Unit: Environmental IssuesName: _____________________________________________________________________________ Per: __________Learning Targets

Explain why water is a precious resource; identify our main sources of fresh water and why it is often in short supply

Classify the kinds of water pollution; describe the impact of water pollution on people and the environment

Name the major sources of air pollution; propose ways air pollution could be reduced

Research and present findings on the human health effects of air pollution

Identify the causes of acid precipitation and describe how acid precipitations are harmful to ecosystems

Categorize the layers of the atmosphere and explain how the atmosphere makes life on earth possible

Diagram how photosynthesis and respiration keep the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere nearly constant

Explain what causes seasons and why different parts of the world have different climates

Compare the atmosphere and a greenhouse; use the carbon cycle to illustrate why the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are rising

Explain how the ozone layer shields the earth from much of the sun’s radiation and how CFC’s are damaging the ozone layer

Describe the urban crisis and urban sprawl; explain why they are problems and propose solutions

Describe fertile soil; methods of preventing soil erosion; how irrigation can cause salinization

Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable energy; describe methods of conserving energy and alternative energy sources

Date Activity Date Activity3-9/10 Lecture: Water Resources

Worksheet: Water resources Reading Questions Page 130: 1-5

4-3/4 Lecture: Greenhouse Earth & Ozone

Lab: Global warming in a jar Worksheet: greenhouse/ozone Reading Questions Pages 185: 1-4

and 188: 1-4

3-11/12

Lecture: Water Pollution Lab: Groundwater

4-5/6 Review Quiz: Atmosphere, climate,

greenhouse earth and ozone Lecture: Land Worksheet: Land Reading Questions Pages 122: 1-4

3-13/14

Worksheet: Water Pollution Reading Questions Page 139: 1-5 Video: Water Pollution

4-10/11

Lecture: Food, Agriculture, Soil and Pest Control

Lab: Soil conservation Reading Questions Pages 239: 1-5

3-15/16

Quiz: Water Resources and Pollution

Lecture: Air Pollution Worksheet: Air Pollution Reading Questions Page 156: 1-5

4-12/13

Lecture: Fossil fuels, energy, resources and conservation

Lab: Solar Heater Worksheet: Energy, resources…

3-17/20

Lecture: Acid Precipitation Lab: Acid Rain & Plants (day 1) Reading Questions Page 162: 1-4 Worksheet: Acid Precipitation

4-14/17

Quiz: land, food & energy Lecture: Waste, recycling, helping Lab: Wilson Audit Video: Recycling

3-21/22

Finish Acid Rain & Plants Lab (day 2)

Review/Study Quiz: Air Pollution & Acid

4-18/19

Review- correct quizzes 20 Questions Work time Video: The 11th Hour (first 45

Precipitation minutes)3-23/24

Lecture: Atmosphere and Climate Drawing: The atmosphere Worksheet: Atmosphere & climate Reading Questions Page 179: 1-4

4-20/21

Lab notebooks due Packets due: lecture notes,

practice packet, reading questions, 20 questions

Test Finish The 11th Hour (last 45

minutes)

Our Water Resources

• Clean, fresh ____________________ is essential for life

• People can only survive a few days without ____________________ water

• One of the reasons why people ____________________today than they did 200 years ago is ____________________ to clean fresh water and proper removal of sewage

• Water is a ____________________ resource because of the ____________________

• Water is cycled between ____________________and the atmosphere continuously

• About _______of the earth’s surface is water. About ______ of the water is salt water and only 3% is freshwater

• Of the 3% of freshwater, about _______of it is frozen in the polar ice caps

• Most large cities depend on ____________________for their water supplies

• Surface water is fresh water that is ____________________in lakes, ponds, rivers and streams

• Throughout history, human societies have flourished where surface water was ____________________

• All surface water is a result of ____________________, sleet or ____________________.

• As rain falls and snow melts, water drains into ____________________ from mountain tops, hills, plateaus and plains.

• The entire area of land that is drained by a river is known as its ____________________.

• ____________________ is in such high demand, that disputes arise over it.

• In the US for example, Arizona and California have fought over water rights to the ________________________________________for a long time

• Disputes over water happen all over the world

• Conflicts between countries are particularly common when ____________________are built on rivers.

• A dam is a ____________________ built across a river or stream that ____________________ most of the water from traveling downstream

• The water that is prevented from flowing collects behind the dam and forms a ____________________, or artificial lake

• Dams can provide ____________________and ____________________, millions of people depend on dams for survival

• Dams can damage the environment by destroying the ____________________that is now flooded with water and ecosystems downstream of the dam are also destroyed because of ____________________of water. Dams also harm ____________________ and other wildlife.

• Not all of the water that falls to Earth as precipitation drains off in rivers and streams. Some of the water ________________________________________, plants collect some water, but most of it seeps through the soil.

• Water that seeps down into the soil is called ____________________

• Large amounts of groundwater may be stored in underground rock formations called ____________________.

• Aquifers consist of____________________, sand and gravel with a lot of ____________________ in which water can accumulate.

• Aquifers take ________________________________________to collect water.

• People are pumping out the water faster than it can be replaced, consequently, the water levels of many aquifers are beginning to ____________________ rapidly.

• Communities that depend on aquifers are starting to investigate other ____________________ of water, before the water is all gone

Solutions to Water Shortages

• There are numerous solutions to water____________________

– Desalting the sea– Towing water– Water conservation

• ____________________ of these solutions alone is enough

• ____________________ the sea- some coastal countries and communities are attempting to solve their water shortages by

________________________________________from salt water in a process called desalinization.

• Two main methods for desalinization are ____________________ and reverse osmosis

• Distillation- ____________________ is used to ____________________fresh water from the salt water, leaving the ____________________ behind

• Reverse osmosis, ____________________ is used to push the water through a semipermeable membrane that will not permit the salts to pass

• Unfortunately both of these processes are too ____________________ to be sustainable.

