water management common list of indicators & database · agricultural, industrial, urban areas...

Project co financed by European Regional Development Fund

Project cofinancé par le Fonds européen de développement régional

1G-MED08-515

“Sustainable Water Management through Common

Responsibility enhancement in Mediterranean River

Basins”

May 2011

Water Management

Common List of Indicators & Database

Hydrological Region 8 of the River Basin of Cyprus

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 3

2. LIST OF MANAGEMENT INDICATOR....................................................... 4

3. DATABASE OF INDICATORS................................................................... 10

3.1. Land Use ................................................................................. 10

3.2. Population Density ..................................................................... 13

3.3. Plant Communities Zones ............................................................. 18

3.4. Elevation ................................................................................... 19

3.5. Slope ....................................................................................... 22

3.6. Total Water Balance ........................................................................... 24

3.7. Water Table Variation Rate ............................................................... 28

3.8. Mean Annual Precipitation ................................................................... 31

3.9. Runoff Coefficient ......................................................................... 34

3.10. Total Annual Water Consumption ....................................................... 35

3.11. Water Exploitation Index (WEI) .......................................................... 38

3.12. Water Discharge ....................................................................... 40

3.13. Sediment Discharge ........................................................................ 42

3.14. Produced Urban Wastewaters .......................................................... 43

3.15. Produced Industrial Wastewaters ....................................................... 45

3.16. % Population Served by WWTP ......................................................... 46

3.17. Industries with Treated Wastewater ................................................... 48

3.18. Reused Wastewater .......................................................................... 50

3.19. Population Served by water supply network ........................................ 52

3.20. Irrigation Area served by irrigation network ........................................ 53

3.21. Ecological Status of surface waters .................................................... 54

3.22. Chemical Status of surface waters ………………………………………… 58

3.23. Quantity of ground waters ................................................................ 62

3.24. Chemical Status of ground waters ..................................................... 64

3.25. Bathing Water Quality ....................................................................... 66

3.26. Water Tariffs .................................................................................... 68

3.27. Cost Recovery .................................................................................. 69

3.28. Water Management Authorities ......................................................... 71

3.29. Water Bodies’ Naturalness ................................................................. 73

3

1. INTRODUCTION The present report was drafted in the framework of the 1G-MED08-515 WATERinCORE project for the “Sustainable Water Management through Common Responsibility enhancement in Mediterranean River Basins”.

The WATERinCORE project is implemented under the transnational programme of European territorial cooperation MED (http://www.programmemed.eu), Priority Axe 2: Environmental protection and promotion of a sustainable territorial development, Objective 2.1: Protection and enhancement of natural resources and cultural heritage.

The project aims at the design, application and dissemination of a methodological frame for the integration of Local Agenda 21 principles in Water Resources Management in Mediterranean River Basins.

It focuses on the identification of the water management practices and policies as well as of the actual state of Local Agenda application in the participants regions. Considering these and additionally the specific characteristics of the regions a public participation process will be designed and implemented at selected pilot river basins/sub basins in each region in order to motivate and actively involve the local key actors/stakeholders in the development and application of local actions in water management. By this way the provision of tools for a better integration of activities in the fields of both sustainable water management and Local Agenda 21 will be achieved and the confrontation of the different problems and threats on water resources in a cross-sectorial, territorial as well as dialogue oriented approach will be accomplished. Within the framework of the 3rd Component of the project - Water Management in the participants’ regions-Pilot River basin a common list of WM indicators was formed. The Water Management List of Indices used for the creation of the common database on water management (phase 3.3).

http://www.programmemed.eu/

4

2. LIST OF MANAGEMENT INDICATORS

Country: Cyprus

Region: Larnaca

Name of Pilot River Basin: Hydrologic Region 8

Total Area of Pilot River Basin: 1039.89 km2

Total Population of Pilot River Basin: 150,785 inhabitants (estimation in 2010)

Indicator Type Sustainability D

1. Land use a. Water bodies

b. Rangeland c. Forests

d. Urban area

e. Industrial area f. Agricultural area

Descriptive Environmental Providing information about land coverage and

use

This indicator expresses the articulation of territory

based on the category of use (water bodies, forests,

agricultural, industrial, urban areas and grazing land)

through data on extension, given in hectares and

percentage, of land area of each category of use. It

should be elaborated with GIS instruments starting from

studies on land use or the Corine Land Cover maps, with

cartographic restitution of elaboration.

Hectares (ha), perc. (%)

a. 1100 ha ,1.1%

b. 37500 ha ,36.2%

c. 13300 ha ,12.8%

d. 4300 ha , 4.1%

e. 2100 ha, 2%

f. 45600 ha, 43.8%

State

2. Population Density Descriptive Social Providing information about the concentration

of the human population in reference to space.

It can be used as a partial indicator of human

requirements and activities in an area.

Population density is the number of people per unit of

area usually per square kilometer or mile. It can be

calculated from population of the area divided by the

surface it covers.

Number of population per Square

meters of area

(145,00 pop./km2)

Driving Force

3. Plant communities zones

Descriptive Environmental Providing information about the plant species

groups that are growing in the zone. Plant

community zones affect the surface runoff and

give information whether an irrigation area or

a settlement is prone to flood risks. Moreover

is a indirect indicator which gives information

about climate conditions and the relief

This indicator expresses the type of climate that is

suitable for a specific group of plant species. Describe

the exact community zone that belongs each pilot river

basin.

Dimensionless

The plant species are:

native flora (Pteridophyta and

Spermatophyta)

zoulatzia (Bosea cypria)

State

4. Elevation Descriptive Environmental The elevation of a specific area informs about

the complete morphological view

This indicator expresses the peaks and dipr of the relief

on the Z-axis given in meters, from mean sea level

(0m).

241 m

State

5. Slope Descriptive Environmental Slope is one of the natural factors, decides soil

characteristics, plant and animals, controlling

the proportion of precipitation that is

converted to runoff in a given landscape, and

the time it takes for runoff to enter a stream.

Ratio of the altitude change to the horizontal distance

between any two points on the line

15 % State

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile

5

6. Total Water Balance Performance Environmental-

Developmental

The knowledge of the water balance is crucial

parameter which is able to lead to the

integrated exploitation of water resources and

to detect water deficit or surplus.

The total water balance is expressed as:

Changes in stock=Inputs-Outputs (over a specific

period of time)

The water Inputs are the sum of the precipitation that

infiltrates and enriches the aquifer, the reused

wastewater and the inputs of neighbouring basins. The

water Outputs are the sum of the consumption for

irrigation, water supply, industrial and livestock

consumption and the outputs to the neighbouring basins.

Deficit >3.3 Million m3/yr

State

7. Water table variation

rate Performance Environmental Provides information about the availability of

ground waters

This indicator expresses the mean level variation of the

ground water per drilling or the general mean level

variation, given in meters or in percentage.

Drop of up to 1 m/yr State

8. Mean annual

precipitation Descriptive Environmental Providing information about the amount of

water as input to the hydraulic cycle.

This indicator expresses the mean amount of

precipitation given in millimeters in a year.

415.8 mm State

9. Runoff coefficient

Performance Environmental RC is a parameter to evaluate the moisture

recycling and the importance of land use

practices in rainfall recycling

This indicator expresses the amount of water that runs

off to the total amount of precipitation that the

catchment has as input, given in percentage.

30 %

State

10. Total Annual Water

Consumption Performance Environmental-

Developmental

Providing information the water consumed

from ground and surface water per sector

(water supply, irrigation, industry, livestock).

Total annual water use per sector (water supply,

irrigation, industry, livestock).

Percentage of the total consumption for

each sector:

Domestic Water supply 29%

Irrigation 65%

Industry 3%

Livestock 3%

Pressure

11. Water Exploitation

Index (WEI) Performance Environmental-

Developmental

Providing information whether the rate of

abstractions in countries are sustainable over

the long term.

WEI is defined as the mean annual total abstraction of

fresh water divided by the long-term average freshwater

resources. It describes how the total water abstraction

puts pressure on water resources. Thus it identifies

those countries having high abstraction in relation to

their resources and therefore are prone to suffer

problems of water stress. The long-term average

freshwater resource is derived from the long-term

average precipitation minus the long-term average

Water exploitation index - WEI (%):

99 %

Pressure

6

evapotranspiration plus the long-term average inflow

from neighbouring countries. The warning threshold for

the water exploitation index which distinguishes a non-

stressed from a stressed region is around 20 % (Raskin

et al. 1997). Severe water stress can occur where the

WEI exceeds 40%, indicating strong competition for

water but not necessarily enough extraction to trigger

frequent water crises.

12. Water Discharge Descriptive Environmental A forecasting and management tool of risk

events caused by floods in a specific repeat

period.

This indicator expresses the maximum discharge that

the hydrographic network of the catchment can

produce, given in m3/sec.(proposed 50 years period of

time)

Rivers flow for 3-4 months a year. Most

of the rivers are dammed.

The maximum discharge observed from

all the rivers is 92 m3/sec.

The maximum discharge observed from

the non-dammed rivers is 72 m3/sec

Impact

13. Sediment discharge Descriptive Environmental PD expresses the aggravation rate of water

discharge, with sediments and the bed and

banks exposure rate to desertification.

Increase of sediment discharge Increases the

possibility of floods.

This indicator expresses the amount of sediments that is

eroded from the banks and bed of the river from the

maximum water discharge given in m3/sec.

Not measured.

