Biology @ a GlanceTOPIC INFORMATION

Scientific Method1. Observation 4. Experimental, (data)2. Question 5. Results (data driven),3. Hypothesis (educated guess) 6. Conclusion (final answer)

Good Science~controls, ~only 1 variable~lots of data ~ observations~repeatable

Observationvs.

Inference

Observation-fact-measure- uses senses- hear,see,touch,taste, smell ex. I walk outside and feel water drops on my arm.Inference- guess about the factsex. It is raining. – (might be wrong, what if it is just a hose?)

Control vs. Variable

Control –not tested- stays the sameVariables –what is tested – changes - no more than one

Independent variable

Vs.Dependent

variable

Independent – YOU PICK, what you think is causing the change on the x axisDependent – changes on its own, what is being measured on the y axis

How to read a graph

1 Read the title of the graph.2 Identify the variables (x & y axis)3 Determine what units the graph uses.4 Look for patterns, groups and differences.

Types of Graphs Line- change over timeCircle/ Pie – parts of a whole %Bar- compare things between different groups

Safety Always report accidents! Wear appropriate safety equipment

Sciencevs.

Technology

Science- data, research , studies the natural world

Technology- uses science to help people

Conversions

Subatomic Particles(parts of the atom)

Proton = POSITIVE = atomic number- cannot change!!!Neutron = NEUTRAL= ONLY ADD MASS!Electron= NEGATIVE = outside of nucleus, in levels Valance electrons= Outermost e-‘s =used in bonding!Octet rule- Every atom wants 8 valence electrons!!

Periodic table

Atoms,Ions

&Isotopes

Atoms – neutral – number of protons= number of electrons. How they are found on periodic tableIons- Charged particles – has gained (-) or lost ( +) e- H+ has lost an e- Cl- has gained an e-Isotopes- SAME ATOM- just more neutrons- so heavier C14 C16 just added two neutrons!

BondsOnly use valance electronsAtoms give take or share electrons to satisfy the octet ruleNobel gases do not form bonds.

Covalent BondSharing electrons between atomsOccurs Between nonmetals (left side only) MoleculesEx. H20 CO2

Water is POLAR

Ionic bondTransfer of electrons between atomsParticles become charged. OPPOSITES ATTRACTOccurs Between metals and nonmetals (Left and right)Compounds Ex. NaCl

pHpH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.

ACIDIC NEUTRAL BASIC

Law of conservation of

energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed – It can only change forms Ex. Ball bouncing- potential→ kinetic →potential → kineticex. Chemical potential energy in battery→light energy in flashlight

Energy changeChemical- batteries food Light – see itElectrical- plug into wall Sound- hear itMechanical- movement Heat- feel it

HONC All living things have these 4 elementsHydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon

Polymerization

Dehydration synthesis-Hydrolysis-

Macro-molecules

Phospholipids Compose the majority of the cell membraneHeads are hydrophilic and Tails are hydrophobicPolar-Nonpolar-

BioticVs.

Abiotic

Biotic- living

Abiotic- non living

Virus Not living because can’t reproduce on their own

Needs a host

EukaryoticVs.

Prokaryotic

- complex ( has nucleus) plants, animals, fungus, protists- simple ( no nucleus) bacteria

-Plant Cell

Vs.Animal Cell

Cell wall, chloroplast No cell wall, no chloroplast Both: cell membrane, nucleus, DNA- chromosomes

Organelles

Cell Membrane-Nucleus-Mitochondria-Ribosome-Rough ER-Smooth ER-Golgi Apparatus-Cell Wall-Chloroplast-Vacuole-Cillia-Flagella-

Cell Membranes

Composed of:PhospholipidsCarbohydratesProteinsCholesterol

FLUIDMOSAICMODEL

Diffusion Things go from areas of high concentration to areas of low NO ENERGYPassive

Osmosis Movement of WATER from high to low

Types of Transport

Example of Active

Transport

Bulk Transport ENDO vs EXO cytosis

Pinocytosis- engulfing liquidsPhagocytosis- engulfing solids

ENERGY - ATP can be created from ADP very quickly

PhotosynthesisVs.

Respiration

- plants only, chloroplast, gives off 02 uses CO2

- all organisms, mitochondria, gives off CO2 uses O2

-Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

-

Fermentation - Keeps glycolysis running

-aerobic

Vs.anaerobic

Both make energy- with 02

- without 02 ~ sometimes called fermentation

AsexualVs.

Sexual

-1 organisms, cloning, no variation ( bacteria), MITOSIS

- 2 organisms, get variation, MEOISIS

Mitosis Makes a copy of the cell

Inter Pro Meta Ana Telo

MitosisVs.

Meiosis

makes 2 body cells

46 chromosomes per cell – cloneMakes 4 gametesGametes- sex cells sperm / egg

23 chromosomes per cell - variationMale Vs.Female

-Male- XY- sperm- Female- XX- egg

Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

Cell Differentiation

Central Dogma

Structure of DNA

DNA

ReplicationA- T GAC CCC TGA TTA ACG CAT TTA ACGC-G

Moves 5’ to 3’ Semi ConservativeEnzymes involved: Helicase, Primase, DNA Polymerase, Ligase ( Binding Proteins

Transcription mRNA from DNAIn the nucleusA= U C=G

RNA Editing-Introns v Exons-

Translation

Uses mRNA, tRNA, rRNA @ the ribosome

Starts @ start codon AUG METTerminates @ stop codon

Mutations Can be good or badSex cells- passed on to childrenCancer- mutation

Genetics Gregor Mendel- Father of Genetics, worked with pea plantsBasic Inheritance

Dominant- A Recessive - aAA or Aa aa

Homozygous – same Heterozygous- differentAA or aa( Pure)

Aa(Hybrid)

Complex InheritanceCodominance

Aa- both showed Black and White checked Chicken

Incomplete Dominance Aa- blend “ inbetween”Red + White= Pink

Sex Linked Found on the X chromosomeMostly seen in malesCheck pedigree carefully female carriers, males affected.