• ____________________ technologies someday may reduce the cost of desalinization and reverse osmosis

• ____________________- for years people have considered the possibility of towing water from one place to another to solve water shortage problems. One possibility is transporting ____________________, another is____________________water from one place to another

• Towing water has its own environmental issues. Towing icebergs requires a lot of ____________________for boats to move the icebergs. Moving water through large pipelines disrupts ____________________ and requires huge amounts of fossil fuels to create

• Water____________________- water goes around and comes around, its passage through the water cycle still takes time. The amount of usable ____________________ water that is available at a given time is limited, so people must do everything they can to use it ____________________.

• As more people realize that clean, fresh water is a precious and __________________________________, they are doing more to ____________________ it.

• More people are installing low flow ____________________ and shower heads, turning _____ tap water when brushing teeth, taking shorter showers, only washing dishes/doing laundry when the ________________________________________, using water conserving toilets and __________ watering grass in the summer

Freshwater Pollution

• Water pollution is the introduction of c____________________, ____________________ or ____________________ material into the water that harms the quality of the water and affects the organisms that drink it and live in it

• Water pollution has ____________ underlying causes:

– Industrialization

– Human population explosion

• Both produce waste ____________________ that cannot be ____________________of as fast as they are produced

• ________________________________________- pollution that is discharged from a single source, such as a factory, wastewater treatment plant or an oil tanker

• Point pollution is relatively easy to ____________________ and control because it is easily identified, traced and stopped

• ____________________ Pollution is pollution that comes from many sources rather than a specific site.

• Nonpoint pollution reaches bodies of water via____________________and ____________________

• It can come from anywhere: ____________________, lawns, ____________________, highways and almost any other land surface you can think of

• When it rains, any polluting ____________________flows through storm sewers into water ways.

• The accumulation of ____________________amounts of pollution adds up to a ____________________ pollution problem

• The EPA estimates that ________ of the polluted bodies of water in the US were contaminated by ____________________sources.

• ____________________ the public will be the most effective way to reduce this sort of pollution

• Sources of ____________________ Pollution in the US:

– 23 million ____________________systems

– 190,000 storage lagoons for polluted waste

– 9000 l____________________

– About 2 million underground storage tanks containing pollutants such as gasoline and oil

– Thousands of public and industrial wastewater treatment plants

• Sources of ____________________ Pollution in the US

– Highway construction and maintenance: eroding soil and toxic chemicals

– Storm-water ____________________from city and suburban streets: oil, gasoline, dog feces and litter

– ____________________ from the 112 million hectares of cropland

– 50 million tons of ____________________ applied to crops and lawns

– 10 million tons of dry ____________________applied to highways for snow and ice control

• An entire ecosystem may suffer the effects of ____________________. Consider a river ecosystem… soil tainted with toxic pesticides may wash into the river. This soil settles into the river bottom and some of its toxins enter the bodies of small organisms. A hundred of these organisms may be eaten but one small fish, a hundred of these small fish are eaten by a big fish, an eagle may eat 10 big fish… each organism stores the toxins in its tissues and it is passed and multiplied through the ____________________

• ________________________________________ is when toxins are passed through the food chain from one ____________________ to the next. Each level of the food chain has more ____________________in it than the level before.

• This bioaccumulation can be ____________________to human health and cause ____________________, heavy metal ____________________ and have reproduction and nervous system issues

• ________________________________________ is when organisms die and decompose, releasing nutrients to the water

• ____________________ Eutrophication is when the natural process of eutrophication is accelerated when inorganic nutrients like ____________________and ____________________get into the water because of fertilizers

• Phosphorus and nitrogen cause excessive growth of ____________________. These algae blooms remove ____________________from the water. Fish and other water living organisms ____________________ and die.

• ________________________________________ is when excessive amounts of ____________________ are added to a body of water. This happens when power plants and industrial plants use water from lakes and rivers to

____________________their machines. They bring in the cool water, run it through the machines and then return it back to the river ____________________.

• Thermal pollution can cause ________________________________________when the water gets too hot for the fish to tolerate.

• Hot water cannot hold as much ____________________ as cooler water, so aquatic organisms are suffocating

• The ________________________________________of 1972 states that we need to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation’s waters.

• Many point pollution issues were solved in 1972, but our water suffers from nonpoint ____________________ issues today.

Ocean Pollution

• At least _______ of ocean pollution comes from land.

• ____________________ enter the rivers as runoff, and the rivers carry the polluted water to the ocean

• Pollutants are also ____________________directly into the oceans, especially by ocean ____________________

• Accidental large ____________________are an issue, like the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989

• Oil pollution in the seas comes from smaller events also. ____________________ and ____________________ have small leaks and spillage add up to cause large environmental effects

• ____________________ is also a significant ocean pollutant because it doesn’t ____________________easily. When plastic fishing lines are discarded into the sea, marine ____________________are strangled. ____________________ and ____________________accidently eat plastic bags, the plastic six-pack rings strangle ____________________ and ____________________.

• Prevention:

– Laws help regulate or prohibit what goes into the ____________________

– Laws prohibit the discharge of__________and ____________________ into the ocean

– US has laws against ocean ____________________

– Many countries have laws against ____________________ dumping near runoff sites

• Unfortunately, it is hard to monitor every boat, and the ____________________ is paying the price

• The ________________________________________is a giant island of garbage that has collected in the center of the Pacific Ocean due to water currents. This island of ____________________ and ____________________ is an ecological disaster and no ____________________ is taking accountability for the issue, so it just sits there

• Unlike ____________________which are easy to determine which country owns them… no one really ____________________the oceans.

• ______________________________ has permitted nations to exercise complete control over waters within ____________________of their coastline, but the ____________________belongs to no one.

Air

• Students are sometimes told to stay home from school in Mexico city because the ______________ ______________ is so dangerous.

• At these times, some people wear dust masks when they go ______________ and hospitals are crowded with people suffering from ______________ problems.

• ______________ sometimes drop out of the trees dead because they cannot escape the toxins!

