© AfriNIC – 2005-2008

What is AfriNIC, IPv4 What is AfriNIC, IPv4 exhaustion & IPv6 exhaustion & IPv6

transition transition

Adiel A. AkploganCEO, AfriNIC

ccTLD Forum, Paille (MU) March2009

Content

What is an IP address

The RIR System What is AfriNIC

How IP addresses are managed

AfriNIC today

IPv4 Exhaustion & IPv6 deployment in Africa

Conclusion

March 19, 20093

Internet resourcesNumber resources?◦ IP addresses – Unique identifiers of equipment on

the Internet. These resources are the basis of internet operation.◦ ASN – Unique identifier of networks falling under

unique management with a unique routing policy.

Name resources: ◦ Names – Names associated with IP address to

make them easy to use. gTLDs: Generic Top level domains (.com, .net, info, .org, .int …etc)ccTLD: Country code Top level domain management (.ci, .za, .gh, .ly, .fr, .ru, etc….)

March 19, 20094

My Computer www.sonatel.sn

The Internet

How IP Addresses work with Names

March 19, 20095

My Computer www.afrinic.net

IP addresses are not domain names…

The Internet

DNS

March 19, 20096

My Computer www.afrinic.net

www.afrinic.net?

IP addresses are not domain names…

The Internet

DNS

March 19, 20097

My Computer www.sonatel.sn

196.216.2.12001:42d0::200:80:1

The Internet

DNS

IP addresses are not domain names…

March 19, 20098

2001:0C00:8888::1My Computer 196.216.2.1

2001:42d0::200:80:1

196.216.2.12001:42d0::200:80:1

The Internet

DNS

IP addresses are not domain names…

March 19, 20099

IP Addresses vs Domain NamesIP Address [Identifier]◦ “Computer-friendly”◦ Unique number identifies computer on Internet◦ Used for routing

DNS Name [Reference]◦ “People-Friendly”◦ Maps host name to unique IP address ◦ Not used for routing

IP addresses are mandatory for Internet Protocol communications, while domain naming facilitates communication and accessibility of the Internet to the end users

March 19, 200910

IP AddressesNecessary for Internet Routing◦ IP addresses are mandatory for Internet Protocol

communications, while domain naming facilitates communication and accessibility of the Internet to the end users

A finite “Common Resource”Never “owned” by address users◦ Are not property◦ Cannot be bought, sold, traded…◦ Provided on non-permanent basis for use◦ Returned to provider when no longer requiredOn the Internet we are nothing but IP addresses

Content

What is an IP address

The RIR System What is AfriNIC

How IP addresses are managed

AfriNIC today

IPv4 Exhaustion & IPv6 deployment in Africa

Conclusion

What is AfriNIC

Challenges

Initiatives to overcome some of the challenges

Achievement

Way forward

Conclusion

March 19, 200913

IP Addresses Managed

2001:4200::/2001:4200::/23232C00:0000::/122C00:0000::/12

196/196/8, 197/8, 41/88, 197/8, 41/8

36864 – 3788732768 – 337915.0 - 5.1023

March 19, 200914

How Are IP Addresses Managed?

Fair

March 19, 200915

Aggregate

Conserve

Unique

Policy Objectives

Fair

How Are IP Addresses Managed?

March 19, 200916

Aggregate

Conserve

Unique

Neutra

l

Consistent

Impartial

Policy Objectives Administration Principles

Fair

How Are IP Addresses Managed?

March 19, 200917

How Are IP Addresses Provisioned?

Need Address

Meet Criteria?

Initial Application

?

Receive ResourceGo to ISP

Registration Service

Agreement

ApplyYES

YES

NO

NO

Community Establishes CriteriaCommunity Establishes CriteriaThrough Through

Policy Development ProcessPolicy Development Process

March 19, 200918

OPEN

TRANSPARENT‘BOTTOM UP’

NO Accreditation• Inclusive• Accessible

Internet Community Proposes, Discusses, & Approves

Policy

Documented, Published & AccessiblePDP, Policies, & Procedures

Policy Development Process

AfriNIC PDPPolicies under discussion

Policy StatusIPv4 Soft Landing Policy Douglas Onyango

IPv6 Allocations to Non-Profit Networks

Graham Beneke

Global Policy Proposal for the Allocation of IPv4 Blocks to Regional Internet Registries

Adiel A. Akplogan

Content

What is an IP address

The RIR System

How IP addresses are managed

AfriNIC today

IPv4 Exhaustion & IPv6 deployment in Africa

Conclusion

AfriNIC today2009 Budget: ◦ Operating cost: ~ USD 1,7 M

Head count: 11 staff◦ Administration: 4◦ Communication: 2◦ Technical: 5◦ Planned head count 12/2009: 19 (many

recruitments)

Membership◦ 494 Members billed in January 2009

March 19, 200923

Growth in Resources allocation Content

What is an IP address

The RIR System

How IP addresses are managed

AfriNIC today

IPv4 Exhaustion & IPv6 deployment in Africa

Conclusion

Current IPv4 Situation (global)

Source: NRO stats December 2008

Current IPv4 Exhaustion Situation (global)

ProjectionProjected IANA Unallocated Address Pool Exhaustion: 02 May 2011 (18-Mar-2009).

RIR pool is planed to exhausted on Jul-2012

AfriNIC current pool is expected to last until End of 2011

New global policy to reserve one /8 per RIR: with our current usage rate of one /8 every two years then with the new /8 we will get sometime in 2011 we will be able allocate space until the end of 2013.

New Soft Landing policy may allow us to extend this exhaustion time over 2013.

What was planned 10 years ago?

IPv6 Deployment

IPv4 Pool Size

Size of the Internet

IPv6 Transition using Dual Stack

Time

6 - 10 years2000 2006-2010

What is happening today?