Expected to be very small.

Impact

14. Produced urban wastewaters

Performance Environmental Urban Wastewaters a significant point source Amount of Waste water from residential settlements and

services which originates predominantly from the human

metabolism and from household activities and run-off

rain water

0,45 m3/sec Impact

15. Produced industrial wastewaters

Performance Environmental Industrial Wastewaters a significant point

source

Any waste water which is discharged from premises

used for carrying on any trade or industry, including

pasturalism, other than domestic waste water and run-

off rain water.

Cubic meters (m3/sec)

25.2 m3 /sec cooling water from

Vasilikos Power Station. The rest is

negligible.

Impact

16. % Population served by W.W.T.P.

Performance Environmental-

Social-

Developmental

The level of treatment before discharge and

the sensitivity of the receiving waters

determine the scale of impacts on aquatic

ecosystems.

In compliance with the Directive 91/271/EC, that has

been incorporate with the JMD 5673/400/1997 in the

Greek aquis, the Greek populated areas have been

divided in three priorities (A,B,C):

Priority area A: Settlements with equivalent population

(e.p.) over 10.000 that discharge their wastewater to

―sensitive‖ water bodies must complete the installation

of sewage central collection and treatment systems until

31/12/1998.

Priority area B: Settlements with e.p. over 15.000 that

discharge their wastewater to ―normal‖ water bodies

must complete the installation of sewage central

collection and treatment systems until 31/12/2000.

Priority area C: Settlements with e.p. over 2.000 that are

Percentage of the population served by

WWTP:

22%

State

7

not included in the priority area A &B must complete the

installation of sewage central collection and treatment

systems until 31/12/2005. In this priority it is also

included settlements in which sewage central collection

system has already been installed.

Taking into consideration the above classification it can

be identified the percentage of population connected

with WWTP.

17. Industries with Treated Wastewater

Performance Environmental Gives information whether the industrial

activity comprises significant point source

pollution for surface and ground waters in the

specific region.

Percentage of the amount of wastewater of industries

located at the River basin, treated by using their own

plants or by transferring then to other Wastewater

Treatment Plants.

Percentage (%) of industrial

wastewater treated:

Most of the installations in HR8 apply

some kind of wastewater treatment

according to their waste disposal

permits. However, there are still a small

number of non licensed installations.

Driving

Force-Impact

18. Reused wastewater Performance Environmental Treated wastewater is becoming increasingly

an important alternative water resource.

Moreover wastewater effluence is a water

source that covers the quality standards and

its use reduces the natural water consumption.

Treated wastewater could be precious water recourse

for the following purposes:

Urban reuse—the irrigation of public parks, school yards,

highway medians, and residential landscapes, as well as

for fire protection and toilet flushing in commercial and

industrial buildings.

Agricultural reuse—irrigation of nonfood crops, such as

fodder and fiber, commercial nurseries, and pasture

lands. High-quality reclaimed water is used to irrigate

food crops.

Environmental reuse—creating artificial wetlands,

enhancing natural wetlands, and sustaining stream

flows.

Industrial reuse—process or makeup water and cooling

tower water.

Percentage of waste water reused:

89%

Response

19. Population served by water supply network


Social-

Developmental

Information whether the potables needs of the

population is covered by water networks

The number of population that is served by water supply

network within the limits of the particular area

Percentage of population served :

100%

State

20. Irrigation Area served by irrigation network


Developmental

Providing information about the integrated

management of water resources for irrigation

purposes

The surface of irrigated area served by irrigation

network

Percentage of irrigated area served by

irrigation networks:

39%

State

21. Ecological status of

surface waters Performance Environmental-

Developmental

The ecological status, as an indicator for

monitoring sustainable water management, is

difficult to assess because of the large number

of measurements that need to be

For surface water categories, the ecological status

classification for the water body shall be represented by

the lower of the values for the biological and physico-

chemical monitoring results for the relevant quality

RIVERS

High 0%

Good 22%

Moderate 59%

State

8

implemented and the complexity to describe it,

because is related with a large number of sub-

indicators.

elements classified in High, Good, Moderate, Poor

and Bad, according WFD.

Poor 8%

Bad 0%

Unclassified 11%

LAKES

Good 26%

Moderate 74%

COSTAL

Good 100%

22. Chemical Status of

surface waters Performance Environmental-

Developmental

The chemical status, as an indicator for

monitoring sustainable water management, is

difficult to assess because of the large number

of measurements that need to be

implemented, and the complexity to describe

it, because is related with a large number of

sub-indicators.

Where a waterbody achieves compliance with all the

environmental quality standards established in Annex

IX, Article 16 of WFD and under other relevant

Community legislation setting environmental quality

standards it shall be recorded as achieving good

chemical status. If not, the body shall be recorded as

failing to achieve good chemical status, according

WFD.

RIVERS

Good 85%

Less Than good 4%

Unclassified 11%

LAKES

Good 86%

Moderate 14%

COSTAL

Good 100%

State

23. Quantity of ground

waters Performance Environmental-

Developmental

Providing information whether the availability

of groundwater resources is not exceeded by

the long-term annual average abstraction rate.

The parameter for the classification of quantitative

status is Groundwater level regime.

Good 5%

Poor 95%

State

24. Chemical Status of

ground waters Performance Environmental-

Developmental

Providing information about the

appropriateness for different kind of water

uses.

The parameters for the classification of chemical status

are Conductivity and Concentrations of pollutants

Good 71%

Poor 29%

State

25. Bathing Water Quality Performance Environmental Providing information about the coastal water

quality assessing the presence or absence of

pollution sources.

The indicator describes the changes over time in the

quality of designated bathing waters (inland and marine)

in EU Member States in terms of compliance with

standards for microbiological parameters (total coliforms

and faecal coliforms) and physicochemical parameters

(mineral oils, surface-active substances and phenols)

introduced by the EU Bathing Water Directive

(76/160/EEC).

Percentage of inland and marine water

bathing waters complying with the

mandatory standards and guide levels

for microbiological and physicochemical

parameters:

Good 100%

State

26. Water tariffs Performance Social-

Developmental-

Economical

Providing information about the integrated

pricing policy adapted per water use.

A water tariff is a price assigned to water supplied by a

public enterprise to its customers per use.

Currency/m3 per use

Domestic Water supply:

Larnaca City €0,42-€2,54/m3

Aradhippou €0,94-€2,50/m3

Communities €0,42-€2,54/m3

Irrigation €0,16- €0,17/m3

Industry €1,13-€1,54/m3

Livestock €0,62/m3

Response

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility

9

Recycle water €0,05-0,07m3

27. Cost Recovery Performance Environmental-

Developmental-

Social-Economical

Providing information about the cost recovery

of municipality water services (water supply,

sewerage and irrigation)

Article 9.1 of the Directive refers to the total cost of water services requires detailed assessment of all components of total cost including:

The financial cost which refers to investment costs, operating and maintenance works, management and administrative costs and other direct economic costs.

The cost of natural resources represents the benefit loss due to limitation of available water resources to a greater extent than natural the refresh rate.

The environmental costs represent the cost of the impact caused by the use of water environment and aquatic ecosystems.

Cost recovery rate per Municipality and

service-Percentage (%):

Cost recovery rate for Domestic water

services Percentage (%):

Larnaca Water Board 96%

Municipality of Aradippou &

communities 119%

Irrigation water:

Irrigation Project of Kiti-Mazotos 45%

(aim to reach 54% until 2015)

Elsewhere in HR8 61%

Cost recovery for sewerage and

secondary treatment of sewage water

227%

(construction works costs are paid in

advance by the residents)

Production and supply of tertiary

treated effluent for reuse in irrigation

34%

Response

28. Water Management

Authorities Descriptive Environmental-

Developmental-

Social-Economical

Providing Information whether there is a local

authority which is responsible for the

integrated management of the Pilot River

Basin.

Water management authorities that are responsible for

the implementation of the WFD and the achievement of

its Objectives.

Number

1

Response

29. Water bodies’

Naturalness

Descriptive Environmental Providing information about the water bodies

have been altered by human activities

The indicator describes the morphological state of water

body. Indicate the percentage of the total length of

rivers or the surface of lakes that fall into the following

classes:

Natural

Heavily (or strong) modified

Artificial

Percentage (%)

RIVERS

Natural 75%, with respect to length

Heavily modified 25%

Artificial 0%

LAKES

Natural 74%, with respect to area

Heavily modified and Artificial 26%

COASTAL

86%, with respect to area

State

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3. DATABASE OF INDICATORS

INDICATOR Land Use

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental

PURPOSE Its aim is to provide information on land coverage and use in municipal and community level

of Hydrological Region 8 (HR8) of the Republic of Cyprus.

DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the articulation of territory based on the category of use (water bodies, forests, agricultural, industrial, urban areas and grazing land) through data on

extension, given in hectares and percentage, of land area of each category of use. It should

be elaborated with GIS instruments starting from studies on land use or the Corine Land Cover maps, with cartographic restitution of elaboration.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Hectares (ha), percentage (%)

DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator

DATA PROCESSING SCALE

● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:

○ Temporal coverage: year 2000 ○ Updating frequency: ten-yearly

DATA SOURCE Corine Land Cover 2000

TABLES and PICTURES

Table 1 shows the distribution of existing major land uses, according to the CORINE LAND

COVER 2000. Agricultural land accounts for approximately 44% of HR8.

Figure 1 shows groups of major land use categories in HR8.

