Zooplankton: Zooplankton are microscopic animals that eat other plankton. Some zooplankton are larval or very young stages of larger animals, including molluscs (like snails and squid), crusta-ceans (like crabs and lobsters), fish, jellyfish, sea cucum-bers, and seastars (these are called meroplankton). Other zooplankton are single-celled animals, like foraminifera and radiolarians. Other zooplankton are tiny crustaceans, like Daphnia.

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Diet: Copepods eat bacteria, diatoms, and other tiny, sin-gle-celled organisms in the water. Maxillae, maxillipeds and antennae push food towards the mandibles (jaws), which process the food.

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Phytoplankton: Phytoplankton are primary producers (also called autotrophs). As the base of the oceanic food web, they use chlorophyll to convert energy (from sunlight), inorganic chemicals (like nitrogen), and dis-solved carbon dioxide gas into carbohydrates.

Chlamydomonas Single celled phytoplankton Diatoms

Phytoplankton

Blue Green Algae

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Mixed Marine Phytoplankton Dinoflagellates

Diet: Bacteria have a wide range of diets. Some are heterotrophs (they eat other organisms) and others are autotrophs (they make their own food). Most heterotrophic bacteria are saprobes (they absorb dead organic material like rotting flesh). Some of these parasitic bacteria kill their host while others help their host. Autotrophic bacteria make their own food, either by photo-synthesis (which uses sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make food) or by chemosynthesis (which uses carbon dioxide, water and chemicals like ammonia to make food - these bacteria are called nitrogen fixers and include the bacteria found living in legume roots and in ocean vents).

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Algae are very simple chlorophyll-containing organ-isms. We use the term "algae" very loosely because defining them is very difficult. Seaweeds are algae that live in the sea or in brackish water. Seaweeds come in three basic colours: brown, red and green. Red and brown algae are almost exclu-sively marine, whilst green algae are also common in freshwater and in terrestrial situations.

Algae

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Bowhead whales are seasonal feeders and carnivores that filter feed plankton and tiny crustaceans like cope-pods, pteropods, etc., from the water. Bowheads are skimmers, filter feeders that swim slowly with their mouth open, constantly eating. The fine baleen hairs can filter out very tiny prey . The bowhead whale has about 350 pairs of black baleen plates with silver-colored bristles hanging from the jaws. The baleen is the longest of any whale and very fine; baleen plates are about 4.5 m long and 36 cm wide

Mixed Marine Phytoplankton

The Beluga Whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is a toothed whale that lives in cold Arctic and sub-Arctic waters. Belugas are very social animals, congregating in pods (social groups) of 2-25 whales. Diet: The Beluga is a carnivore (meat-eater). It hunts and eats bottom-dwelling prey, including fish, squid, crustaceans, octopi, and worms. The Beluga uses echolocation to locate the prey. An adult beluga will eat about 2.5% to 3% of its body weight per day, or 50 pounds (25 kg) of food a day, or more.

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The Orca (commonly known as the Killer Whale) is a toothed whale, the largest member of the dolphin family. Orcas live in small, close-knit, life-long pods. Diet: Orcas are efficient hunters who find their prey at the surface of the water, eating fish, squid, sharks, birds, seals, sea turtles, octopi, and even other whales.

Polar Bears are large, meat-eating bears who are well-adapted for life in their frozen Arctic environment. Diet: Polar Bears are carnivores (meat-eaters) who fre-quently hunt and catch their prey in the water. They are fierce predators who eat mostly seals (and some wal-ruses and other marine mammals). Polar bears don't drink water. In addition to their mainly meat diet, they graze on grasses, mushrooms, and berries.

Polar Bear

Ursus maritimus

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The Walrus is a large, noisy mammal that spends most of its life in the sea, but also enjoys sunbathing on the beach, that lives on the edge of the Arctic ice sheet. Walruses are often hunted by polar bears and killer whales (Orcas). Diet: Walruses are carnivores (meat-eaters); they eat mostly clams, snails, mussels, worms, and other animals

that they find on the sea floor.

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The Harp Seal is a marine mammal that spends most of its life in the sea, but also goes onto ice floes and lives along shorelines in the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean, ranging from Russia to Greenland to Canada. Diet: Harp Seals are carnivores (meat-eaters). They eat mostly fish and crustaceans. Seals don't chew their food; they swallow it in large chunks. They can crush the shells of crustaceans with their flat back teeth

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The hooded seal is so named because of a large elastic nasal cavity, or “hood”, extending from the nostrils to the forehead which, when inflated, resembles a large black rubber ball. Diet: consists of mussels, starfish, squid, shrimp, herring, and cod. Aside from humans, who hunt them for their skin, their chief predator appears to be the killer whale.

Hooded Seal

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Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta caretta

The Atlantic loggerhead turtle is found in the waters off Canada's eastern coast. An adult usually grows to 1 m long (measured along the carapace) and about 136 kg. In the open sea, these turtles spend much of their time float-ing on the surface of the water. Diet: They feed upon sponges, jellyfish, mussels, clams, oysters, shrimp, and a variety of fish.

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Clams are animals that burrow under the sea floor. They are bivalves, molluscs that have two shells that protect a soft body. Diet: Clams use their tube-like siphon to draw in water, from which they extract oxygen and filter plankton (tiny plants that they eat).

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The Knobbed Whelk is a gastropod, a soft-bodied inver-tebrate (animal without a backbone) that is protected by a very hard shell. This mollusc is found in shallow waters of the Atlantic Ocean off the east coast of North America from Massachusetts to northern Florida. Diet: Knobbed Whelks eat clams. They open the clam with their hard shell, and insert their long proboscis.