• Clean air consists mostly of ______________ and ______________ gases along with very small amounts of argon, carbon dioxide and water vapor

• When ______________ ______________ end up in the air at unhealthy levels, the result is air pollution

• Most air pollution is the result of ____________________________, but pollutants can come from ______________ ______________ as well

• A ______________ for example, can spew clouds of particles into the air and sulfur dioxide can harm animals.

• Other natural pollutants include: ______________, pollen and spores.

Air Pollution

• A pollutant that is put directly into the air by human activities is called a ______________ pollutant

– Soot from ______________

– Carbon monoxide from cars, ______________ and engines

– Nitrogen oxides from burning ______________

– Volatile Organic Compounds from solvents, paints and glues

– Particulate matter from ______________, agriculture and fires

• A ______________ pollutant is formed when a primary pollutant comes into contact with another primary pollutant or with a naturally occurring substance like water vapor and a ______________ ______________ takes place.

– These secondary pollutants are hugely responsible for breaking down the ______________ ______________ that protects us from UV rays from the sun

Vehicle Pollution

• ______________ of our air pollution comes from gasoline burned by motor vehicles

• The ______________ ______________ and the environmental protect agency have both made laws about emissions allowed from cars and encouraged ______________ fuel sources for cars to reduce pollution

• In 1985 an average car got about_____ miles per gallon and in 2015 the average car got about _____ miles per gallon

• In addition to increasing MPG and lowering emissions some other ways to reduce vehicle pollution are:

–

– Drive less

– Carpool

– Take public transportation

– Bike

– Try to work closer to home

Industrial Pollution

• Many industries and _______________ that generate electricity must burn fuel to get the energy they need.

• In most instances, this is a ______________.

• Burning fossil fuels causes huge quantities of oxides to be released into the ________

• Electric power plants produce at least ____ of all the sulfur dioxide, over ____ of nitrogen oxides and ____ of particulates that pollute the air

• Some industries also use volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which form ____________________________.

– For example manufactures of electronic products, such as TV’s and computers. These manufactures use ______________ to clean circuit boards during manufacturing

• The clean air act requires many industries to use “______________” or other pollution-control devices

– Scrubbers remove some of the more ______________ ______________ that would otherwise foul the air

• Electrostatic Precipitators are used on ______________ ______________ and they ______________ particles before they get into the air

Thermal Inversions

• As circulation in the ______________ usually keeps air pollution from reaching dangerous levels.

• During the day, the sun ______________ the surface of the earth and the air near it

• The arm air rises through the ______________ air above, carrying pollutants away from the earth’s surface and into the atmosphere

• Sometimes, however, pollution is______________ near the Earth’s surface by a thermal inversion.

• Normally, air______________ ______________ decrease with height, but in a thermal inversion, the air above is warmer than the air below.

• ______________ ______________ traps pollutants ______________ the earth’s surface, the warmer air above keeps the cooler air at the surface from moving upward

• If a city is located in a ______________, it has a greater chance of experiencing thermal inversions.

• Los Angeles, which lies on the pacific coast is surrounded on the other three sides by ______________

• Los Angeles has ______________ thermal inversions that trap______________ in the city

• When air pollution hangs over ______________ ______________ and reduces visibility, it is called smog

• ______________ is a term combining the words smoke and fog

• Smog results from ______________ ______________ involving sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons.

• Pollutants from ______________ and ______________ are the main causes of smog

• Cities that suffer the most from smog have ______________ ______________ and are located in dry, sunny areas: Los Angeles, Denver and Mexico City are well known high smog cities

Effects on Human Health

• Air pollution can cause serious ______________

• People who are very ______________ or very ______________ and those with heart or lung problems are the most susceptible to the effects of air pollutants

Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma

• If a person’s lungs are constantly______________ by pollutants, chronic bronchitis, a persistent inflammation of the bronchial linings may result

• Constant coughing ______________ the bronchial ______________ and eventually ______________ becomes difficult

• ______________ , acids of sulfur and nitrogen are the main irritants that contribute to chronic bronchitis and asthma

• ______________ is a condition in which the bronchial passages constrict and becomes blocked with mucus.

• Most asthma is ______________ caused by pollution, people with asthma experience ______________ symptoms because of pollution

Emphysema and Lung Cancer

• Air pollution has been linked to______________

• Emphysema results when the ______________ in the lungs lose their elasticity and can no longer push ______________ out of the lungs

• People with emphysema cannot get enough oxygen and eventually die from long term ______________

• ______________ ______________ is another respiratory disease that is linked to air pollution

• Although cigarette smoke is the major cause of lung cancer, automobile ______________ and ______________ (especially asbestos, arsenic and chromium) contribute to lung cancer

• City-dwellers are ______________ times more likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmoking people in rural areas

Indoor Air Pollution

• Air pollution is not limited to ______________, air inside a building is sometimes ______________ than the air outside

• American’s spend ______________ of their lives inside

• In buildings where windows are ____________________________, pollutants will circulate and pass out of the building…

• In a building where things are ____________________________, pollutants accumulate and reach higher levels than they could outdoors

• Buildings with particularly ______________ air quality are said to have “sick-building syndrome”.

• For example, in Florida, a brand new tightly sealed court house had to be abandoned when half of the people who worked there developed ______________ ______________ to fungi that were growing in the air condition ducts, ceiling tiles, carpets and furniture

• ______________ ______________ - radon gas is invisible, tasteless and odorless… it is also radioactive.

• Radon is one of the elements produced by the radioactive decay of ______________, which occurs ______________ in the earth

• Houses built over radon heavy areas can have radon build up ______________ the house

• Radon gas can destroy the genetic material in cells lining the air passages and can lead to ______________.

• ______________ - a combination of several fibers containing silica that are valued for their strength and resistance to heat…

• For years asbestos was used in building/construction

• Exposure to asbestos has been known to cause mesothelioma a ______________ ______________ related to breathing in these fibers

• ______________ in the US have spent over 40 billion dollars removing asbestos from schools!