Figure 2 presents the percentage of land uses in HR8.

11

Figure 1. Grouped major land use categories in HR8

Figure 2. Percentages of land uses in HR8

STATUS and TREND

Agricultural land is the most extensive land use, accounting for 44% of the size of

the HR8, followed by rangeland which accounts for 36%.

The Local Plan applicable to the city of Larnaca provides measures to protect the

streams and rivers flowing though the residential web. Also, provides specific

protection measures for Larnaca salt lakes.

Although land use and development in HR8 is controlled by “The Statement of Policy for the Countryside” and by the 2 “Local Plans” of Lefkara and Larnaca – legal documents that have provisions for the protection of the environment and the water resources (landscape, lakes, watercourses, reservoirs etc) – there are still incompatible land uses and activities in HR8 and especially in Larnaca broader area.

12

Apart from the wide urban web, the Larnaca broader area hosts various infrastructure installations and services, some of which are of international interest (port, marina, airport, waste water treatment plant, desalination unit, two industrial areas etc). The airport that is adjacent to the salt Lakes along with the increased urbanization trends are posing a constant stress on these natural lakes. The seafront also hosts a number of incompatible installations and services (sevezo oil storage facilities and tourism development).

13

INDICATOR Population Density

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Social

PURPOSE It provides information about the concentration of the human population in reference to

space. It can be used as a partial indicator of human requirements and activities in an area.

DESCRIPTION Population density is the number of people per unit of area usually per square kilometer or mile. It can be calculated from population of the area divided by the surface it covers.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Number of population per Square meters of area (per m2)

DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Driving force indicator


● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8

● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: year 2001

○ Updating frequency: ten yearly

DATA SOURCE Statistical Service population census

TABLES and PICTURES

The HR8 extends within the administrative districts of Nicosia, Larnaca and Limassol, and

extends to 67 municipalities and communities. Within the region there are 71 settlements with a population of 107,399 inhabitants (census 2001). The largest urban centres within the

HR8 are Larnaca and Aradippou Municipalities with a population (census 2001) of 46,666 and 11,448, respectively. According to Statistical Service data over the nine years period 2001-

2010 inhabitants in Nicosia District recorded a growth of 12.1%, whereas in Larnaca and Limassol Districts the growth was 13.8%. However, although Larnaca seems to have the

lowest urbanization amongst the rest of the cities in Cyprus, still the growth in population

reaches up to 62%.

Table 1 shows the municipalities and communities within HR8 comprising of housing units, households and institutions, according to census 2001.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile

14

Table 1. Municipalities and Communities within HR8 (Census 2001)

MUNICIPALITY /

COMMUNITY, PARISH

HOUSING UNITS HOUSEHOLDS INSTITUTIONS

To

tal

Po

pu

lati

on

To

tal

Use

d a

s

usu

al

resid

en

ce

Va

ca

nt

or

tem

po

rary

resid

en

ce

(1)

Nu

mb

er

Po

pu

lati

on

Nu

mb

er

Po

pu

lati

on

Nicosia District 8.611

Sia 208 150 58 150 544 544

Mathiatis (2) 203 149 54 149 581 581

Alabra 363 317 46 322 1,140 1,140

Agia Varvara 428 399 29 399 1,417 1,417

Lympia 691 629 62 629 2,247 1 21 2,268

Lythrodondas 1,087 782 305 786 2,599 2 29 2,628

Louroukina

Lazanias 43 5 38 5 6 1 27 33

Larnaca District 97,271

Larnaca Municipality 20,711 15,931 4,780 15,948 46,324 16 342 46,666

Aradippou Municipality 3,347 3,036 311 3,041 11,425 1 23 11,448

Livadia 1,801 1,454 347 1,454 4,854 1 29 4,883

Dromolaxia 1,563 1,462 101 1,462 4,994 4,994

Meneou 696 348 348 348 1,196 1,196

Kellia 113 108 5 108 369 369

Troulloi 287 265 22 265 1,028 1 4 1,032

Voroklini 2,388 1,154 1,234 1,156 3,310 3,310

Abdellero 27 24 3 24 109 1 21 130

Kiti 1,113 947 166 947 3,140 3,140

Perivolia 1,821 570 1,251 570 1,801 1,801

Tersefanou 316 282 34 282 976 976

Softades 58 3 55 3 7 7

15

MUNICIPALITY /

COMMUNITY, PARISH


To

tal

Po

pu

lati

on

To

tal

Use

d a

s

usu

al

resid

en

ce

Va

ca

nt

or

tem

po

rary

resid

en

ce

(1)

Nu

mb

er

Po

pu

lati

on

Nu

mb

er

Po

pu

lati

on

Mazotos 513 261 252 261 784 784

Alaminos 159 92 67 92 280 280

Anafotida 240 190 50 190 679 679

Aplanta 0

Kivilisi 103 73 30 73 231 231

Aletrhriko 279 229 50 230 793 793

Klavdia 165 153 12 153 448 448

Agglisides 366 278 88 281 997 997

Menogeia 28 19 9 19 50 50

Kalo Chorio 452 409 43 410 1,343 1,343

Agia Anna 86 65 21 65 251 251

Modfiloti 361 326 35 328 1,095 2 15 1,110

Psevdas 314 279 35 279 1,025 1,025

Pyrgos 216 145 71 145 542 1 30 572

Kornos 553 488 65 488 1,863 1,863

Delikoipos 11 4 7 4 8 8

Kochi 0

Zygi 404 154 250 154 505 505

Mari 112 61 51 61 177 177

Kalavasos 338 222 116 222 644 644

Tochni 230 114 116 114 322 322

Choirokoitia 201 141 60 141 508 508

Psematismenos 206 65 141 65 179 179

Maroni 348 187 161 193 521 521

Agios Theodoros 304 168 136 168 599 599

Skarinou 120 78 42 78 238 238

16

MUNICIPALITY /

COMMUNITY, PARISH


To

tal

Po

pu

lati

on

To

tal

Use

d a

s

usu

al

resid

en

ce

Va

ca

nt

or

tem

po

rary

resid

en

ce

(1)

Nu

mb

er

Po

pu

lati

on

Nu

mb

er

Po

pu

lati

on

Kofinou 434 392 42 394 1,307 1 4 1,311

Kato Lefkara 90 43 47 43 118 118

Ano Lefkara Municipality 685 323 362 323 906 1 15 921

Kato Drys 129 37 92 37 114 114

Vavla 64 14 50 14 31 1 17 48

Lageia 51 10 41 10 25 25

Ora 149 63 86 63 180 180

Melini 56 21 35 21 57 57

Odou 81 54 27 54 156 156

Agioi Vavtsinias 100 54 46 54 177 177

Vavatsinia 124 31 93 31 85 85

Limassol District 1,517

Pentakomo 274 125 149 125 388 388

Asgata 172 126 46 126 389 389

Vasa 52 23 29 23 54 54

Sanida 32 18 14 18 44 44

Klonari 13 6 7 6 17 17

Vikla 1 1

Kellaki 145 94 51 94 259 1 11 270

Akapnou 46 15 31 15 26 26

Eptagonia 153 109 44 109 329 329

Note (1):Includes conventional dwellings that were vacant, available for rent or sale, for demolition and

conventional dwellings which were for seasonal or secondary use,

Note (2) Municipalities/communities, whose settlements do not fall into the HR 8, are in italics

17

Taking into account the above table and in accordance with the Statistical Service Data, the

projected the population for HR8 is estimated to be 150,785. Thus the number of population per square kilometre of the area is 145.00 pop/km2.

STATUS and TREND

Number of population within HR8 is 145.00 pop/km2, which indicates that apart

from municipality areas such as Larnaca and Aradippou, is not congested. That

means human requirements can be satisfied to certain extend. However, Larnaca

city needs large quantities of water and energy which cannot be provided by the

adjacent nature and needs to expand its water infrastructure which in turn has an

environmental impact.

18

INDICATOR Plant communities zones


PURPOSE It provides information about the plant species groups that are growing in the zone. Plant

community zones affect the surface runoff and give information whether an irrigation area or

a settlement is prone to flood risks. Moreover is an indirect indicator which gives information about climate conditions and the relief.

DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the type of climate that is suitable for a specific group of plant

species. Describe the exact community zone that belong each pilot river basin.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Dimensionless




DATA SOURCE

Environment Department- Desertification Report

TABLES and PICTURES

No graphical information

The location and size of Cyprus, the isolation, the diverse landscapes and geological

formation and climatic conditions are key factors contributed to the rich flora of the island.

Overall, the native flora (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta) Cyprus, includes

1610 species and 1738 taxa at the level of variety, while the adventive flora contains 238

taxa.

The endemic flora of Cyprus includes 108 species and 143 taxa at a variety represent 6.7%

and 8.2% of the native flora of Cyprus, respectively. Some of the endemic species such as

Onopordum cyprium (thistle), Carlina involucrate subsp. cyprica, Astragalus cyprius and

Onobrychis venosa, are widespread spread on the island, is very common and occur in a

variety of habitats. Noteworthy is the presence of two native trees, cedar (Cedrus brevifolia)

and the golden oak (Quercus alnifolia), typical forest vegetation types. Also biogeographic

interest is the zoulatzia (Bosea cypria), a ornithochoros shrub which occurs in stony and rocky

places in many parts of the island low altitude.

STATUS and TREND

Rich flora species, which however are adversely affected by climate change.