IPv6 Deployment

IPv4 PoolSize

Size of the Internet

IPv6 Transition

Today

Time

?

The transition from IPv4 to IPv6

Denial

Anger

Negotiation

Depression

Acceptance

Different stages of grief for transition

v6/V4 Ratio

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Nov-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Apr-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Sep-08 Oct-08

Rat

io

Ratio

Acceptance ???

AfriNIC-8/AfNOG Meeting

2004 2006 20080.0%

0.6%

1.2%

www.afrinic.netGraph: Geoff Huston - Measuring IPv6 Deployment

Few challenges for IPv6 in AfricaIPv6 adoption is an important challenge worldwide but more importantly in our region:

◦ Perception of lack of demand from the users“Lack of end-users applications”

◦ Perception of huge costs related to transitioning◦ Lack of awareness on real IPv6 development cases◦ Lack of transparent compatibility with IPv4◦ People are still straggling to properly deploy IPv4

Networks: Too extensive usage of NAT in the region

Killer application?IPv6 is NOT a feature! While everyone wants a source of additional revenue, “fundamental transport is difficult to monetize” (Tony Hain – Cisco System)).

◦ Carriers use IPv6 deployment cost as a defensive play but the reality is that they will still have to absorb the costs of an IPv4 routing system (that will be growing unconstrained once the central pool is gone and addresses may started to be traded) … and this until they can get their customers to leave IPv4 behind.

◦ Revenue generating applications are most likely to be peer-to-peer, because client-server can be hacked in using nat.

Or Killer constraint?Google Maps opens ~ 70 parallel connectionsiTunes store has been shown to open as many as 300 parallel connection◦ (iTune) IPv4/nat multiplexes multiple users

through the port range, so 64k divided by 300 parallel connections results in ~200 customers per ISP based NAT address (assuming each customer is only allowed to run one simultaneous instance of iTunes or similar apps).

New apps that have not emerged yet ???

Cost of deploymentThe largest cost for most network managers will be training.

◦ It is packet based (IP), but other than that it is a different protocol.

Another major cost will be retooling custom apps and scripts.

◦ Frequent shortcuts assuming an address will always be 32 bits.

Is IPv6 deployment could be seen as an opportunity to integrate other engineering changes that have not been large enough to justify by themselves?

◦ What costs will be attributed to IPv6 vs. general evolution?

Africa & IPv6As requested by the community during AfriNIC-2 meeting (Maputo), the project aims to create an environment which favorssmooth transition to IPv6 in Africa through:

◦ Creation of an environment which allows exchange within IPv6 initiatives throughout the Continent. (afripv6-discuss@afrinic.net)

◦ Creation of an IPv6 Forum for Africa. (3rd during AfriNIC-9)◦ Conducting IPv6 Training across the Continent.◦ Providing Lab and Internships to Engineers to play live with IPv6◦ Supporting research based on IPv6 and Mobile Infrastructure◦ Creation of an IPv6 ready platform to offer v6 support to the

community (IPV6 ready at IXP to offer tunnels).◦ Bringing major African connectivity/content providers to the game

by encouraging them to provide v6 ready services.◦ Developing a case study documentation for the use of African

operators (based on local experiences).

Africa & IPv6 (con’t)We have identified in 2005 that training is one of the key factors that will support IPv6 deployment.

◦ More than 35 trainings conducted in different countries throughout Africa (1-3 day events)

Policy proposal to ease IPv6 allocation in our region has been proposed and adopted by the community in 2006.

◦ No need to justify 200 end-users allocation to get IPv6 addresses.◦ Waived any additional fee for IPv6 allocations.◦ Integrate ‘IPv6’ into AfriNIC training program.

End User assignment Policy proposed and adopted in 2007

Result: IPv6 allocation growth

From these allocations, only 33% are announced and visible in the global routing table.(46% in AP, 33.6% in ARIN, 32% in LAC, 49% RIPE)

There is a clear need for further assistance to deploy.

ZA, 26

KE, 6

EG, 4

MU, 4 TZ, 3CI, 2

MA, 2

DJ, 1

DZ, 1

GH, 1

ML, 1

NG, 1

RW, 1

SC, 1SD, 1

AO, 1

BJ, 1

CM, 1

ZW, 1

TN, 1

Other, 16

SZ, 1SN, 1

MZ, 1

So how Africa is preparing for IPv6?◦ Very slowly◦ Following the trend of the rest of the world◦ Trying to understand what is on stake

We need to◦ Push for more action from Operators (Train, Plan and implement Dual-

stack, allow user to access v6 network)◦ Be innovative and explore the opportunity of developing application

that can directly benefit from IPv6 and its “features”.◦ Involve Research and Education community into the game.

Governments need to lead by making sure: their own internet‐based services are IPv6‐ready (early adopters)The public is aware and educated on the transitionAppropriate policies are developed to foster national transitionto IPv6

…. Education seems to be the critical part of this long journeyEducation seems to be the critical part of this long journey

ConclusionAfriNIC is a Number Resource Registry IPv6 is an opportunity for Africa (innovation and sustainable growth)With our initiatives we are hoping to make Operators in Africa not be the one who are always catching up with other. We would like to bring this campaign to another level and create an environment for an exchange of information, training, and for sharing best practices.Having our own Regional Internet Number Registry, we have the opportunity to define policies and plans that will allow a smooth management of IPv4 exhaustion and help IPv6 adoption which is need for a sustainable Internet growth in Africa

g{tÇ~ çÉâg{tÇ~ çÉâAcknowledgment:

Some of the content of this presentation are borrowed from Geoff

Huston (APNIC) and Tony Hain(Cisco System) work on IPv6