Acid Precipitation

• ______________ ______________ is highly acidic precipitation (rain, sleet or snow) that results from the burning of fossil fuels

• When ______________ ______________ are burned, they release oxides of sulfur and nitrogen as by-products

• When the oxides combine with ______________ from the atmosphere they create nitric acid and sulfuric acid

• The acid precipitation can kill ____________________________.

• Precipitation considered to be acid precipitation is anything with a pH lower than ________. The pH of pure water is 7.0

• ______________ are adapted to live in an environment with a particular pH

• If acid precipitation falls on a lake and changes the pH of the water ____________________________, fish, ______________ ______________ and other animals die

• ______________ ______________ is a sudden increase in pH due to snow melting in the spring. Acid shock kills eggs and many species lose their offspring for that year

• Forest ______________ are also affected by acid precipitation.

• Trees, like other organisms, can only ______________ a specific pH range

• If they water they take up through their ______________ is too acidic, they will die

• Acid precipitation can also ______________ the leaves and needles of plants.

• The biggest problem with controlling acid precipitation is that where the pollution is ______________ is almost never where the acid precipitation ______________.

• ______________ and clouds carry the polluted water to other areas ____________________________. This is causing a serious problem all over the world

• For example: pollution in Denver can fall as acid rain all over the eastern US

Atmosphere and Climate

The Atmosphere

• The nearby planets of ______________ and ______________are barren and lifeless. Why does our planet have life?

• One thing that makes life possible on earth is its ______________

• The atmosphere is a thin layer of ______________ that surround the earth

• The atmosphere is 78% ______________ and 21 % ______________. The remaining 1% is: water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium and other gases.

• We call this entire mixture______________.

• The most important of the air’s gases for ______________ are oxygen and carbon dioxide

• Oxygen is necessary for __________________________________________and carbon dioxide is necessary for ____________________________

• The earth’s atmosphere ______________ living things from most of the sun’s harmful ____________________________at the same time it allows visible light to reach the earth’s surface supplying earth with energy and making photosynthesis possible

Photosynthesis and the Atmosphere

• __________________________ played a very important role in forming the atmosphere we know today.

• Early earth’s atmosphere contained very ______________ oxygen and a lot of CO2

• Early organisms ______________the ability to do photosynthesis and slowly______________the atmosphere from high levels of CO2 to high levels of oxygen

Layers of the Atmosphere

• Scientists have found it useful to think of the atmosphere as five individual layers.

– ____________________________

– Stratosphere

– Mesosphere

– Thermosphere

– ____________________________

• The troposphere extends from the earth’s surface to about ______________above the surface

• It contains about 90% of the atmosphere’s ______________

• The ______________ we breathe is a part of the troposphere

• It is where______________occurs

• The ____________________________ extends from 10kn -50km above the earth.

• The air in the stratosphere is ____________________________

• Commercial airliners often travel in the lower part of the stratosphere

• Stratosphere contains the ____________________________

• Beyond the stratosphere is the mesosphere, ____________________________ and the exosphere

• The gases in the exosphere become ______________ and thinner until the exosphere merges with ____________________________Climate

• Weather occurs mostly in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer that touches the earth’s ____________________________, but…

• WHAT IS WEATHER??

Climate

• Weather is simply what is happening in the atmosphere at a particular ______________ at a particular ______________

• ______________ on the hand, is the ______________weather in an area over a long period of ______________

• Temperature, ______________, wind and precipitation are important factors in determining climate

• Climate is determined by a variety of factors: latitude, air circulation, ______________currents and local ______________of the area.

• The most important of these factors is______________

Latitude

• Latitude is the ______________ from the______________, measured in degrees north or south of the equator

• The equator is defined as 0⁰.

• The most northerly latitude is the ____________________________, at 90⁰ North

• The most southerly latitude is the ____________________________, at 90⁰ South

• Latitude strongly influences climate because the amount of ____________________________an area receives depends on latitude

• More solar energy falls on areas near the ______________ that areas closer to the ______________

Atmospheric Circulation Patterns

• Three important properties of air explain how air circulation affects climate:

– ____________________________ and warms as it sinks

– ____________________________ and cools as it rises

– Warm air can hold more ____________________________than cold air can therefore, if warm air is cooled, the water vapor it contains condenses into a ______________forming rain or snow

• Solar energy ______________the ground, which warms the air above it. This warm air rises, and cooler air moves in to replace it. Heating of the atmosphere therefore causes ______________, or the movement of______________within the atmosphere

• Because different latitudes receive different amount of solar energy, the patterns of global ______________result

• The circulation pattern determines ____________________________of precipitation

• ____________________________ example: Intense solar energy strikes the earth’s surface at the equator causing the air above it to become warm, this warm air can hold large amounts of water that evaporates from the ocean and land. As the air rises, however, it cools and loses some of its ability to hold water, thus, it rains heavily at the equator!

• ____________________________ : cool air normally sinks, but the cool air over the equator cannot descend because hot air is moving up below it. So this cool air is forced away from the equator, toward the poles. It sinks back to earth at a latitude of about 30⁰, warming as it falls. This warm, dry air moves across the surface causing water to evaporate from the land below causing __________________________________________!

Ocean Circulation Patterns

• __________________________ have a great effect on climate because water hold large amounts of heat.

• The movement of surface ocean currents is caused largely by winds and the rotation of the earth.

• These currents redistribute warm and cool masses of water

Seasons

• ____________________________ and ____________________________ change with the seasons.

• ______________ are the result of the earth’s orbit around the sun, earth has a ______________which means the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the earth changes as the earth moves around the sun.

• During spring and summer the ____________________________tilt toward the sun and the southern hemisphere tilts away. It is the ____________________________ in the fall and winter

• ____________________________ do not occur in the tropics, which are the so close to the equator, they receive ____________________________year round.