19

INDICATOR

Elevation


PURPOSE The elevation of a specific area informs about the complete morphological view DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the peaks and dips of the relief on the Z-axis given in meters, from

mean sea level (0m). The area can be described as flat or slightly hilly based on the mean

elevation and it’s general distribution. UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Meters (m)


● Spatial scale: DEM of the Hydrological Region 8 (HR8). Grid cell size 25 m originated

from contours at 5 m interval.

DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, DEM supplied by the Geological Survey Department.

DPSIR CLASSIFICATION

State indicator

TABLES and PICTURES

The lowest elevation is -5.45 m at the bottom of the Larnaca salt lakes and the highest is

1380 m at the Troodos hilltops. The mean elevation is 240.99 m. The standard deviation of

the distribution is 214.55 m. There are about 1.6 million grid nodes.

Graph 1 shows the percentage of area, at Hydrological Region 8, that covers each elevation

class. From the distribution of the classes it can be seen that more than 70 % of the area

within the HR8 is lying in an elevation of between 0 and 300 m. Graph 2 presents the

elevation contours within the boundaries of Hydrological Region 8, while Graph 3 shows a

Shaded relief map of Hydrological Region 8. From Graphs 2 and 3 it can be observed again

that the Hydrological Region 8 is predominantly on low lands.

20

Graph 1. Distribution of Elevation Classes

Graph 2. Elevation contours within the boundaries of Hydrological Region 8

21

Graph 3. Shaded relief map of Hydrological Region 8

22

INDICATOR

Slope


PURPOSE Slope is one of the natural factors, decides soil characteristics, plant and animals, controlling

the proportion of precipitation that is converted to runoff in a given landscape, and the time it

takes for runoff to enter a stream.

DESCRIPTION The ratio of the altitude change to the horizontal distance between any two points on the line.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage (%)


● Spatial scale: DEM of the Hydrological Region 8 (HR8). Grid cell size 100 m originated from contours at 5 m interval.

DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, DEM supplied by the Cyprus Department of Lands and

Surveys.


State indicator

TABLES and PICTURES

Graph 1 shows the percentage of area, of the Hydrological Region 8 (HR8), that covers each

elevation class. Graph 2 shows the distribution of slope within the Hydrological Region 8

(HR8).

Graph 1. Elevation Classes

23

Graph 2. Elevation Distribution

From Graphs 1 and 2 it can be observed that 85% of the Hydrological Region 8 (HR8) is

predominantly flat and less than 5% has steep hills.

24

INDICATOR

Total Water Balance

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Developmental PURPOSE The knowledge of the water balance is crucial parameter which is able to lead to the

integrated exploitation of water resources and to detect water deficit or surplus.

DESCRIPTION

The total water balance is expressed as:

Changes in stock=Inputs-Outputs (over a specific period of time)

The water Inputs are the sum of the precipitation that infiltrates and enriches the aquifer, the

reused wastewater and the inputs of neighboring basins. The water Outputs are the sum of the consumption for irrigation, water supply, industrial and livestock consumption and the

outputs to the neighboring basins.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Million m3/year deficit of surplus


● Spatial scale: Hydrologic Region 8 ● Timing scale:

○ Temporal coverage: 2000 to 2008

○ Updating frequency: yearly basis

DATA SOURCE

Water Development Department (Division of Hydrology and Hydrogeology)


State

TABLES and PICTURES

In the area of HR8 the average annual water balance was estimated using the annual

precipitation and water extraction for the period of 2000 to 2008. The Hydrologic Region 8

(HR8) is subdivided into 9 sub-regions. For each of the sub-regions, using the rainfall in each

one and the area, the total precipitation volume was calculated to be equal to 427.4 Million

m3/year (see Table 1). Based on the simplified hydrological cycle shown in Figure 1, the

following calculations were made. The evapotranspiration for that area was estimated to be

93% of the precipitation volume. As shown in Table 1, the evapotranspiration volume was

calculated to be 393.2 Million m3/year. Therefore the net volume of water available for

surface and groundwater recharge is the remainder, which equals to 33.5 Million m3/year.

Out of this amount it is estimated that 11.4 Million m3/year is inflow into the three dams

(Kalavasos, Lefkara, Dhypotamos) and the remainder 22.1 Million m3/year goes for

25

groundwater recharge. From the 11.4 Million m3/year, which is inflow into the three dams,

the 10.2 Million m3/year are releases from the dams and 0.6 Million m3/year are losses from

the dams as evaporation and seepage. Since the demand is always greater than the supply

and cannot be satisfied from surface water, there is no significant storage in the dams. There

is no artificial recharge which is being carried out in the area. The amount of groundwater

extraction was roughly estimated from the different types of agricultural activities in the area.

The amount of groundwater which is extracted is estimated to be equal to 19.6 Million

m3/year, while the groundwater losses to the sea were estimated at 5.8 Million m3/year.

Comparing the inflows with the outflows from the groundwater system it can be estimated

that there is a deficit of 3.3 Million m3/year. This means that there is an overexploitation

of the aquifer system in the area of HR8. The values of the parameters shown in Figure 1,

which is not mentioned above, are estimated to be zero.

Figure 1. Simplified Hydrologic cycle

Simplified Hydrologic

cycle

26

Figure 2. The 9 sub-catchments in HR8

Figure 3. Aquifer system in HR8

It should be noted that the aquifer systems of Troodos and Lefkara-Pachna are extending

outside the hydrological Region 8.

27

Table 1. Water balance calculations

Precipitation = Infiltration + Run off + Evaportranspiration

Deficit= Consumption – Recharge

Water balance in HR8 (estimates for the period 2000 – 2008)

Million m3/year

Precipitation 427.4

Evapotranspiration 393.2

SW+GW recharge 33.5

Inflow in dams 11.4

Losses from Dams (Evap + seepage) 0.6

Releases from dams 10.2

GW recharge 22.1

Artificial recharge 0.0

GW extraction 19.6

Losses to sea 5.8

GW Deficit -3.3

STATUS and TREND

Since the demand is always greater than the supply and cannot be satisfied from

surface water, there is no significant storage in the dams. Estimations of water

balance for the period 2000 to 2008 revealed a dramatic groundwater deficit of

3.3 Million m3/year at the basin, caused by continued exploitation of the

underground water systems.

28

INDICATOR

Water table variation rate

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental PURPOSE

Provides information about the availability of ground waters

DESCRIPTION

This indicator expresses the mean level variation of the ground water per drilling or the

general mean level variation, given in meters or in percentage.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Meters per year



● Timing scale: ○ Since 1980

○ Updating frequency: Varies. At least twice per year.

DATA SOURCE Water Development Department. CYMOS Database. Mostly from observation wells spread in all the area of the catchment.


State

TABLES and PICTURES

The following graphs show the variation of the water table at some representative wells in

the region for a period of 10 to 30 years.

29

Figure 1. Aquifer system in HR8

30

STATUS and TREND

Observing the water level fluctuations in the groundwater bodies (see Figure 1) within the

Hydrological region 8, it can be said that:

for the CY2 aquifer the water level is fluctuating but mainly stable

for the CY3, CY4, CY5 and CY6 is falling water levels

and for the sections of the CY18 and CY19 falling within HR8 the water levels are

again falling.

From the representative graphs of GW level variation shown above, it can be seen

that there is up to 1 m water level drop per year. This indicates that there is

continued overpumping in the region.

31

INDICATOR

Mean annual precipitation


PURPOSE

Providing information about the amount of water as input to the hydraulic cycle.

DESCRIPTION

This indicator expresses the mean amount of precipitation given in millimeters in a year.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

1.1. Millimeters (mm)



● Timing scale:

○ Since 1970 ○ Updating frequency: annually

DATA SOURCE From irrigation private (and public) drillings spread in all the area of the catchment.


State

TABLES and PICTURES

Hydrologic Features

HR8 is composed of nine hydrological basins, shown in the following table. Table 1 gives

detailed information on each hydrological basin.

Table 1 Hydrologic features of HR 8 and Hydrological basins

Name Basin

Code

Area (km2) Average annual

precipitation (mm)

Rainfall

(million

m3/year)

Voroklini 8-1 84.05 300.00 25.21

Aradippou 8-2 78.62 310.00 24.37

Larnaca Salt Lake 8-3 99.69 343.00 34.19

Treminthos 8-4 171.17 374.00 64.02

Pouzis 8-5 79.38 377.00 29.93

32

Xeros 8-6 92.49 380.00 35.15

Pentaschoinos 8-7 172.20 506.00 87.13

Maroni 8-8 100.79 447.00 45.05

Vasilikos 8-9 161.50 510.00 82.37

HR 8 1039.89 427.42

Figure 1. Sub-watersheds in Hydrological Region 8 (HR8)

The average annual rainfall in HR8, is estimated at 416mm. The calculations are presented in

Table 2. The annual precipitation was corrected taking in to account the area covered as

shown in Table 1, and also corrected with respect to elevation as shown in Table 2.

33

Table 2. Surface elevation corrected precipitation in HR8 and upstream dams

Watershed Average

altitude of

basin (m)

Surface precipitation

(without height correction)

(mm)

Surface precipitation (with a

height correction) (mm)

HR 8 259.1 408.6 415.8

Kalavasos dam* 564.5 538.6 546.7

Lefkara Dam 628.1 549.4 540.4

Dhypotamos Dam 368.2 465.6 464.5

(*Upstream of Dams)

y = 0.2364x + 411.01

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1969

-1970

1971

-1972

1973

-1974

1975

-1976

1977

-1978

1979

-1980

1981

-1982

1983

-1984

1985

-1986

1987

-1988

1989

-1990

1991

-1992

1993

-1994

1995

-1996

1997

-1998

1999

-2000

2001

-2002

2003

-2004

2005

-2006

2007

-2008

Υδρολογικό Έτος

Ετήσ

ια β

ροχό

πτω

ση (m

m)

.

