Westward Expansion Westward Expansion and Civil Warand Civil War

Chapter 6Chapter 6

Section 1Section 1

Territorial Expansion and Territorial Expansion and Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

As a As a Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican, President , President Thomas Jefferson was committed to the Thomas Jefferson was committed to the idea of idea of states’ rightsstates’ rights and and strict strict constructionconstruction of the Constitution. of the Constitution.

Yet Jefferson’s policies as president did Yet Jefferson’s policies as president did not differ greatly from those of his not differ greatly from those of his FederalistFederalist predecessors. predecessors.

He discovered that in his role as U.S. He discovered that in his role as U.S. presidentpresident, his first duty was to , his first duty was to strengthenstrengthen the nation. the nation.

To do this, he To do this, he reluctantly reluctantly changedchanged his his viewview of the of the ConstitutionConstitution. .

The issue that The issue that prompted a prompted a change of mind change of mind was this: Should was this: Should he consent to he consent to purchase from purchase from France the vast France the vast territory called territory called Louisiana?Louisiana?

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase By 1800 pioneer families had moved By 1800 pioneer families had moved

beyond the Appalachian Mountains into beyond the Appalachian Mountains into KentuckyKentucky, , TennesseeTennessee, and , and OhioOhio..

These lands were already part of the These lands were already part of the United States.United States.

On the Mississippi River, however, the city On the Mississippi River, however, the city of of New Orleans New Orleans as well as the unexplored as well as the unexplored lands of lands of LouisianaLouisiana to the west were under to the west were under FrenchFrench rule. rule.

In 1803 the French emperor In 1803 the French emperor Napoleon Napoleon BonaparteBonaparte made the extraordinary offer to made the extraordinary offer to sellsell New Orleans and the New Orleans and the Louisiana Louisiana TerritoryTerritory to the United States for a to the United States for a bargain price (about $15 million).bargain price (about $15 million).

Jefferson’s Constitutional Jefferson’s Constitutional DilemmaDilemma

NoNo clause in the clause in the constitutionconstitution authorized the national government authorized the national government to to expandexpand the country’s the country’s bordersborders. .

As a As a strict constructioniststrict constructionist, Jefferson , Jefferson could not justify making the could not justify making the purchase. purchase.

But to turn down the offer of But to turn down the offer of LouisianaLouisiana would be to miss out on would be to miss out on the greatest land the greatest land salesale in history. in history.

Decision for Loose ConstructionDecision for Loose Construction

Jefferson’s opponents in the Jefferson’s opponents in the Federalist Party argued for a Federalist Party argued for a loose loose constructionconstruction of the Constitution. of the Constitution.

According to this view the national According to this view the national government had many powers that government had many powers that were were impliedimplied by the “necessary and by the “necessary and proper” clause of the proper” clause of the ConstitutionConstitution..

Reluctantly, Jefferson Reluctantly, Jefferson adoptedadopted the the loose construction view when he loose construction view when he asked the Senate to asked the Senate to ratifyratify the treaty the treaty with France for the purchase of with France for the purchase of Louisiana.Louisiana.

Exploring and Settling the WestExploring and Settling the West

FrontierFrontier- An imaginary line dividing - An imaginary line dividing settled areas from the wilderness.settled areas from the wilderness.

President Jefferson’s purchase of the President Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 more than 1803 more than doubleddoubled the land the land area of the United States and area of the United States and expanded U.S. boundaries far beyond expanded U.S. boundaries far beyond the the MississippiMississippi all the way to the all the way to the Rocky MountainsRocky Mountains..

Thus, a vast new frontier beckoned to Thus, a vast new frontier beckoned to explorersexplorers, , trapperstrappers, and , and traderstraders, , pioneering pioneering farmersfarmers, and , and missionariesmissionaries. .

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark With the full support of Congress, Jefferson With the full support of Congress, Jefferson

sent an expedition led by sent an expedition led by Meriwether LewisMeriwether Lewis and and William ClarkWilliam Clark from St. Louis in 1804 to from St. Louis in 1804 to explore the newly acquired lands and to explore the newly acquired lands and to look for a water route to the Pacific.look for a water route to the Pacific.

They enabled the United States to They enabled the United States to claimclaim the the whole whole OregonOregon region and prepared the way region and prepared the way for latter for latter settlementsettlement of the American West. of the American West.

In addition, the rocks, plants, and animals In addition, the rocks, plants, and animals that the explorers discovered and brought that the explorers discovered and brought back were of great value for back were of great value for naturalistsnaturalists..

After the Lewis and After the Lewis and Clark expedition, Clark expedition, Americans became Americans became interestedinterested in the in the furfur trade in the trade in the OregonOregon Country. Country.

The center of the The center of the fur trade wasfur trade was St. St. LouisLouis..

BeaverBeaver pelts were pelts were in high demand in in high demand in the East of the the East of the United States and United States and in Europe that in Europe that concerned the fur concerned the fur trade.trade.

MissionariesMissionaries

In addition to fur traders, In addition to fur traders, missionariesmissionaries traveled to the Oregon traveled to the Oregon Country to convert Native Americans Country to convert Native Americans to Christianity. to Christianity.

They built They built missionsmissions and and schoolsschools, and , and sent for more settlers from the East.sent for more settlers from the East.

As a result, by the 1840s, several As a result, by the 1840s, several thousand American thousand American farmersfarmers and and pioneerspioneers resided in the Oregon resided in the Oregon Country.Country.

..

MormonsMormons One of the largest groups to settle in the One of the largest groups to settle in the

West was the West was the MormonsMormons.. The Mormon Church is also known as the The Mormon Church is also known as the

Church of Latter-Day SaintsChurch of Latter-Day Saints.. Joseph SmithJoseph Smith founded the Church in founded the Church in

Western New York.Western New York. Mormons have been Mormons have been persecutedpersecuted for their for their

beliefs, which include the practice of beliefs, which include the practice of polygamy.polygamy.

PolygamyPolygamy- Having more than one spouse - Having more than one spouse at a time.at a time.

In 1844, Joseph Smith was killed by an In 1844, Joseph Smith was killed by an Illinois mob, and the Mormons led by Illinois mob, and the Mormons led by Brigham Young Brigham Young left and moved to Utah. left and moved to Utah.

Many Mormons today reside in Many Mormons today reside in Salt Lake Salt Lake City UtahCity Utah..

The Spanish, Mexican, and The Spanish, Mexican, and Native American WestNative American West

TexasTexas, , New MexicoNew Mexico, , ArizonaArizona, , and and CaliforniaCalifornia were the present were the present day states that were originally day states that were originally explored and settled by the explored and settled by the SpanishSpanish..

The purpose of the mission for The purpose of the mission for Spanish colonization was to Spanish colonization was to convert the Native Americans convert the Native Americans to to ChristianityChristianity, teach them the , teach them the Spanish culture, and make Spanish culture, and make them loyal subjects.them loyal subjects.