THE ATOMTHE ATOMThe smallest particle of any material.The smallest particle of any material.

““Protons, Electrons & Neutrons Protons, Electrons & Neutrons Oh My”Oh My”

The atom is made up of The atom is made up of three subatomic three subatomic particles particles • The ProtonThe Proton• The ElectronThe Electron• The NeutronThe Neutron

Each particle has a specific Each particle has a specific charge and location with charge and location with in an atom.in an atom.

The Always Positive ProtonThe Always Positive Proton

Protons are Protons are positively charged positively charged subatomic subatomic particles.particles.

They are located in They are located in the nucleus of an the nucleus of an atom.atom.

The symbol for the The symbol for the proton pproton p+.+.

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The NeutronThe Neutron

Neutrons are neutral Neutrons are neutral subatomic particles, subatomic particles, that means they have that means they have no charge.no charge.

They are also located in They are also located in the Nucleus.the Nucleus.

The Symbol for the The Symbol for the Neutron is “n”.Neutron is “n”.

The Always Negative ElectronThe Always Negative Electron

Electrons are Electrons are negatively charged negatively charged subatomic subatomic particles.particles.

Their symbol is “eTheir symbol is “e-”.-”.

Their location Their location orbiting around the orbiting around the nucleus.nucleus.

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ISOTOPESISOTOPES

Some atoms have more neutrons Some atoms have more neutrons then they have protons. These atoms then they have protons. These atoms are called Isotopes.are called Isotopes.

They do not effect the way an atom They do not effect the way an atom reacts with other atoms.reacts with other atoms.

The Next LevelThe Next Level

Electrons do not all Electrons do not all stay inside one stay inside one tight space like the tight space like the Protons or Protons or Neutrons.Neutrons.

They orbit in 3D They orbit in 3D clouds called shellsclouds called shells

Filling the GapsFilling the Gaps Electrons are Electrons are

distributed in shells of distributed in shells of increasing energy increasing energy levels, where the levels, where the lowest energy shells lowest energy shells are filled first. are filled first.

The levelsThe levels

Each shell can be represented by a Each shell can be represented by a single ring or orbital. This orbital is single ring or orbital. This orbital is the total number of electrons the total number of electrons possible for that energy level.possible for that energy level.

First ring holds 2e-First ring holds 2e- Second ring holds 8e-Second ring holds 8e- Third ring holds 18e-Third ring holds 18e- Fourth ring holds 32e-Fourth ring holds 32e-

Periodic TablePeriodic Table

You can use the You can use the periodic table to periodic table to figure out the figure out the number of number of protons and protons and electrons an electrons an atom has.atom has.

Each ElementEach Element

An element is matter made up of An element is matter made up of only one type atom.only one type atom.

Each element has a specific number Each element has a specific number of electrons, protons and neutrons.of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Atomic NumberAtomic Number

The atomic The atomic Number will always Number will always be at the top.be at the top.

It represents the It represents the number of protons number of protons that element has.that element has.

Atomic MassAtomic Mass

The quantity of The quantity of matter in the atom.matter in the atom.

Remember that Remember that most of an atom is most of an atom is made up of protons made up of protons and Nuetrons.and Nuetrons.

BalanceBalance

We will need to know how many electrons We will need to know how many electrons are in each atom for the element.are in each atom for the element.

Elements like to balanced. That means there Elements like to balanced. That means there are the same number of electrons as there are the same number of electrons as there are protons. are protons.

NuetronsNuetrons

To find the number of Nuetrons To find the number of Nuetrons simply round the atomic mass to the simply round the atomic mass to the nearest whole number and then nearest whole number and then subtract from the atomic number.subtract from the atomic number.

Periodic LawPeriodic Law

Modern tables are arranged by the Modern tables are arranged by the atomic number (the number of atomic number (the number of protons).protons).

When arranged this way elements with When arranged this way elements with similar properties line up or are close similar properties line up or are close to each other.to each other.

This is called Periodic Law.This is called Periodic Law.

PeriodsPeriods

Each row of the Each row of the periodic table is a periodic table is a period.period.

Elements in the Elements in the same period have same period have the same number the same number of atomic orbitals.of atomic orbitals.

GroupsGroups

Each column is Each column is called a Group.called a Group.

Each element in a Each element in a group has the group has the same number of same number of electrons in the electrons in the outer orbital.outer orbital.

The Shells Broken DownThe Shells Broken Down

When we break each electron orbital When we break each electron orbital down into its shells we see that really down into its shells we see that really only 2 e- can fit into each shell.only 2 e- can fit into each shell.