Figure 2. Annual rainfall in HR8

STATUS and TREND

Taking into consideration Figure 2 it can be seen that there is no significant

change in the rainfall in the area.

Annual R

ain

fall

(mm

)

Hydrological Year

34

INDICATOR

Runoff coefficient


PURPOSE

RC is a parameter to evaluate the moisture recycling and the importance of land use practices

in rainfall recycling.

DESCRIPTION

This indicator expresses the amount of water that runs off to the total amount of precipitation

that the catchment has as input, given in percentage.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT (%) percentage



○ Since 2008

○ Updating frequency: when there is new information

DATA SOURCE From hydrological flood studies in the area carried out by consultants and submitted for

approval to the WDD Division of Hydrology and Hydrogeology. Also an estimate of the runoff

coefficient was carried out from interpretation of the land use in HR8.


State

TABLES and PICTURES

No Tables or Pictures

STATUS and TREND

The Runoff Coefficient was estimated to be 30%. But due to urbanization of the

area which results to reduction of the cultivated land and increase of the paved

area the runoff coefficient is expected to increase slightly but not to dangerous

level.

35

INDICATOR

Total Annual Water Consumption

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Developmental

PURPOSE The Total Annual Water Consumption informs about the water consumed from ground and

surface water per sector (water supply, irrigation, industry, livestock).

DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the total annual water use per sector (water supply, irrigation,

industry, livestock).


DATA PROCESSING SCALE ● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:

○ Temporal coverage: 2009 ○ Updating frequency: annualy

DATA SOURCE WDD, analysis of the implementation of Local Agenda 21 (LA21) in the Hydrologic Region 8

of the Cyprus River Basin District


Pressure

TABLES and PICTURES

The total annual demand in HR8 is in the order of 38 Million m3 per year

36

Livestock

The total annual requirement to meet livestock drinking water demands is estimated at 2.25 Million m3.

Kind Number

CHICKEN FOR MEAT 2,980,204

CHICKEN FOR EGGS 57,244

SHEEP 58,671

GOATS 38,365

SHOWS 13,981

PIGS 124,073

COWS FOR MILK PRODUCTION 7,236

OTHER COWS 9,878

Irrigated Areas

The total annual requirement for irrigation water is estimated at 20.82 Milion m3 (or 23.94

Million m3 if losses are taken in to account).

Types of Irrigated Areas AREA (km2)

Olive Trees 23.44

Citrus Trees 4.106

Fodder plants 4.712

Potatoes 1.285

Greenhouse crops 1.230

Total 45.532

Domestic water Supply

The annual water supply needs of permanent residents are estimated at 9.98 Million m3 while

the needs of tourism are estimated at 1.08 Million m3. Detail estimate of industrial water

consumption cannot be made due to lack of accurate data.

37

Industrial Water Supply

According to the Larnaca Water Board, industrial consumption is estimated to 0.4 Million m3

per year. It should be noted that this amount concerns what is provided by the Water Board

to industries and does not account on water sourced from private boreholes.

STATUS and TREND

Domestic Water Consumption is 29% of total water consumption and presents an

annual increase of 2-3%. In Larnaca, the domestic demand is served by the

desalination plants and Tersefanou Water Treatment Plant which guarantee

undisturbed water supply. However, in the r4est of the area domestic demand is

served from boreholes, which means is depended upon weather conditions.

Irrigation, Industrial and Livestock demand is 71% of total water consumption

and is served from Kourris, which is located outside of HR8, Kiti, Kalavasos

Lefakara and Dhypotamos dams and is depended upon the weather conditions.

38

INDICATOR

Water Exploitation Index (WEI) %

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Developmental PURPOSE Providing information whether the rate of abstractions in countries are sustainable over the

long term.

DESCRIPTION WEI is defined as the mean annual total abstraction of fresh water divided by the long-term average freshwater resources. It describes how the total water abstraction puts pressure on

water resources. Thus, it identifies those countries having high abstraction in relation to their

resources and therefore are prone to suffer problems of water stress. The long-term average freshwater resource is derived from the long-term average precipitation minus the long-term

average evapotranspiration plus the long-term average inflow from neighbouring countries. According to the literature, the warning threshold can be 20 %, which distinguishes a non-

stressed region from a stressed region (Raskin et al., 1997, Lane et al., 2000). Severe water

stress can occur where the WEI exceeds 40 %, indicating strong competition for water but which does not necessarily trigger frequent water crises. Some experts argue that 40 % is

too low a threshold, and that water resources can be used much more intensely, up to a 60 % threshold. Others argue that freshwater ecosystems cannot remain healthy if the waters in

a river basin are abstracted as intensely as indicated by a WEI in excess of 40 % (Alcamo et

al., 2000).

Water stress in the long term can cause the deterioration of water ecosystems due to poor

water availability in terms of quality and quantity. In addition, water stressed countries can face a problem of groundwater over-abstraction and the consequent water table depletion

and salt-water intrusion in coastal aquifers.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

Water exploitation index (WEI %)


● Spatial scale: Hydrologic Region 8 ● Timing scale:

○ Temporal coverage: 2000 to 2008 ○ Updating frequency: annual

DATA SOURCE

Water Development Department (Division of Hydrology and Hydrogeology)


Pressure

TABLES and PICTURES

For the Cyprus Hydrologic Region 8 the WEI was calculated form the Water Budget estimations which was carried out for the period 2000 to 2008. The long-term average inflow

from neighboring basins is considered negligible. Table 1 presents the water balance in Cyprus Hydrologic Region 8.

39

Table 1

Water balance in HR8 (estimates for the period 2000 – 2008)

Million m3/year

Precipitation 427.4

Evapotranspiration 393.2

SW+GW recharge 35.2

Inflow in dams 13.1

Losses from Dams (evap. + seepage) 0.6

Releases from dams 9.3

GW recharge 22.1

Artificial recharge 0.0

GW extraction 19.6

Losses to sea 5.8

GW Deficit -3.3

Using the data from Table 1 the value of the WEI for Hydrologic Region 8 is calculated as

follows:

The WEI (%) is the ratio of total abstraction to the net Inflow. Referring to Table 1, the total

abstraction equals to the total of ―releases from dams‖ plus ―GW abstraction‖ which is equal

to 28.9 Million m3/year (i.e. 9.3+19.6). The net inflow equals to the sum of ―SW+GW

recharge‖ plus ―Artificial recharge‖ minus ―Losses to sea‖ minus evaporation losses from

dams. If we assume that the evaporation losses from dams, is half of the ―Losses from Dams

(evap. + seepage)‖, then the net inflow equals 29.1 Million m3/year (35.2+0.0-5.8-0.5*0.6).

Therefore the WEI is the ratio 28.9 to 29.1 which makes 99%.

WEI % =Total abstraction / Net Inflow

99 %

STATUS and TREND

The warning threshold for the water exploitation index which distinguishes a non-

stressed from a stressed region is around 20-40%. According to the estimates

(long term for the period 2000 to 2008) WEI exceeds by far the threshold to be

characterized as stressed.

40

INDICATOR

Water Discharge


PURPOSE A forecasting and management tool of risk events caused by floods in a specific repeat

period.

DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the maximum discharge that the hydrographic network of the catchment can produce, given in m3/sec. (proposed 50 years period of time).

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

1.2. Cubic meters per second (m3/sec)



● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: fifty years period

○ Updating frequency: annually, based on the available data and occurrence of flood events

DATA SOURCE WDD, CYMOS database DPSIR CLASSIFICATION

Impact

TABLES and PICTURES

Rivers flow 3-4 months in a year. Most of the rivers are dammed. The maximum discharge

observed from all the rivers is 92 cubic meters per second (m3/sec).

The maximum discharge observed from the non-dammed rivers is 72 cubic meters per

second (m3/sec).

Figure 1 presents the historical floods for the last 100 years within the hydrological region 8.

Within the city of Larnaca we observe pluvial floods but in recent years many projects were

undertaken for alleviating the flooding within the city.

All the floods outside the city area are flash floods

41

Figure 1. Historical floods in HR8

STATUS and TREND

The majority of the floods in the area are expected to be flash floods.

42

INDICATOR

Sediment discharge


PURPOSE SD expresses the aggravation rate of sediment discharge, with sediments and the bed and

banks exposure rate to desertification. Increase of sediment discharge, increases the

possibility of floods.

DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the amount of sediments that is eroded from the banks and bed of

the river from the maximum water discharge given in m3/sec.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT 1.3. Cubic meters per second (m3/sec)


● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8. ● Timing scale:

○ Temporal coverage: fifty years period

○ Updating frequency: based on the available data.

DATA SOURCE WDD, Division of Hydrology & Hydrogeology.


Impact

TABLES and PICTURES

No data

STATUS and TREND

From the amount of sediment accumulated in the three dams in the area it was observed

that it is much lower than what it was calculated in the design face of the dam. Therefore

sediment discharges though are not monitored, are very small and do not pose any major

threat for floods.

Sediment discharges though are not monitored, are very small and do not pose

any major threat for floods.