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Scallops are bivalves; they have two hard shells and a soft body. They are benthic animals; they spend most of their time on the sea bottom. Scallops mostly stay in un-derwater grass beds on a soft, shallow sea floor. Diet: Scallops eat microscopic food, like algae and plank-ton that floats through the water

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Mussels are bivalves; they have two hard shells and a soft body. They are benthic animals; they spend most of their time on the sea bottom. Diet: Mussels eat microscopic food, like algae and plankton that floats through the water

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Mussels

Snails are gastropods (stomach-foot) with a soft body and a hard shell. Diet: Most snails eat living and decaying plants, but some are scavengers and some are predators. They eat using a radula, a rough tongue-like organ that has thousands of tiny denticles (tooth-like protrusions).

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Snail

Shrimp are small animals that live on the floor of oceans and lakes. There are over 2,000 different spe-cies of shrimp worldwide. Shrimp are invertebrates (animals lacking a backbone) that have a tough exo-skeleton. Diet: Shrimp are omnivores; they eat plants and small animals.

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The Squid is an invertebrate (animal without a backbone) that swims in the oceans. This mollusc is closely related to the octopus. Diet: Squid eat fish, crustaceans (like shrimp), and other squid.

The Octopus: The word octopus means "eight feet." Octopuses are solitary, eight-armed animals that live on the ocean floor. There are over 100 different species of octopuses. Diet: Octopuses eat small crabs and scallops, plus some snails, fish, turtles, crustaceans (like shrimp), and other octopuses.

Octopus

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Diet: Many crabs are omnivores (plant- and meat-eaters), others are carnivores (meat-eaters), and some are herbivores (plant-eaters).

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Diet: Lobsters are carnivores (meat-eaters). Most lobsters are nocturnal (most active at night). They are predators that eat crabs, clams, worms, snails, mussels, flounder, and other lobsters.

The Greenland shark, is a large, slow-swimming shark with glow-in-the-dark eyes. It lives in very deep waters at depths down to 550 m in very cold water (2 to 7°C). Diet: The Greenland shark eats fish (like salmon & her-ring), squid, dead cetaceans (whales), and pinnipeds (like seals and sea lions).

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Atlantic Salmon

Salmon are anadromous fish - they live in the sea but re-produce in fresh water (in a stream or lake). Some salmon (sockeye and chinooks) travel up to 1,000 miles (1,600 km) upstream in order to spawn. Diet: Salmon are carnivores (flesh eaters) - they eat fish (like herring and pilchard), squid, and crusta-ceans (like shrimp).

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Atlatic Cod is widely distributed in a variety of habitats, from the shoreline down to the continental shelf. Cod form schools during the day. Diet: Cod are omnivorous; they feed at dawn or dusk on invertebrates and fish, including young cod.

Equatorial Longfin Herring Opisthopterus equatorialis

Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua

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Herring are a migratory fish and are one of the most important sources of food from the sea. They live in shoals, often in fantastic numbers, In winter they live in deep water, but in summer they swim near the surface. Diet: They feed on planktonic crustaceans, fish eggs and larvae.

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The lanternfish is a common, deep-sea dweller that has many light-producing organs along its body. This fish lives in a dark environment, and its bio-luminescent organs light up as the lanternfish swims. It uses its lights to lure prey to it and to attract other fish. They are found in oceans all over the world Diet: Lanternfish eat copepods (small invertebrates with big eyes and long antennae) and amphipods (like shrimp).

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Rays are a type of fish that is very flat and has no bones, only cartilage. Rays are closely related to sharks and live in seas all over the world. Diet: Rays vary in their diets, but they are all carnivores. They eat fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and worms. Rays mostly hunt on or near the bottom of the ocean.

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Razorbill &

Common Murre Alca torda and Uria aalge

These two birds come to land only to nest and spend the rest of the year offshore in favourable feeding waters. They nest in colonies on cliffs or among boulders and rocks, and lay a single egg that is incubated for about a month. They are good swimmers and obtain their food by diving to depths of-ten reaching 20 m. Diet: Cod and other fish.

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Puffins are sea birds that can fly, swim, and dig burrows. These squat birds live on cold, Arctic coasts. Diet: Puffins are carnivores (meat-eaters) that dive in the sea for food. They eat mostly small fish.

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The Arctic tern is a small bird that makes the longest migration of any bird. It breeds in the Arctic tundra (within the Arctic Circle), but flies to the edge of the Antarctic ice pack dur-ing the winter. It flies over 21,750 miles (35,000 km) each year - roughly the cir-cumference of the Earth. This excellent flier spends most of its life flying.

Diet: The Arctic tern eats mostly small fish, and small in-vertebrates, like insects, shrimp, and krill. The tern swoops down into the water to catch its prey.

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Shown here are examples of three different kinds of marine worms. Priapulid Worm: Up to 8 cm in length, it burrows into sand and mud leaving only its mouth at the sur-face. It preys on slow-moving, soft-bodied animals.

Peanut Worm: It can be up to 18 cm in length and burrows into sand and mud or lives in rocky crevices or empty snail shells. Tentacles at the end of its body pick up minute plants and detritus (dead organic matter) settling from sea. This worm has world-wide distribution. Spoon Worm: It can be up to 30 cm long and burrows into sand and mud in which it may build a 'U'-shaped tube. A scoop-like proboscis collects micro-organisms in its sticky secretions. This worm also has world-wide distribution.

Sea Worms

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Detritus is the remains of all the plants and animals in the ocean, after they have died.

Decomposers are the organisms that break down the final remains of living things. Predominantly bacteria and fungi, they are important in free-ing the last of the

minerals and nutrients from organics and recycling them back into the food web.

Detritus & Decomposers

Dirt & faeces

Dead animals