably includes the same amount of it.

A comparison of the known edible natural plants andcultivars in the Bodrum and Central Anatolian studiesindicates that 39 more natural edibles are known inBodrum. The natural plants are 143 and 103, and thecultivars 36 and 70 respectively (Ertu¤, 2000).However, these numbers are somewhat deceptive as anumber of plants known in the Bodrum area are nolonger collected, and the 25 orchids listed can hardly allform part of the daily diet. Nevertheless the numbers aregreater in Bodrum, particularly wild greens, which are 63

172


Figure 11. Edible fruit of Myrtus communis, Gündo¤an, October 25,2001, photo: F. Ertu¤

and 42 respectively. Additional local studies are needed toplace the wild plant use in Anatolia in perspective.

Conclusion

In this study, 774 specimens have been collected, ofwhich 390 species in 89 families have been identified, andall are recorded in a database. The information andsamples were gathered from the Bodrum Peninsula, aswell as from the villages of Bodrum outside the peninsulaand some villages around Milas. According to the resultsso far, among the 390 species 52 are the cultivars andintroduced plants. Three hundred and thirty-eight ofthem are wild species, locally known as "deli", whichtranslates as crazy or not domesticated. Adequateinformation is still lacking on the local names or uses of35 species; however, information on more than 350useful plants is available on a database, includinginformation on 21 endemics.

Edibles including foods and beverages comprise thehighest percentage of useful plants: 143 natural species,in addition to 36 cultivars, a total of 179. The secondhighest category is medicinals, with a total of 116 (92natural and 24 cultivars) (Ertu¤, in press). All plants inthe edible category are also consumed by animals inaddition to 60 fodder plants. Handicraft plants comprise40 species, and over 60 plants had various uses fromthatching to fishing, and social as well as ritual uses.

Collecting information about how people deal withtheir natural surrounding is not only important for therecording of local cultural traditions and the richness ofthis heritage, but also gives us some of the informationnecessary to protect our natural habitat in the long term.If we considered that the number of Turkish endemics is3708 (Güner et al., 2000), we can see the urgency of thiskind of ethnobotanical research. There may not be otherchances to record how these species are used (or wereused) in Turkey.

The Bodrum study indicates that there are significantgaps in knowledge between generations. The primaryschool surveys conducted in this project not only providedsome valuable information, but also granted an additionalbonus, many of the students became interested in theuseful plants in their environment, and now have anappreciation of the expertise of their parents andgrandparents.

However, the knowledge of the elder generations isalso in a state of flux, subject to many outside influences.It is difficult to say how much has already been lost, butthere is much still to be investigated. We must rememberthat not only plants are endemic, but local knowledge isequally endemic and now may have a much shorter lifespan than many of the plants.

Acknowledgements

I am very grateful to the people and institutions belowfor their help in the plant identifications: Prof. K. HüsnüCan Bafler, Anadolu University- Eskiflehir; Ass. Prof.Nezaket Ad›güzel, Prof. Hayri Duman, Prof. Ekrem Sezik,and Prof. Mecit Vural, Gazi University- Ankara; Prof.Kerim Alp›nar, Dr. Emine Akal›n, Dr. Yelda Aktan, Prof.Güler Aykulu, Prof. Tuna Ekim, and Prof. NerimanÖzhatay, ‹stanbul University; Dr. Gülflah Çobano¤lu,Marmara University; Prof. Mustafa Ifl›lo¤lu, Mu¤laUniversity; and biology teacher Mustafa Keskin. I am alsograteful to the team who worked in the data collectionand preparation of herbarium specimens in Bodrum:Hava Ard›ç- Bardak, Saide Bal, Güner Baykal, Lon Briet,Üner Eyübo¤lu, Lale Gingök, Ülge Göker, Fikret ‹lhan,Tijen ‹naltong, Cüneyt Karalo¤lu, Türkan Kipmen, FatmaOkyay, Aynur Özet, Lale Sars›lmaz, Fatofl fiirin, ‹nciTahsin, Ayfle Tunçay and Nazl› Tural, and thanks to allwhom I could not mention here. Last but not least I amgrateful to Josephine Powell, Hew Prendergast and Prof.Adil Güner for their critiques of and corrections to themanuscript.

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