43

INDICATOR

Produced Urban Wastewaters


PURPOSE The Produced Urban Wastewaters indicator provide information about urban wastewater as a

significant point source

DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the amount of waste water from residential settlements and services

which originates predominantly from the human metabolism and from household activities and run-off rain water.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Cubic meters (m3/sec)

DATA PROCESSING SCALE ● Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8 ● Timing scale:

○ Temporal coverage: 2010

○ Updating frequency: annually

DATA SOURCE WDD, Analysis of the implementation of Local Agenda 21 (LA21) in the Hydrologic Region 8

of the Cyprus River Basin District.

DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Impact

TABLES AND PICTURES

In compliance with the provisions of Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water

treatment, agglomerations with a population equivalent (PE) greater than 2000 are required to build collecting systems for urban waste water and wastewater treatment plants.

In HR 8 there is an urban agglomeration (Larnaca) and also six rural agglomerations (Aradippou, Kiti, Pervolia, Livadia, Dromolaxia, Voroklini) under the provisions of Directive

91/271/EEC.

The transition compliance dates with the provisions of Directive 91/271 for Larnaca and the

rural agglomerations is 31/12/2012. The first phase of the Larnaca sewerage system began in 1993 and was completed in March 2000 with the construction approximately 100 km of

sewerage and Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) that serves 42,500 PE. (Or 30,800 people out of a total population of 61,500 in the wider area of Larnaca). In order to serve the

whole area of Larnaca, Phase II has started, which includes the construction of additional 217

Km of sewerage and expansion of the capacity the WWTP from 8,500 m3/day to 17,000 m3/day. The construction work of the sewerage network will be completed in 2012 and of the

WWTP plant in 2011.

44

The three rural agglomerations (Kiti, Pervolia and Dromolaxia) will be served from Larnaca

WWTP (Phase II Projects). Note that part of Livadia village is served by the Livadia WWTP. Besides WWTP of Livadia in HR8 operate the WWTPs of Anglisides and Kofinou.

Note that in HR 8 operate the Sewerage Boards of Larnaca and Anglisidon.

According to WDD data the water recycling planning provides for the combined management

of treated waste water of Larnaca and 7 nearby communities.

In HR8 there is a separate collection system for rain water runoff and is disposed through rivers to the sea.

At present the 61% of the Larnaca Municipality and some of the surrounding communities are

served by the Larnaca WWTP. In essence, 39% of Larnaca Municipality and as well as 100%

of the Rural Areas within the HR8 are not as yet connected to any WWTP. The estimated people equivalent is 214,139 (PE), which produces a waste of 180 lt/person/day, resulting to

a production of 0.45 m3/sec wastewater.

The estimated production of wastewater in HR8 is 0.45 m3/sec.

45

INDICATOR

Produced Industrial Wastewaters


PURPOSE The Produced Industrial Wastewaters indicator provide information about industrial

wastewater as a significant point source

DESCRIPTION This indicator express any waste water which is discharged from premises used for carrying on any trade or industry, including pasturalism, other than domestic waste water and run-off

rain water.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Cubic meters (m3/sec)



○ Temporal coverage: 2010 ○ Updating frequency: annually

DATA SOURCE

WDD, CYPRUS RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN

DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Impact

TABLES and PICTURES

In HR8 operate 25 manufacturing plants and 28 livestock facilities (rearing of cow, pig and

poultry). The maximum daily waste production is approximately 2,2 x106 m3 and is derived

mainly from 2 industrial plants: the Vassilikos Cement and the Vasilikos Power Station. These

two facilities are licensed to discharge daily up to 2.177.626 m3 cooling water to the coastal

WB CY_17-C2-HM. The remaining plants and facilities produce small quantities of wastewater

and the treated wastewater is used primarily for irrigation.

STATUS and TREND

Apart from the cooling water produced by 2 installations that is disposed to the sea without prior treatment according though to specific quality terms, the

amount of wastewater produced in HR8 is negligible.

46

INDICATOR

Population Served by W.W.T.P.

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental, Social, Developmental

PURPOSE Population serve by W.W.T.P. provide information on the level of treatment before discharge

and the sensitivity of the receiving waters which determines the scale of impacts on aquatic ecosystems. About the water consumed from ground and surface water per sector (water

supply, irrigation, industry, livestock).

DESCRIPTION The Ministry of Agricultural Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for the implementation of the Council Directive 91/271/EEC for the Urban Waste Water Treatment,

as far as the preparation and implementation of the National Implementation Program of the Directive which includes planning, preparation of studies, promoting, managing and

supervising the construction of sewerage systems and monitoring the operation and maintenance in the rural communities and municipalities, with population equivalent greater

than 2,000.

Taking into consideration the above we identify the percentage of population connected with

WWTP.




○ Temporal coverage: 2010 ○ Updating frequency: annually

DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, Waste Water and Reuse Division


State

TABLES AND PICTURES

In HR 8 there is an urban agglomeration (Larnaca) and also six rural agglomerations

(Aradippou, Kiti, Pervolia, Livadia, Dromolaxia, Voroklini) under the provisions of Directive 91/271/EEC.

The transition compliance dates with the provisions of Directive 91/271 for Larnaca and the

rural agglomerations is 31/12/2012. The first phase of the Larnaca sewerage system began in

1993 and was completed in March 2000 with the construction approximately 100 km of sewerage and Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) that serves 42,500 PE. (Or 30,800

people out of a total population of 61,500 in the wider area of Larnaca). In order to serve the whole area of Larnaca, Phase II has started, which includes the construction of additional 217

Km of sewerage and expansion of the capacity the WWTP from 8,500 m3/day to 17,000

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0271:EN:HTML

47

m3/day. The construction work of the sewerage network will be completed in 2012 and of the

WWTP plant in 2011.

The three rural agglomerations (Kiti, Pervolia and Dromolaxia) will be served from Larnaca WWTP (Phase II Projects). Note that part of Livadia village is served by the Livadia WWTP.

Besides WWTP of Livadia in HR8 operate the WWTPs of Anglisides and Kofinou.

Note that in HR 8 operate the Sewerage Boards of Larnaca and Anglisidon.

STATUS and TREND

Only 22% of the HR8 population is served by WWTP.

48

INDICATOR

Industries with Treated Wastewater


PURPOSE The industries with treated indicator gives information whether the industrial activity

comprises significant point source pollution for surface and ground waters in the specific region.

DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the Percentage of the amount of wastewater of industries located at

the River basin, treated by using their own plants or by transferring then to other Wastewater Treatment Plants.






DATA SOURCE

WDD, CYPRUS RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT


Driving Force-Impact

TABLES and PICTURES

According to the 2002-2009 Laws on water pollution control each installation that pollutes or

can impose pollution of water or soil must be granted with a Waste Disposal Permit. The

Department of the Environment of MANRE is responsible for granting the permits and

inspecting the compliance of the installations with the terms of the permits. Due to the huge

workload of licensing there are still installations with that either don’t hold permits or their

permits have expired. The Department has granted permits to all IPPC installations that are

currently operating in Cyprus. Most licensed installations that produce wastewater apply some

kind of in-house wastewater treatment depending on the type and load of the wastewater.

For example wastewater produced by olive oil mills is lead to evaporation tanks. In

installations of cow rearing wastewater is mechanically treated in order to separate the solids

and led either to irrigation or evaporation tanks. In poultry installations wastewater is led

either to irrigation or evaporation tanks. Pig rearing installations have either private treatment

facilities or transfer their wastewater to other appropriate installations. Slaughterhouses have

their own wastewater treatment facilities and use treated effluents for irrigation. The cement

and the power production installations dispose the cooling.

49

STATUS and TREND

Most of the installations in HR8 apply some kind of wastewater treatment

according to their waste disposal permits. However, there are still a small number

of non licensed installations.

50

INDICATOR

Reused Wastewater


PURPOSE Treated wastewater is becoming increasingly an important alternative water resource.

Moreover wastewater effluence is a water source that covers the quality standards and its use reduces the natural water consumption.

DESCRIPTION This indicator expresses the percentage of waste water reused.

Treated wastewater could be precious water recourse for the following purposes:

Urban reuse: the irrigation of public parks, school yards, highway medians, and residential

landscapes, as well as for fire protection and toilet flushing in commercial and industrial buildings.

Agricultural reuse: irrigation of nonfood crops, such as fodder and fiber, commercial nurseries, and pasture lands. High-quality reclaimed water is used to irrigate food crops.

Environmental reuse: creating artificial wetlands, enhancing natural wetlands, and sustaining

stream flows.

Industrial reuse: process or makeup water and cooling tower water




● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: 2000 to present


DATA SOURCE Water Development Department


Response

TABLES and PICTURES

The Cyprus Government water policy is focused on the maximum utilization of non-conventional water resources, such as the recycled water, which can replace equal quantities

of potable water.

51

Table1. Annual Quantities of Treated Wastewater (2-4-2009)

Annual Quantities of Treated Wastewater

YEAR 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008* 2009* 2010

Larnaca

Wastewater

Treatment

Plant

Production

QUANTITIES

(m3)

2,287,663 1,876,764 2,139,196 1,935,295 1,840,117 1,774,498 1.800.122

Used for

irrigation

QUANTITIES

(m3)

1,992,137 1,816,348 1,910,867 1,935,295 1,840,117 1,216,172 1,510,992

% of reused 87% 97% 89% 100% 100% 67% 84%

% of reused

average

89%

Note* : Due to water rationing the production of treated wastewater during these years was

less than the years before.