Polygenic Bell shaped curveSkin color in humans

Multiple Alleles More than 2 versionsRabbit coat colorBlood Type, IA, IB, i

Punnet Square

0, 25,50,75,100%

Pedigree

Cloning

Recombinant DNA

Uses plasmids created in a labInsert gene of interest into plasmid

- Restriction enzymes cut forming sticky ends- Ligase joins together plasmid and gene of interest

Bacteria undergoes TRANSFORMATION to take up plasmidBacteria now codes for information found on the geneEX- Human insulin production, HGH

Gel Electrophoresis

DNA is negatively charged.Smaller fragments can move farther and faster

EvolutionLamark – believed that acquired (gained) traits were passed on → wrong!Darwin – natural selection → survival of the fittestMendel – Genetics → explains how traits are passed on from generation to generation (this is how natural selection works)

Natural Selection

5 steps = 1. variation (differences) 2. overproduction (having many offspring) 3. competition (limited resources – fight to survive) 4. survival of the fittest (survive and reproduce) 5. reproduction (pass on “fit” traits)** Originally organisms have variation and there are too many for the environment so they compete for resources. The best adapted will survive to reproduce and pass on their better traits**

Selective Pressures

Cladogram- shows how organisms

are related- the closer together,

the more related they are

Evidence of Evolution

*Fossils – the actual remains or traces of organisms that once lived (found in sedimentary rock)*homologous structures*embryology*Geographic distribution*Use DNA to show similarities among organisms

Speciation

Formation on new species due to reproductive isolationReproductiveIsolation Events

Aging Rocks

-Relative Aging-Oldest @ Bottom-Youngest @ Top-If something cuts a layer, it is younger than the layers it splits

Relativevs.

Absolute Dating

Relative Put in orders, no ages ( younger, older, 1st)

Absolute- Has actual age ( #), aka radioactive, radiometric, carbon dating

*Half Life- Time it takes for ½ of the substance to disappear Ex. ½ = 10 years → after 30 yrs ( 3) 100 % → 50 % →25 %→12%

Early Earth No Oxygen until Photosynthetic Cells

Endo-Symbiosis

Formation of chloroplasts and mitochondria from engulfing of primitive bacteria

Biomes Desert- hot, dry, - Sahara, ArizonaTundra- cold, permafrost (permanently frozen soil), dry- AntarcticaGrassland- wet & dry seasons, hot summers- Midwest USTropical Rain Forest – lots of rain, hot many animals- AmazonConiferous Forest- coniferous trees ( pine, needled)- CanadaDeciduous Forest – deciduous trees ( lose leaves)- Ohio

Populations( 1 species)

Predator – the hunter (kills and eats)Prey – the hunted (gets killed) *always more prey than predatorCompetitors – 2 organisms fighting for the same resource (food, water, shelter)

Density-- Organisms per area 1 cactus/ mileStrategists r-selection, produce many “ cheap” offspring, short life spans, and live in

unstable environments Ex: fliesK-selection produce few “ expensive” offspring, long life span and live in stable environments. Ex: elephants

Population Curves

Carrying Capacity-

Density Dependent

VS Independent

Factors

-Intensify as the population increases in size.Ex- competition, predation, parasitism, diseaseExert their influences on population size regardless of the population's density.Affect all populations the sameEx- weather, climate, seasons,

Limiting factor is a factor that causes population growth to decrease.

Human Population

Demography-

Population has grown exponentially

Age Structure Diagrams

Demographic Transition- high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops

Communities(group of populations)

Consumers – eats others for energy (heterotroph)Producers – make their own food (autotroph)Decomposers – breaks down dead or decaying material for energyHerbivore – only eats plantsCarnivore – only eats meatOmnivore – eats plants and meat

Food Chain/Food Web

Food Chain* Shows the flow of energy and matter through an ecosystem

Food Web

Water CycleEvaporation – change from liquid to gasCondensation – gas to liquid (clouds)Precipitation – liquid falls back to Earth as rain, snow, sleetTranspiration – evaporation from plant

Carbon Cycle a. CO2 gets taken in by plantsb. Plants use CO2 for photosynthesis and to make energyc. carbon is now part of plants which die and get buriedd. carbon turns to fossil fuels like coal and oile. humans burn these fuels releasing CO2 back into the atmosphere

Nitrogen Cycle

N2 in air(can’t use)–from lightning →bacteria “fix” N2 into NO3 Nitrate (use)

Ecological Pyramids Energy

↓10% rule

Biomass↓10% rule

Pollution↑10% rule

Classification(Taxonomy)

DOMAIN→ Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

Binomial Nomenclature = Scientific name → Homo sapiensGenus capitalized, rest lower case – in italics**Purpose is to show how organisms are related**

Non Renewable Resources

Fossil Fuels= oil, coal, natural gas- cannot be created as quickly as we consume themNuclearProblems → limited amount, pollutionBenefit → Cheap, technology ready now

Renewable Resources

Moving water, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass

Problems → more expensive, technology not in placeBenefits → Cleaner, “free” once set up for most part.

Human Impact

decreased water qualityincreased pollutionincrease in greenhouse gas emissionsdepletion of natural resourcescontribution to global climate changedeforestation