• In the far north and far south there are months of complete ______________ and complete ___________

Greenhouse Earth

• Have you ever gotten in your car that has been sitting the sun for a while with all the windows closed. Even if the day is cool, the ____________________________the car is much warmer than the ____________________________.

• _______________ builds up inside the car because the sun’s ______________streams into the car through the glass, carpets and upholstery absorb the heat and the heat energy doesn’t pass back out though the glass

• The earth is similar to a ______________. We live inside “greenhouse earth” like delicate ______________, surrounded by the icy coldness of ____________________________.

• The earth’s atmosphere acts like the ______________ in a green house, ______________ streams through the atmosphere and heats the earth.

• As heat radiates up from the ______________, some of it escapes into space.

• The rest of the heat is ______________ by gases in the troposphere and warms the air

• This process is called the ____________________________

• Not every ______________ in our atmosphere traps heat. The gases that ____________________________and radiate heat are called greenhouse gases

• The major greenhouse gases are ____________________________, carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ______________, and nitrous oxide.

• After water vapor, ____________________________is the most important of the greenhouse gases.

Carbon Dioxide

• Carbon dioxide levels are ______________ globally.

• Carbon dioxide levels rise and fall with the daily rhythms of ____________________________, but due to ____________________________burning and industrial pollution the carbon dioxide levels have been ______________ over the past 50 years at an alarming rate.

• During photosynthesis, a ______________takes in carbon dioxide from the air, some of the carbon in the carbon dioxide becomes part of the plant’s body, this carbon is _____________________to the air

• When ____________________________are burned, carbon is released into the air.

• If the amount of carbon dioxide is low, plants are able to______________it… but, there is ____________________________carbon for plants to recycle all of it

Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse Gases

• Since greenhouses gases trap heat hear the earth’s surface, many scientists think that more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will result in a ____________________________

• Today we are releasing more ____________________________into the atmosphere than any other green house gas along with many others

• __________________________ is a predicted increase in temperature due to too many greenhouse gases

Warmer Earth…

• The earth’s ______________ has changed dramatically in the past as over hundreds and thousands of ______________

• Currently ______________believe the earth’s climate is changing very rapidly due to ______________ in carbon

• ____________________________- change as climate changes. Hurricanes and typhoons are more common, severe flooding and devastating droughts

• ____________________________ - disruptions in earth patterns hit farmers very hard. As temperatures change, farming becomes more and more difficult

• ____________________________- as polar regions warm, icebergs break loose from glaciers and let in the sea causing sea levels to rise and coastal cities to be in danger of flooding

Slowing the temperature change

• ______________ fossil fuel use

• Reduce ______________ footprint

• ______________ should be preserved

• More ______________ should be planted

• ______________ greenhouse gas emissions

• Create ______________ banning greenhouse gases

The Ozone Shield

• The ____________________________ contains the earth’s ozone shield

• ______________ is a form of oxygen with molecules made of three oxygen atoms

• Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs most of the ____________________________from the sun

• UV light is very ______________ to organisms because it can damaged DNA in living cells

• Shielding the earth’s surface from most of the sun’s UV radiation, the ozone in the stratosphere acts like ______________ for the earth

Ozone Eaters

• During the 1970’s scientists discovered chlorofluorocarbons were ______________ the ozone. CFC’s were used in coolants and spray bottles

• CFC’s are stable at the earth’s ______________, but as they move up in the atmosphere, they __________________________________________ of the ozone. It is thought that a ______________ CFC can break apart as many as ______________ozone molecules

The Ozone Holes

• NASA stated: ______________layers near the south pole had thinned by up to _____ in the early 1990’s.

• After this was discovered, ______________ were put into place to ______________ greenhouse gases and to try to protect the ozone

Thinning Effects

• As the ozone______________, more ______________was able to enter the earth. UV light is dangerous because it can alter ______________ in organisms.

• High levels of UV light can ______________single celled organisms and cause ______________ in larger organisms.

• ______________ has increased dramatically in humans over the last 20 years.

Ozone Healing…

• Since the 1990’s– Industrialized countries agreed to ______________ more CFC’s by 1995– The US______________all substances that pose a danger to the ozone by

2000– Industrialized countries agreed to set up a ______________to help

developing countries switch to substitutes for CFC’s• More recently- A huge “Green” movement is sweeping the world and most

people are working hard to ______________, ______________carbon foot print, reduce fossil fuels and do as much as they can to ______________ the ozone and the entire planet

The City

• US Officials decided to find out how ______________ was being used in the US, over the course of an 8 year study, it was discovered that 210,000 acres of productive ______________, rangeland and woodlands were converted into towns and ______________!!!

Urban-Rural Connection

• The US Census Bureau describes an ______________ ______________ or city as a place with at least ______________ people per square mile.

• Urban/City dwellers heavily rely on resources from ____________________________. Without ______________, croplands and rangelands there wouldn’t be any food, homes or resources for the city people.

Urbanization

• Modern machinery and ______________ have made it so farms can be worked with fewer farmers.

• Because of this many previous land workers have moved into the ______________ for work

• The growth of cities as people move from ______________ to ______________ areas is called urbanization.

• Urbanization has continued to ______________ from 1880 and today.

The Urban Crisis

• Many countries have had trouble coping with their rapidly growing urban ______________.

• People often move to the cities faster than jobs become available and there isn’t enough ______________ to support them

• Infrastructure is all the things that a ______________ ______________ for ______________ ______________ including: roads, sewers, railroads, bridges, ______________, fire stations, police stations, schools, ______________, hospitals, water mains and power lines

• When more people live in the city than the city can support with jobs and infrastructure, living conditions ______________ and unemployment ______________.

• Lack of adequate infrastructure in overpopulate cities is called “____________________________”

• This urban crisis is why ______________ ______________ is so high in cities.

Suburban Sprawl

• ______________ ______________ is development characterized by houses and malls that spreads out around cities.

• Generally the ______________ offer more living space for less money, lower crime rates and more privacy

• Each year suburbs spread over another 2.5 million acres of______________ in the US.

