week 3 – part 2
DESCRIPTION
Phonology. The following PowerPoint is to be used as a guideline for the important vocabulary and terminology to know as you do your readings, answering questions, and forming your thoughts and comments for your discussion with fellow classmates. Week 3 – Part 2. Pronunciation of Morphemes. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Week 3 – Part 2
PhonologyThe following PowerPoint is to be used as a guideline for the important vocabulary and terminology to know as you do your readings, answering questions, and forming your thoughts and comments for your discussion with fellow classmates.
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The Pronunciation of Plurals
Allomorphs◦ An alternative phonetic form of a morpheme (plural morphemes:
cats, dogs, kisses)
Homorganic nasal rule◦ place of articulation of the nasal is the same as for the following
consonant.
Pronunciation of Morphemes
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Distinctive Phonetic Features—Voiced, Nasal, Labial, and Continuant
Nondistinctive Phonetic Features—Aspiration,
which is predictable from phonetic context Minimal Pair—when two distinct words are
distinguished by a single phone occurring in the same position.
Distinctive Features of Phonemes
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p b mStop + + +Labial + + +Voiced - + +Nasal - - +
Feature Values
b m d n g ŋStop + + + + + +Voiced + + + + + +Labial + + - - - -Alveolar - - + + - -Velar - - - - + +Nasal - + - + - +
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Natural Classes of Speech Sound1. Nasalize vowels before p, I, or z
as to have a rule such as
2. Nasalize vowels before m, n, or ŋ
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Feature Specification of Major Natural Classes of Sounds (pg. 283)
Features Obstruents
Nasals Liquids Glides Vowels
Consonantal
+ + + - -
Sonorant - + + + +Syllabic - +/- +/- - +Nasal - + - - +/-
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Features of Some American English VowelsFeatures i ɪ e ɛ æ u ʊ o ɔ a ʌ
High + + - - - + + - - - *
Mid - - + + - - - + + - +
Low - - - - + - - - - + -
Back - - - - - + + + + + -
Central - - - - - - - - - - +
Round - - - - - + + + + - -
Tense + - + - - + - + - + -
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Sound Segments and Phonological Features See handout of Sound Segments and Features
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Assimilation Rules
◦ Dissimilation rules—the means by which a segment becomes less similar to another
segment.
Feature Changing Rules
Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules
◦ Epenthesis—the process of inserting a consonant or vowel.
Movement (Metathesis) Rules
◦ Metathesis rules—rules that reorder sequences of phonemes.
From One to Many and from Many to One
The Function of Phonological Rules
◦ Derivation—applying a rule that applies to one phoneme to another phoneme.
Slips of the Tong: Evidence for the Phonological Rules
Rules of Phonology
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Prosodic or Suprasegmental Features—pitch, stress, and segment length.
Syllable Structure Word Stress Sentence and Phrase Stress Tone Languages—languages in which syllables or words
are contrasted by pitch. Intonation
◦ Intonation languages—use pitch variations to distinguish meanings of phrases and sentences
Prosodic Phonology
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Prosodic or Suprasegmental Features—pitch, stress, and segment length.
Tone Languages—languages in which syllables or
words are contrasted by pitch. .
Prosodic Phonology
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Morphophonemic rules—apply to specific morphemes. Phonotactics—sequential constraints that determine which
sounds may be adjacent within the syllable. Accidental gaps—possible but nonoccurring words
otherwise known as nonsense words. Optimality Theory—hypothesizes a set of ranked
constraints that govern the phonological rules.
Additional terms to know
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SOURCES
Fromkin, Victoria, et al. An Introduction to Language. 9th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011.
Davenport, Mike & Hannahs, S.J. Introducing Phonetics and Phonology. 3rd ed. London UK. Hodder Education.