why does the earth have volcanoes? why is there … does the earth have volcanoes? why is there...
TRANSCRIPT
Why does the Earth have volcanoes?
Why is there Earthquakes?
How and when did the Earth form?
Turn to your neighbor and review:
How old are the first traces of life on Earth?
Logical?
*
1.5Ga (1st multicellular life)
Just right for liquid water--water is plentiful in all 3 phases on Earth--
1st Ocean Formation ~4.4GaVolcanic out-gassing and comets *
earliest life forms found
Moon
(Earth’s)
~No atmosphere
No Liquid water
No plate tectonics
= no erosion
---but impacts
continue to occur
and there is
cosmogenic
bombardment.
LIFE EVOLVES –3.8 Billion Years
Ago
*
Oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere
(also known as the Oxygen Catastrophe)
The appearance of free oxygen (O2) in Earth's atmosphere 2.4 billion years ago.
Stromatolites date back over 3Ga.
cyanobacteria use photosynthesis.
Hard times for
anaerobic organisms
O2
New atmosphere composition�big changes
for organisms.
*
PHOTOSYNTHESIS3.5 Billion Years Ago*
Stromatolites: in the fossil record 3.5 billion years ago
and can still be found at Sharks Bay.
What are the compositional and mechanical
layers of the Earth and how did they form?
* Turn to your neighbor and review:
Mechanical vs. Compositional layers
You should be thinking—
How do we know this?
(mostly iron and some nickel)
(rock)
*
Key Terms:
Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust
Lithosphere
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
*
MOHO
*
Through what process
did the layers of the
Earth form?
GraniteContinental Crust
Usually around 30km but up to 70km thick.
BasaltOceanic Crust
Thin: usually 7-10km
Density 2.7g/cm3 Density 3.0g/cm3
Which would be more buoyant?
*
MOHO
Layers Thickness Composition State/Density
Oceanic crust
3-10 km Si, O, Fe, Mg, Al
= Basalt
2.9 g/cc SOLID
Continental crust
30-50 km Si, O, Al = Granite 2.7 g/cc SOLID
Mantle 2900 km Mg, Fe, Si, O 4.5 g/cc SOLID
Outer core 2200 km Fe, Ni (S, Si) 11 g/cc LIQUID
Inner core 1300 km Fe, Ni (S, Si) 16 g/cc SOLID
Overlaid layers:
Lithosphere 100-200 km 100% Crust + Upper Mantle
RIGID, SOLID, BRITTLE: breaks into plates
Asthenosphere 100-350 km Portion of mantle
Plastic (flows), but SOLID
Individually (without book):
Draw a picture of Earth’s layers (make it a full Earth circle) – include:
AsthenosphereCore (Inner + Outer)
CrustLithosphere
MantleMoho
In groups of 4-5 – introduce self:
Review each other’s pictures of Earth’s layers. Give feedback. Include:
AsthenosphereCore (Inner + Outer)
CrustLithosphere
MantleMoho
What are the two types of crust?
What are their thicknesses?
What are their densities?
What are their compositions?
What are their relative ages?
What are the two types of crust?
Oceanic and Continental
What are their thicknesses?
Oceanic avg~7km, Continental 30-50km
What are their densities?
Oceanic ~3g/cm^3, Continental ~2.7g/cm^3
What are their compositions?
Oceanic is Basalt (mafic), Continental is Granite (felsic)
What are their relative ages?
Oceanic 0-200Ma, Continental 0-4Ga
The Earth is
slowly cooling but
where does all
that internal heat
come from?
*
Residual heat from
asteroid accretion.
Radioactive decay
The Earth’s internal heat comes from:*
Lord Kelvin
(1824-1907)
In the late 1800’s Lord Kelvin calculated the age of
the Earth to be 100 million years old using thermal
gradient.
He assumed that Earth had formed as a completely
molten object, and determined the amount of time it
would take for the near-surface to cool to its present
temperature.
His calculations did not account for heat produced
from radioactive decay (which was unknown at the
time) and convection inside the Earth, which allows
more heat to escape from the interior to warm rocks
near the surface.