The recycled water, which is produced from the domestic wastewater treatment, is used for irrigation of existing agricultural cultivations.

Over the past seven years the consumption of recycled water for irrigation purposes only, in the wider Larnaca district stands at 1.2 Million m3 per year. The supplementary irrigation

water for parks and football stadiums in the region according to WDD estimates was 350,000 m3 annually.

Based on the quality standards of recycled water for irrigation purposes and the expected

quality from the upgraded treatment plant new types of crops could be irrigated, which would

require 4.5 to 5.5 Million m3 annually.

STATUS and TREND

Treated Waste water is an average of 89% reused in HR8.

52

INDICATOR Population served by water supply network

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Social-Developmental

PURPOSE It provides information whether the potables needs of the population is covered by water

networks

DESCRIPTION The number of population that is served by water supply network within the limits of the particular area

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage of population served






DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, Larnaca Water Board

TABLES and PICTURES

The percentage of population served by water supply network is 100%. The annual water

supply needs of permanent residents are estimated at 10 Million m3 while the needs of

tourism are estimated at 1.1 Million m3. According to the Larnaca Water Board, industrial

consumption is estimated to 0.4 Million m3 per year. It should be noted that this amount

concerns what is provided by the Water Board to industries and does not account on water

sourced from private boreholes.

STATUS and TREND

The percentage of population served by water supply network is 100%. Approximately 20% of the Communities of Larnaca District has no central flowmeters. The lack of flowmeters results in uncontrolled / non detectable water leaks. Moreover the implementation of awareness policies on water consumption reduction cannot be effective.

53

INDICATOR Irrigation Area served by irrigation network

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental- Developmental

PURPOSE It provides information about the integrated management of water resources for irrigation

purposes

DESCRIPTION The surface of irrigated area served by irrigation network

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage of irrigated area served by irrigation networks







TABLES and PICTURES

The irrigated area in HR8 is 45.53 km2. The main types of the plant species are the followings:

Olive Trees (23.44 km2)

Citrus Trees (4.11 km2)

Fodder plants (4.71 km2)

Potatoes (1.29 km2)

Greenhouse crops (1.23 km2)

Others (10.76 km2)

STATUS and TREND

Only 39% (17618 km2) of the irrigated area is served by irrigation networks.

It should be noted also that only a small part of the irrigated land served with water from boreholes is monitored on a regular basis. Uncontrolled extraction of

groundwater makes difficult the integrated water management.

It is also worth mentioning that the irrigation efficiency of the majority of the irrigated land is very high and reaches 90%.

54

INDICATOR Ecological status of surface waters


PURPOSE

The ecological status, is an indicator for monitoring sustainable water management, and is

difficult to assess because of the large number of measurements that need to be

implemented and the complexity to describe it, as it is related with a large number of sub-

indicators. In Cyprus, the ecological status of surface water bodies is the result of the

Monitoring Programme, which is in place as from 2006, and expert’s judgment.

DESCRIPTION

For surface water categories, the ecological status classification for the water body is represented by the lower of the values for the biological and physico-chemical monitoring

results for the relevant quality elements classified in High, Good, Moderate, Poor and Bad, according WFD.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage



Spatial scale: Hydrological Region 8

● Timing scale:

○ Temporal coverage: year 2010 ○ Updating frequency: 5 years


TABLES and PICTURES

In the context of the application of Article 5 of the Water Framework Directive, 27 River WBs

are identified within this region, Eight (8) of which are heavily modified, Seven (7) Lake WBs, three (3) of which are Heavily Modified (Lefkara, Dhypotamos and Kalavasos dams) and five

(5) coastal WBs.

Figure 1 shows surface Water Bodies (WB) in HR8

Table 1 shows the classification of the current status of River WBs conducted by WDD in

2009. Note that three (3) River WBs were not classified due to absence of data.

Table 2 shows the classification of the current ecological status/potential of Lake WBs

conducted by the WDD in 2009.

Table 3 shows the classification of the current ecological status/potential of the Coastal WBs conducted by the Department of Fisheries in 2009.

55

Figure 1. Water bodies and basin in HR8

Table 1. River WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification

WB code Basin

Name Basin

Length

(km)

Heavily

Modifie

d

Ecological

status/potential

1 CY_8-1-2_R1 Voroklini 8-1 5.1 NO Unclassified

2 CY_8-1-2_R1-HM Voroklini 8-1 2.7 YES Unclassified

3 CY_8-2-1_R1 Aradippou 8-2 34.3 NO Unclassified

4 CY_8-4-11_R3 Tremithos 8-4 8.2 NO Moderate



7 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM Tremithos 8-4 22.5 YES Moderate



10 CY_8-4-5_R3-HM Tremithos 8-4 6.7 YES Poor

11 CY_8-5-1_R1 Pouzis 8-5 34.3 NO Moderate

12 CY_8-6-1_R3 Xeros 8-6 19.1 NO Moderate

13 CY_8-7-11_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 15.7 NO Good



56


17 CY_8-7-2_R3-HM Pentasxoinos 8-7 6.7 YES Poor


19 CY_8-7-4_R3-HM Pentasxoinos 8-7 16.2 YES Moderate

20 CY_8-7-5_R3 Pentasxoinos 8-7 13.4 NO Moderate


22 CY_8-8-2_R3-HM Maroni 8-8 16.4 YES Moderate

23 CY_8-9-1_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 3.8 NO Moderate

24 CY_8-9-1_R3-HM Vasilikos 8-9 2.1 YES Moderate



27 CY_8-9-5_R3-HM Vasilikos 8-9 12.8 YES Moderate

Table 2. Lake WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification

WB Code Name Ecological

status/potential

1 CY_8-3-2_11_L1 Main Salt lake Moderate

2 CY_8-3-2_12_L2 Orfani Moderate

3 CY_8-3-2_13_L2 Soros Moderate

4 CY_8-3-2_17_L2 Airport lake Moderate

5 CY_8-7-2_32_L4-HM Lefkara Good

6 CY_8-7-4_31_L4-HM Dhypotamos Good

7 CY_8-9-5_30_L4-HM Kalavasos Good

57

Table 3. Coastal WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification

WB Code Name

Ecological

status/potentia

l

1 CY_17-C2-ΗΜ Vasilikos port Good

2 CY_18-C2 Zygi– Kiti Cape Good

3 CY_19-C2 Larnaca West Good

4 CY_20-C2-ΗΜ Larnaca Center Good

5 CY_21-C2 Bay of Larnaca –

Northeast

Good

STATUS and TREND

As with the river WBs, with respect to length, 0% is High, 22% Good, 59%

Moderate, 8% Poor, 0% Bad, whereas 11% are unclassified.

The target for 2015 is to increase Good to 33%, reduce Moderate to 56%, and

eliminate Poor to 0%. More specifically, measures have been designed in order to

improve ecological status of CY_8-4-11_R3, CY_8-5-1_R1 and CY_8-9-1_R3 from

Moderate to Good and also for CY_8-4-5_R3-HM and CY_8-7-2_R3-HM from Poor

to Moderate, in 2015.

As with the Lake WBs, with respect to area, 26% are Good, and 74% Moderate.

The target for 2015 is to have all but CY_8-3-2_12_L2 to Good Ecological Status.

With regard to Coastal WBs, with respect to length, 100% are Good.

58

INDICATOR Chemical Status of surface waters


PURPOSE

The chemical status, is an indicator for monitoring sustainable water management, is difficult

to assess because of the large number of measurements that need to be implemented, and

the complexity to describe it, because is related with a large number of sub-indicators. In

Cyprus, the chemical status of surface water bodies is the result of the Monitoring

Programme, which is in place as from 2006, and expert’s judgment.

DESCRIPTION






DATA SOURCE Water Development Department, Department of Fisheries

TABLES and PICTURES

Figure 1 shows surface Water Bodies (WB) in HR 8.

Table 1 shows the 27 River WBs, identified in the context of the application of Article 5 of the

Water Framework Directive within HR8, Eight (8) of which are heavily modified. It also shows

the classification of the current status of River WBs conducted under by WDD in 2009. Note

that for 3 River WBs were not classified due to absence of necessary data.

Table 2 shows the 7 Lake WBs in HR8 and all of them but Lefkara are classified as having

good chemical status.

Table 3 shows the 5 Coastal WBs in HR8 and all of them classified as having good chemical

status.

Where a water body achieves compliance with all the environmental quality standards established in Annex IX, Article 16 of WFD and under other relevant Community legislation

setting environmental quality standards it shall be recorded as achieving good chemical status. If not, the body shall be recorded as failing to achieve good chemical status,

according WFD.