• This sprawl is removing croplands, farmlands and ______________.

Land-Use Planning

• When ______________ ______________ began to take over the countryside the government realized that they needed to plan the sprawl.

• Land-Use Planning involves determining in advance where people will live, where businesses will be and where ______________ ______________ ______________ for farming, wildlife, recreation and other uses

• Land use planners determine the ______________ ______________ for roads, landfills, malls, sewers, electrical lines and other infrastructure

How We Use Land

• Humans use the land in various ways. Materials we use are called ____________________________.

• Three main groups have been identified for land use:

– ____________________________

– Ranching/______________

• ______________

Trees

• ______________ are used to provide paper, furniture, lumber for homes and firewood.

• ______________ involved clearing trees from an area without replacing them

• Deforestation has become a significant worldwide problem.

• Deforestation of the ______________ ______________ is especially serious

• There are many ways to ____________________________. Most cause damage to the forest, but some are more destructive than others.

• ______________ ______________ for example is a process that involved removing ______________ ______________ from a land area. It destroys wildlife habitats, increases soil erosion and makes the area very ugly

• ______________ ______________ in the main alternative to clear cutting. In selecting cutting only middle aged or mature trees are removed, usually in ____________________________. Some of the older trees are left and all of the developing trees are left also

• Selective cutting ______________ ______________ and prevents soil erosion

• ______________ ______________ is the process of replacing trees that have died or have been cut down.

• This happens naturally when trees drop seeds, but humans can help reforestation by ______________ ______________ after selective cutting

• Protecting______________ is very important

• Many governments are working on improving reforestation efforts and promoting ______________ ______________ harvesting methods

• These programs help guarantee ______________ of forests

Ranching/Farming

• ______________ support grasses and shrubs that are used by ranchers for grazing animals like ______________, sheet and goats

• ______________ are used to grow crops for humans to eat

• These are both essential for maintaining the world’s ____________________________

• Some experts predict a ______________ increase in food production over the next ______________ in order to continue to feed the world’s growing human population

• ______________ is a huge problem. This is when too many animals graze in an area for too long and they ______________ ______________ beyond its ability to recover

• ______________ ______________ is a similar concept, when farming happens in soil year after year and the nutrients are ______________ so much that crops no longer grow

• Management of ranching and farming involves ______________ the animal herds to sizes the land can support and rotating crops each year

• It also involves removing _____________________ _______ and preventing invasive (not native) species from taking over areas.

• Invasive species not only take up ____________________________, but they are not usually eaten by local animals

Mining

• A surprising amount of land is used for ____________________________.

• A mineral is a______________ substance found in nature

• Minerals include______________, silver, iron, ______________ and aluminum

• Two common methods for extracting minerals from the earth are:

– ______________ ______________ - where machines are used to dig large holes in the ground and remove the minerals

– ______________ ______________ - huge bulldozers and other machines are used to clear away large strops of the earth’s surface

• Extracting minerals from the earth causes ________________________________________________________

– Disrupts ______________– Ugly piles of waste materials– ______________ are killed– Increases erosion and landslides– ______________ and water pollution

• Responsible mining requires companies to ______________ mined land to the condition it was before mining began, this process is called ____________________________

• Another way to reduce the destructive effects of mining is to ______________ the need for the minerals

• ______________ existing products only save energy, water and money, but also reduce pollution.

Food

• Humans must consume ____________________________, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, produced by other living things in order to survive.

• People across the world are suffering from ______________ and ______________.

• ______________ people have an abundance of food and______________ people have much less than they need

• There is enough food to go around the world, but it is not ____________________________

• ______________ due to global warming are causing crop failures

• When there isn’t enough food to go around or transportation to take ______________ ______________ ______________ a famine can happen

• A ______________ is a food shortage so wide-spread that it causes malnutrition and starvation in many people

• The ______________ ______________ is an effort to increase crop production with sustainable practices

• Farming is ______________, fertilizing, ______________ and pest control to grow food.

• Farming needs ____________________________, soil that can support the rapid growth of healthy plants. Most plant roots grow in topsoil the loose surface layer of soil

• Preventing ______________ is really important in being able to have sustainable farming.

• Soil ______________ ______________ is the practice of saving the soil. It includes reducing clear-cutting, crop rotation and contour crops

– ______________ ______________ disrupts soil because roots are no longer present to hold soil in place

– ______________ ______________ helps keep the soil healthy and different plants take different minerals from the soil

– ______________ ______________ means not planting crops in straight lines where wind can easily blow away soil, but by curving crops back and forth to prevent soil loss

• ______________ ______________ is also an important part of making enough food for humans to eat

• Insects destroy about ______________ of all crops each year.

• A ______________ is any organism that occurs where you don’t want it or in large enough numbers to cause damage

– Insects – Fungus – Weeds

• ______________ are commonly used to prevent pests from harming crops.

• Unfortunately pesticides can cause people to get ______________ and ______________ the soil and water

• Pesticides also can kill animals. ______________ for example nearly caused the extinction of the California Condor and many other birds of prey

• Food

• ______________ ______________ is becoming more and more popular

• Organic farming uses biological pest control, using living organisms or naturally produced chemicals to prevent pests. Some examples are:

– ______________ to eat aphids

– Adding ______________ to break down materials and add nutrients to the soil

– Chrysanthemum ______________ are toxic to most insects, many farmers use them to deter insects from entering the garden

– Putting ______________ wire around a garden to prevent slugs from crossing (copper wire shocks the slugs)

– Crushing ______________ around plants to deter insects from walking over the shells and harming their feet

Electricity

• Enormous amounts of ____________________________, enough to meet the needs of thousands of people, can be transported through a wire the diameter of a quarter

• You can use electricity to ______________ up the night, ______________ dinner, ______________ a home, run a train and so much more… but what IS electricity??

• ____________________________ is the flow of electrons, which are tiny charged particles that whirl around the nucleus of an atom

• To generate electricity you simply have to set electrons in ______________.