12 major plates and many smaller (micro) plates
Earth processes need energy to work—
what provides the energy?
Convection:Fluid motion due to density
difference created by
thermal expansion. Warm
object expand and becomes
less dense, thus buoyant.
Warm stuff rises/cool stuff
sinks.
Earth’s internal heat engine.*
A consequence of convection:
Plate TectonicsSpreading Center
Convection in the
mantle (which is solid
but it flows).
*
Convection
Convection in the liquid Fe and
Ni (iron and nickel) Outer Core:
• Generates a magnetic field. Yes—the
Earth is a big magnet.
• The geomagnetic field is important to life
on Earth. It is also a valuable tool for
science and navigation.
*
The Earth’s magnetic field protects use from solar radiation
and it also protects the atmosphere from being stripped away
by the solar wind.
This magnetic field along with ozone provides a
protective shield and allowed life to evolve on land.
The Earth has a magnetic field due to convection of the outer core.
The magnetic field is thought to have developed about 3.5 Ga.
Hmmm-where have I seen that number before?
438 Million Years AgoLIFE LEAVES OCEAN AND MOVES ONTO
LAND
*
12 major plates and many smaller (micro) plates
*
Rock Cycle
Igneous Rocks
Form from melts.
Sedimentary
Rocks
Form from
sediments
Metamorphic Rocks
Form from any pre-existing
rock that changed due to
Increased heat or pressure.
A craton is a very old, stable continental interiors.
Often crystalline metamorphic rock. Cratons are
composed of shields and platforms.
A platform is sedimentary deposits covering the crystalline basement rocks of a shield.
Mid-Ocean Ridges(spreading centers, divergent plate boundaries)
*
Large, continuous mountain ranges in ocean basins. These create the oceanic crust.
Divergent Plate Boundary
(most often a MOR)
AfricaSouth America Mid-Atlantic Ridge
*
Practice drawing and labeling this picture---you need to know this by memory!
Practice drawing and labeling this picture---you need to know this by memory!
Transform Faults
*Practice drawing and labeling this picture---you need to know this by memory!
*Practice drawing and labeling this picture---you need to know this by memory!
Motion at Plate Boundaries
*
Practice drawing and labeling this picture---you need to know this by memory!
Convergent Margins: India-Asia Collision I
Looks like something catastrophic occurred.
• Quiz each other on the types of plate
boundaries.
• Name the types.
• What are the plate motions and stress
types?
• What are some locations?
Turn to your neighbor and review:
Plate Tectonics
The Supporting Evidence
What we now know and how we
know it.
Puzzle fit of the continents
Fossil Evidence
Correlation of Stratigraphic
Sequences
Similar Rocks
Mountain Chain Evidence
Hotspot Tracks
Seismic Tomography
Mantle Plume
Plate moves over stationary plume.
Emperor Seamounts
Global Hot spot Tracks
For the most part, earthquakes occur along plate boundaries.
Earthquake depth and location
Wadati-Benioff zone
Crust thickness in kilometers
From earthquakes we can see the thickness of the crust---coming up!
Paleomagnetic Studies
Seafloor Age from magnetic studies,
and drilling and sampling.
Pillow Basalt forms at mid-
ocean ridges
Pillow Basalt
Seafloor Magnetic Anomalies
Figure 2.16
Figure 2.14
We can see things moving!
The San Andreas Fault is a
right lateral strike-slip fault.
If you stand facing it everything
on the other side of the fault is
moving to the right relative to you
at an average rate of about
3-4 cm/yr.
Some places along the fault are
continually creeping along very
slowly. Other places are locked up.
These locked up zones break free
and move occasionally. We feel this
as earthquakes.
Transform
Plate
Boundaries
Satellites can detect and
measure motion of the ground!
Satellites and ground based observations are measuring plate movements.
We know the rate and direction of movement of many locations.
Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)
and Very Long Baseline Interferometry
(VBLI)• Have confirmed that plates do move!
• Have measured the rates of movement!
Plate Motion Rates in cm/yr
1964 Alaska earthquake fault
scarp. Wowza!