week 3 gb course
TRANSCRIPT
Energy use in BuildingsWeek 3
Where are we?
Understanding Energy“The ability to do work”
Energy
Measured in Joules (J)
Power
Measured in Watts (W)= 1 J/sec
>>kWh
Understanding EnergyExample: kWh/day/person
UK
US
Austr
alia
China
Singa
...
Thaila
ndIn
dia
Vietn
am0
50
100
150
200
250
300
108.42
239.00
194.47
50.91
122.96
51.6717.22 21.14
Energy use (kWh/day/person)
kW
h/d
ay/p
ers
on
Understanding EnergyExample: Honda Wave 120km
Vietnam average energy consumption = 21.42kWh/pp
Energy consumption through Buildings >> ELECTRICITY
When designing a green building, how do we know how much electricity our buildings will actually save?
Energy consumption through Buildings >> ELECTRICITY
How do we know how much electricity our buildings will save?
Energy Model:- Comparison with a Baseline Model- Comparison with a Benchmark
Electricity consumptionJohor Bahru Case Study, Residential House
*Kubota, Tetsu et al, "Energy Consumption and Air-Conditioning Usage in Residential Building of Malaysia”, 2011
*Kubota, Tetsu et al, "Energy Consumption and Air-Conditioning Usage in Residential Building of Malaysia”, 2011
Electricity consumptionHong Kong Data, Residential
*Hoang Kong Energy End Use Data Report 2012, The Energy Efficiency office
Electricity consumptionHong Kong Data, Office
Electricity consumptionHong Kong Data, All buildings + Transport
*Hoang Kong Energy End Use Data Report 2012, The Energy Efficiency office
Electricity consumptionHong Kong Data, Renewable Energy
*Hoang Kong Energy End Use Data Report 2012, The Energy Efficiency office
Electricity consumptionHong Kong Data, Renewable Energy
*Hoang Kong Energy End Use Data Report 2012, The Energy Efficiency office
Renewable Energy
What types of Renewable energy are available?
Solar – Photovoltaics, Solar Hot Water
Transparent Photovoltaics, CSIRO Energy Centre, Newcastle Australia
Solar – Photovoltaics
- Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
- Big C Green Square PV cells on carpark shade structure & roof
- Green One UN House will produce >17% of its own electricity
Photovoltaic Cells Cost and other Considerations- Crystalline silicon solar cell prices have
fallen from $76.67/Watt in 1977 to an estimated $0.74/Watt in 2013 (Swanson’s Law prices fall 20% for every doubling of production capacity)
- As of 2011 the cost of PV has fallen below Nuclear Power
- Current developments achieving efficiency of 44%, commercially available cells are 14-22% efficient
Solar – Concentrated Solar (Thermal) Power
Spain CSIRO Energy Research Centre, Newcastle AU
Solar Hot Water
Solar Hot Water- Can easily supply
domestic hot water needs in houses in Southern Vietnam
- Northern Vietnam may need to use higher capacity system to compensate for days without much sun * 2011 Edition Handbook for Green Housing
Wind Power
Large scale wind farming High Altitude Wind
Wind Turbines integrated in buildings?
147m tall Strata Building, LondonOffsets 8% of power in building (equivalent to mechanical and electrical services)
Wind Turbines integrated in buildings?
240m tall Bahrain World Trade Centre11-15% of power generated by wind turbines
Wind Turbines integrated in buildings?
309m tall Pearl River Tower, Guangzhou, China (SOM 2011)Combined with PV the renewable energy generated is <10% of building energy needsWind turbines are a powerful green symboll
Hydropower?
Tidal or wave power?
Biomass? Biofuel? Geothermal?
CogenerationHeat Recovery
Air Conditioning- Coefficient of Performance (COP)
* LOTUS NR V1.1
Air Conditioning- Window and through wall system
Air Conditioning- Split System
Air Conditioning- VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow)
Air Conditioning- Chilled Beam (passive/active) & Chilled Slab- >>Not good for tropical or humid climates
Lighting
BUT…it doesn’t matter how efficient you are
It also comes down to the occupants, maintenance, controllability, automatability and the design of the space
What are some factors that could be more important than the efficiency of systems and equipment?
BUT…it doesn’t matter how efficient you are
Consider (AC):- Floor area- Air Leakage - Individual thermal controls- Zoning- Set points (thermostat)- Cleaning of filters - Maintenance- Building Automated System- Thermal comfort
BUT…it doesn’t matter how efficient you are
Consider (Lighting):- Size of space- Daylighting- Lighting level- Task lighting - User controllability- Timer lighting- Sensor lighting- Automated lighting- Switch zones- Hours of operation