• An electric generator is a simple device for______________ mechanical energy into electricity

• The huge ______________ generators used in power plants require great amounts of ______________ to generate electricity.

• Most of the energy for power plants come from ____________________________

Fossil Fuels

• ____________________________ convert energy sources, usually fossil fuels into electric energy

• A fossil fuel is ______________, oil and natural ______________, that are the remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago

• Fossil fuels are rich in ____________________________, which contain a lot of stored energy in their molecular bonds.

• ______________ fossil fuels releases this ______________ in the form of eat, which provides the energy to produce electricity.

• ____________________________ is then distributed to homes, businesses and factories

Fossil Fuel Supply

• Fossil fuel supplies are limited, we are using these resources much faster than they can be ______________ by nature.

• The US, has ______________of the worlds coal, but only has enough to last a few hundred years before it is totally gone.

• In addition to being a ____________________________, fossil fuels have other drawbacks:

– The ______________ is threatened by exhaust from power plants and motor vehicles, by oil spills, and by strip mining for coal

– The large amounts of ______________released when fossil fuels are burned could has worldwide impacts by changing earth’s climate and causing ______________.

Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Resources

• ____________________________ are being used more quickly than they can be replaced naturally, resources such as these are considered ____________________________, meaning that they can be used up and should be ______________.

• ____________________________ are those resources that are continually produced. They are so abundant that they are considered to be inexhaustible.

– ______________ and ______________ are two renewable resources with amazing energy potential.

• While there is always a possibility that new deposits of ____________________________will be found, such discoveries will simply prolong the inevitable.

• We are going to ____________________________of fossil fuels and we should look for ______________energy sources now before there is a huge energy crunch.

A Sustainable Future

• ____________________________ : using ______________energy will make current energy stores last longer and it will protect the environment

• We can do this by making more energy conscious ______________and to ______________ structures, systems and vehicles so they don’t waste as much energy

• What can you do to save energy?

– ______________ or ride a bike– Keep the engine in your car______________and running well– Keep the thermostat on your ____________________________set no more than

120⁰F– Take shorter ______________– Wash only ______________loads of laundry and dishes– Close off and don’t heat or cool ______________ rooms or closets– Use energy efficient ____________________________– Use ______________lighting whenever possible (open the blinds)– ______________ and unplug unnecessary lights and appliances (unplug your

cell phone charger when not in use)– Only buy high efficiency ____________________________– Turn ______________the heat in the winter and compensate by wearing a

sweater– Turn ______________ the thermostat in the summer and compensate by

blowing a fan– Turn down the heat or turn up the AC when ______________is home – Turn down the heat at ______________ when you are in bed– ______________ blinds on sunny days to keep the heat out and

______________ them on cool days or at night– What else can you think of?

• ____________________________ is energy from the ______________.It is clean, safe and renewable. In fact solar energy might be described as the ______________renewable resource

• ____________________________- Tremendous energy is contained in wind. This energy can be captured with a ______________ that is connected to an electric generator.

• A ______________is an example of a device that captures wind energy

• ____________________________ : Harnessing the energy of ____________________________. Today water is used to generate electricity, ______________stop the water from flowing on one side and then the water is released through a turbine that gets turned and produces energy

• Older dams were very damaging to______________and wildlife, newer dams have fish ladders and other ways for organisms to ______________ get from one side to the next

• ____________________________ : is the heat inside the earth. This heat can be used to drive ______________ ______________ similar to the way fossil fuels do.

– Unfortunately, the earth is slow to replace its heat, and if is used to quickly, it runs out. It is also difficult to find locations on land. There is a lot of places ____________________________where heat is released, but it is too deep to access easily.

• ______________ - is the organic matter in ______________ or plant products. Biomass is an important source of ______________worldwide, especially in the form of wood. For much of the world, wood is the major source of energy. Industrialized nations use very little wood. Burning wood saves fossil fuels, but it harms ______________ and produces ____________________________and ____________________________. Using plant products to create oil for cars is being explored.

• An enormous amount of plant waste exists.

– Some industries have begun using this “waste” to make ______________ and ______________.

– Liquid fuels can be derived from some types of biomass. Methanol, ______________ and oil can be used to power cars and trucks. These liquid fuels produce far ______________ carbon dioxide and waste than gasoline

• ______________ - the most plentiful substance on the surface of the earth. Every ______________molecule is made of two hydrogen and an oxygen. When separated from water, hydrogen is a ____________________________gas that has great promise as a fuel of the future.

Solid Waste: The Throwaway Society

• If someone stops at a fast food restaurant and buys a burger, fries and a soda… within minutes the food is gone and you throw away: a paper bag, napkin, cardboard carton that held the fries, wax paper that held the burger, paper cup with plastic lid and plastic straw, several ketchup packets… where does all that garbage and waste go?

• The ______________ will be collected by a collection service and taken to a ______________, where it will be dumped with thousands of______________of other trash and covered with a layer of dirt at the end of the day.

• Landfills are filling up and cities are running out of places to put ______________

• ____________________________ runs down into landfills and dissolves harmful ______________ like paint thinner, nail polish remover and other toxic substances that are getting into our ______________ systems and damaging the soil

• Every year Americans generate more than ____________________________of solid waste

• Solid waste is any discarded ______________that is not a liquid or a gas

• ____________________________ includes everything form junk mail and coffee grounds to cars and plastic products

• Unfortunately many products today are designed to be used once and then thrown away: napkins, ____________________________and knives, paper plates, dental floss, ____________________________, ziplock bags, paper ____________________________, take out containers, and so much more…

• Every year the amount of waste______________in the US

Types of Waste

• All wastes are not create equal. It isn’t just the ______________ of waste that causes a problem, it is also the ______________of waste. There are two basic kinds of wastes: those made of ____________________________ materials and those made of ____________________________materials

• Biodegradable material is a material that ______________ be broken down by ____________________________into simpler chemicals that can be consumed by living things

• Products made from ____________________________are biodegradable.