The ShellsThe Shells Once an orbital has Once an orbital has

the maximum number the maximum number of electrons it can of electrons it can hold, you fill the next hold, you fill the next level.level.

The closest to the The closest to the nucleus is #1, then 2, nucleus is #1, then 2, then 3, so on.then 3, so on.

Then each shell is Then each shell is broken down into sub broken down into sub levels s, p, d, f.levels s, p, d, f.

Excited ElectronsExcited Electrons

Electrons can jump between energy Electrons can jump between energy levels.levels.

When an electron is in its normal When an electron is in its normal energy level it is said to be at ground energy level it is said to be at ground state. state.

If we excite an electron by giving it If we excite an electron by giving it energy it will jump to a higher energy energy it will jump to a higher energy and a higher orbital.and a higher orbital.

Excited electronsExcited electrons

An electron can not stay at the high An electron can not stay at the high energy level forever and when it falls energy level forever and when it falls back to it’s ground state it gives off back to it’s ground state it gives off energy.energy.

Usually this energy is given off in the Usually this energy is given off in the form of light.form of light.

FamiliesFamilies

Certain elements Certain elements may have similar may have similar physical properties physical properties and act the same and act the same even if they have even if they have different orbital different orbital shells and different shells and different numbers of numbers of protons, these are protons, these are families.families.

The Stable AtomThe Stable Atom

Atoms like to be stable.Atoms like to be stable.

Only when an atom’s outer orbital is Only when an atom’s outer orbital is filled is it stable.filled is it stable.

Atoms will combine or react with Atoms will combine or react with each other to become stable.each other to become stable.

““Molecules”Molecules”

When two different atoms combine When two different atoms combine they form a molecule.they form a molecule.

For example if we combine two For example if we combine two Hydrogen Atoms with one Oxygen Hydrogen Atoms with one Oxygen Atom what molecule do we get?Atom what molecule do we get?

CompoundsCompounds

Put those molecules together and Put those molecules together and you have a compound.you have a compound.

A compound is any substance that is A compound is any substance that is made up of two or more atoms made up of two or more atoms bonded together.bonded together.

Types of BondsTypes of Bonds

A chemical bond is when two atoms A chemical bond is when two atoms join their electrons.join their electrons.

There are four main types of bonds.There are four main types of bonds.Ionic BondsIonic BondsMetallic BondsMetallic BondsCovalent BondsCovalent BondsHydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

Ionic BondsIonic Bonds

Some atoms are able to fill their Some atoms are able to fill their outer orbital by giving up or gaining outer orbital by giving up or gaining an electron.an electron.

In other words STEALING!In other words STEALING!

Ionic bondsIonic bonds

When an atom gives up an electron the When an atom gives up an electron the atom has more protons then electrons and atom has more protons then electrons and becomes positively charged.becomes positively charged.

When an atom gains an electron the atom When an atom gains an electron the atom has more electrons than protons and has more electrons than protons and becomes negatively charged.becomes negatively charged.

IonsIons

An atom that loses an electron has a An atom that loses an electron has a positive charge, we call these positive charge, we call these CATIONS.CATIONS.

An atom that gains an electron has a An atom that gains an electron has a negative charge, we call these negative charge, we call these ANIONS.ANIONS.

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds

Positively charged atoms are Positively charged atoms are attracted to negatively charged attracted to negatively charged atoms.atoms.

When they come together they form When they come together they form an ionic compound.an ionic compound.

Metallic BondsMetallic Bonds

When metal atoms bond they each When metal atoms bond they each kick out an electron. kick out an electron.

These electrons can float freely These electrons can float freely around each atom.around each atom.

Since the atoms are now positively Since the atoms are now positively charged they are attracted to the sea charged they are attracted to the sea of electrons and are bonded.of electrons and are bonded.

Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding

Some times atoms can Some times atoms can shareshare electrons to electrons to fill their outer orbital.fill their outer orbital.

Sharing = covalent bondSharing = covalent bond

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

When hydrogens combine with other When hydrogens combine with other atoms the Hydrogens stay slightly atoms the Hydrogens stay slightly positive and the other atom stays positive and the other atom stays slightly negative. slightly negative.

This is called polarity.This is called polarity.

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

When two polar molecules come When two polar molecules come together the weakly positive together the weakly positive hydrogen will be attracted to the hydrogen will be attracted to the weakly negative other atom.weakly negative other atom.

This is called a Hydrogen Bond.This is called a Hydrogen Bond.

Water is the best example.Water is the best example.