• Some examples are: ______________, paper bags, ______________, cotton fibers and leather.

• ______________ materials are made by combining ______________ to form compounds that do not exist in nature. These are NOT biodegradable. Some examples are polyester, nylon and______________

• These synthetic materials often remain for hundreds and thousands of______________. They also can release ______________into the ground

Where does the trash go?

• Though most of our trash is sent to landfills and some ______________ (burned) more and more is being recycled.

• In the US, about 30-40% of waste is______________. This number should be much higher, since so much waste is ______________ and ______________ now

Landfill

• More than ______________of waste ends up in landfills. A landfill is a _________________________ ______________where wastes are put in the ground and covered each day with a layer of dirt, plastic or both

• One problem with landfills is leachate. ______________ is water that contains toxic chemicals dissolved from waster in a land fill

• Leachate is formed when water seeps down though a landfill ____________________________from decomposing garbage along the way it contains chemicals form paints, pesticides, cleaners, cans, batteries and appliances. This poisonous “____________________________” sometime flows into groundwater supplies, making water from nearby wells unfit to drink

• Another problem with landfills is ______________. As organic waste decomposes deep in the landfill, where there is no oxygen, it produces methane, a highly flammable ______________

• Methane may seep through the ground into basements of homes up to 300m from a landfill and it can cause deadly ______________

• New laws are helping to prevent some of the leachate and methane problems by requiring that landfills be______________with a clay or plastic liner and must have systems for treating leachate. ____________________________ are also installed to carry methane out of the landfill.

Incinerators

• One option for reducing the amount of solid waste sent to landfills is to ______________ it in incinerators.

• The ______________ can be used to generate ______________, but the waste that is burned doesn’t disappear… instead it ends up as ____________________________and ______________. So, incinerators are not a good solution to landfills.

Options for the Future

• Producing ______________ waste- if we produce less waste, we will reduce the expense and difficulty of collecting and disposing of it.

• Many ideas for ______________ waste are simple.

• Options for the Future

• Ways to reduce waste:

– Using both sides of a sheet of______________

– ______________ shopping bags– Reusable ______________ containers– Refusing to buy products with unnecessary packaging– ______________ diapers for babies– Cloth ______________– Refillable water ______________– Buying from manufactures who use less material when producing

products• ______________ - in addition to reducing waste we need to find ways to make the

best possible use of all the materials we discard

• To recycle as much as possible. Making products from recycled materials __________________________, water and other resources.

• It takes ____________________________to recycle aluminum than to get it from the earth.

• It takes 75% less energy to make ______________ from scrap than from ore

• It takes about 70% less energy to make ______________ out of recycled paper than from trees.

• When most people think about recycling, they think about bottles, cans and newspapers… there is ____________________________than can be recycled!

• Please Recycle-

– ______________ – Plastic: bottles, yogurt

containers, bags…– ______________ – Batteries

– Styrofoam– ______________ – ______________ – VHS/Cassette Tapes– Nail polish/paint

• Reuse and Repurpose- instead of throwing away or recycling unwanted items, see if you can find a way for them to be used again-

– ______________ clothes and shoes– Donate unwanted household items– Appliances and vehicles can be sold or donated for ______________– Torn or stained clothes can be cut and used for cleaning cloths

– Milk jugs can be used as little ____________________________ for plants– ____________________________ can hold small items like nuts and bolts,

beads, jewelry… they can also be used to grow sprouts for planting a garden

– ______________ from furniture can be used to create new things: a baby crib can be made into a bench…

– Pieces of glass and tile can be broken and used to create ______________– What else can be reused or repurposed?

• ______________ - yard waste often makes up about 15% of a city’s waste… none of this waste should be going to a landfill. All of this yard debris should be composted.

• ______________ is a dark brown, crumbly material made from decomposed vegetable and animal materials. It is______________in the ______________ that help ______________grow

• Portland composts not only yard waste, but all ____________________________too. By composting all the biodegradable waste from plants and animals, waste going to landfills has been reduced by about ______________!

• Recycling has reduced ______________ waste going to landfills by about 40% in the last 10 years.

• Changing the materials we use is important. Much waste could be ______________by simply changing the materials used to ______________ products.

• Here are some simple things you can do to help with waste:

• ______________ everything you can possibly recycle, become vigilant about it.

• Buy products made from recycled materials

• Use ______________ shopping bags.

• Look for items with little or ____________________________and choose vendors who make good packaging decisions.

• ______________ use single use napkins, utensils, cups or dishes unless absolutely necessary.

• Use ____________________________for packing lunches

• ____________________________ whenever possible, use both sides before recycling

• Put all yard debris and food waste into the ______________

• What else?

• Many products we use today from laundry soap to computers are produced in factories using thousands of chemicals. Many of these chemical are classified as ____________________________.

• Hazardous wastes are wastes that are ______________ or highly ______________ or ______________ easily

• Hazardous waste can be solid, liquid or gas. Some examples are:

– Some dyes, ______________and solvents– PCH’s used in insulating material, ______________, solvents, lubricants and

sealants– Toxic heavy ______________ such as lead, mercury, cadmium and zinc– ______________ – ______________ waste

• We can manage hazardous waste by forcing businesses to follow the ______________in waste disposal. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) works hard to make sure businesses follow the laws around ______________ hazardous waste ______________

• We can also buy from companies and make laws that forces companies to _______________________, to reuse products whenever possible, to look for ways to create products with less hazardous or non-hazardous materials and by ____________________________about disposing waste

Hazardous Waste at HOME

• We usually think of hazardous waste as a big industry problem, there are a lot of hazardous waste products in the average ______________ including:

– ______________ , pesticides, batteries, ______________, nail polish remover, ______________, medications, car oil

• ______________ in ____________________________will recycle most hazardous waste for ______________. You just have to bring it there and they will take it and recycle it. This prevents it from getting into ______________and ______________. Please educate your family about hazardous waste and why we need to recycle it!