59

Figure 1. Water Bodies and basin in HR8

Table 1. River WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification

WB code Basin Name Basin

Length

(km)

Heavily

Modified

Chemical

status

1 CY_8-1-2_R1 Voroklini 8-1 5.1 NO Unclassified

2 CY_8-1-2_R1-HM Voroklini 8-1 2.7 YES Unclassified

3 CY_8-2-1_R1 Aradippou 8-2 34.3 NO Unclassified

4 CY_8-4-11_R3 Tremithos 8-4 8.2 NO Good



7 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM Tremithos 8-4 22.5 YES Good



10 CY_8-4-5_R3-HM Tremithos 8-4 6.7 YES Good

11 CY_8-5-1_R1 Pouzis 8-5 34.3 NO Good

12 CY_8-6-1_R3 Xeros 8-6 19.1 NO Good





17 CY_8-7-2_R3-HM Pentasxoinos 8-7 6.7 YES Good

60


19 CY_8-7-4_R3-HM Pentasxoinos 8-7 16.2 YES Good



22 CY_8-8-2_R3-HM Maroni 8-8 16.4 YES Good

23 CY_8-9-1_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 3.8 NO Good

24 CY_8-9-1_R3-HM Vasilikos 8-9 2.1 YES Good

25 CY_8-9-2_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 38.0 NO Less Than

Good 26 CY_8-9-5_R3 Vasilikos 8-9 1.4 NO Good

27 CY_8-9-5_R3-HM Vasilikos 8-9 12.8 YES Good

In HR 8, 7 Lake WBs are identified, 3 of which are heavily modified (reservoirs of Lefkara,

Dhypotamos and Kalavasos dams). The table below shows the classification of the current

status/potential of Lake WBs conducted by the Water development Department.

Table 2. Lake WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification

WB Code Name Chemical

status

1 CY_8-3-2_11_L1 Main Salt lake Good

2 CY_8-3-2_12_L2 Orfani Good

3 CY_8-3-2_13_L2 Soros Good

4 CY_8-3-2_17_L2 Airport lake Good

5 CY_8-7-2_32_L4-HM Lefkara Less Than

Good 6 CY_8-7-4_31_L4-HM Dhypotamos Good

7 CY_8-9-5_30_L4-HM Kalavasos Good

61

Table 3. Coastal WBs in HR8 and status/potential classification

WB Code Name

Chemical

status

1 CY_17-C2-ΗΜ Vasilikos port Good

2 CY_18-C2 Zygi– Kiti Cape Good

3 CY_19-C2 Larnaca West Good

4 CY_20-C2-ΗΜ Larnaca Center Good

5 CY_21-C2 Bay of Larnaca – Northeast Good

STATUS and TREND

River WBs with respect to length: Good 85%, Less than good 4%, Unclassified

11%

The main problem of water quality of WB CY_8-9-2_R3 is associated with Cd and

Pb due to agricultural and mining activity respectively.

Lake WBs with respect to area: Good 86%, Less than good 14%

The main problem of Lefkara WB CY_8-7-2_32_L4-HM is associated with Ni and

Pb.

Coastal with respect to length: Good 100%

62

INDICATOR Quantity of ground waters


PURPOSE It provides information whether the availability of groundwater resources is not exceeded by

the long-term annual average abstraction rate.

DESCRIPTION The parameter for the classification of quantitative status is Groundwater level regime. In HR8, the quantity of groundwater is adversely affected by the many illegal boreholes and

overabstraction mainly due to agricultural activities. In two of the groundwater WBs in HR8,

namely Lefkara - Pachna and Troodos, abstraction is also made for potable purposes. In sum overabstruction reaches 2.5 Million m3∕ year. However, the upcoming enrichment of Kiti -

Perivolia aquifer with tertiary treated effluent from Larnaca Sewerage Treatment Plant is expected to improve ground table level in this WB.





● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: year 2000-2010



TABLES and PICTURES

The Groundwater Bodies associated with HR8 and their status evaluation is presented in

Table 1 below

63

Table 1. Groundwater bodies associated with HR8

WB Name Quantitative

status

1. CY-2 Aradippou Good

2. CY-3 Kiti - Perivolia Poor

3. CY-4 Softades & Vasilikos Poor

4. CY-5 Maroni Poor

5. CY-6 Mari – Kalo Chorio Poor

6. CY-18 Lefkara - Pachna Poor

7. CY-19 Troodos Poor

STATUS and TREND

Good 5%, Poor 95%

Quantitative status in all WBs with respect to area within HR8, but Aradippou, is

poor. However, every effort is made to alleviate the situation through the

enforcement of the new Law on Unified Water Management (LAW79/I/2010),

which provides for registration of all boreholes, abstractions control through the

enforcement of a meter on every single borehole and also heavy fines in cases

where licensed quantities are exited. In all, the WBs which at present have poor

status, they will still be in the same status in 2015, however the enforcement of

the Law along with the pricing policy on agriculture, is expected to alleviate

diminishing of the aquifer.

64

INDICATOR Chemical Status of ground waters

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental - Developmental

PURPOSE It provides information about the appropriateness for different kind of water uses.

DESCRIPTION The parameters for the classification of chemical status are Conductivity and Concentrations

of pollutants







TABLES and PICTURES

Table 1 presents the seven (7) Groundwater Bodies associated with HR8 and their status

evaluation. As it is showed two of them are characterised in poor chemical status.

Table 1. Groundwater Bodies associated with HR8

No WB Name Chemical

status

1 CY-2 Aradippou Good

2 CY-3 Kiti - Perivolia Poor

3 CY-4 Softades & Vasilikos Poor

4 CY-5 Maroni Good

5 CY-6 Mari – Kalo Chorio Good

6 CY-18 Lefkara - Pachna Good

7 CY-19 Troodos Good

65

STATUS and TREND

Good 71%, Poor 29%

The main problems of water quality of Kiti - Perivolia and Softades & Vasilikos

WBs are over-abstraction for irrigation purposes (NH4) and high salinity due to

sea intrusion (Cl).

66

INDICATOR Bathing Water Quality


PURPOSE It provides information about the coastal water quality assessing the presence or absence of

pollution sources.

DESCRIPTION

The indicator describes the changes over time in the quality of designated bathing waters

(inland and marine) in EU Member States, in terms of compliance with standards for microbiological parameters (total coliforms and faecal coliforms) and physicochemical

parameters (mineral oils, surface-active substances and phenols) introduced by the EU Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC).

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Percentage DPSIR CLASSIFICATION State indicator



● Timing scale: ○ Temporal coverage: 2010

○ Updating frequency: 5 years

DATA SOURCE Environment Department

TABLES and PICTURES

Table 1. Bathing WBs in HR8 and their status

BW Name WB ID WB Name Compliance

1 GIANNADES CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%

2 KARPASIANA CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%

3 LENIOS CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%

4 BEACH HOUSE CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%

5 PERIPTERO CY_21-C2 LARNACA BAY NORTH EAST 100%

6 NAFTIKOS OMILOS

LARNAKAS

CY_20-C2-HM LARNACA CITY 100%

7 FOINIKOUDES 1 CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%

8 FOINIKOUDES 2 CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%

9 KASTELLA LARNAKAS CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%

67

10 MAKENZY 1 CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%

11 MAKENZY 2 CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%

12 S.W. OF AIRPORT CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%

13 ORPHANI CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%

14 FAROS PERVOLION CY_19-C2 LARNACA WEST 100%

15 BO RIVAGE CY_21-C2 LARNAKA BAY NORTH-EAST 100%

16 KALYMNOS CY_16-C2 MONI 100%

17 BOUZI CY_18-C2 ZYGI-CAPE KITI 100%

18 ALTIANA CY_18-C2 ZYGI-CAPE KITI 100%

19 GEEF IKIA CY_18-C2 ZYGI-CAPE KITI 100%

STATUS and TREND

Good 100% The results from the monitoring of the water quality in all bathing areas indicate

100% compliance with the mandatory values as well as with the more stringent

guide values according to the provisions for the transition period of the new Directive 2006/7/EC. The bathing water quality was excellent in the 2010 bathing

season in all coastal bathing areas.

68

INDICATOR Water tariffs

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Social-Developmental-Economical

PURPOSE It provides information about the integrated pricing policy adapted per water use.

DESCRIPTION A water tariff is a price assigned to water supplied by a public enterprise to its customers per

use.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Currency/m3 per use

DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Response



● Timing scale:



TABLES and PICTURES

None

STATUS and TREND

Domestic Water supply:

Larnaca municipality €0.42 up to €2.54/m3

Aradhippou municipality €0.94 up to €2.50/m3

Communities €0.42 up to €2.54/m3

Irrigation €0.16- €0.17/m3

Industry €1.13-€1.54/m3 Livestock €0.62/m3

Recycle water for irrigation use €0.05-0.07/m3.

Tariff for recycle water does not reflect the cost of producing the water. The aim is to provide incentives to the farmers to accept and increase the usage of this

water.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility

69

INDICATOR Cost Recovery

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental-Social-Developmental-Economical

PURPOSE It provides information about the cost recovery of municipality water services (water supply,

sewerage and irrigation)

DESCRIPTION Article 9.1 of the Directive refers to the total cost of water services requires detailed assessment of all components of total cost including:

The financial cost which refers to investment costs, operating and maintenance

works, management and administrative costs and other direct economic costs.

The cost of natural resources represents the benefit loss due to limitation of available

water resources to a greater extent than natural the refresh rate. The environmental costs represent the cost of the impact caused by the use of water

environment and aquatic ecosystems.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Cost recovery rate per Municipality and service-Percentage (%)

DPSIR CLASSIFICATION Response



○ Temporal coverage: year 2010

○ Updating frequency: 5 years


TABLES and PICTURES

No information provided.

70

STATUS and TREND

Cost recovery rate for Domestic water services:

Larnaca Water Board 96% Municipality of Aradippou & communities 119%

Irrigation water:

Irrigation Project of Kiti-Mazotos 45% (aim to reach 54% until 2015)

Elsewhere in HR8 61%

Cost recovery for sewerage and secondary treatment of sewage water 227%

(construction works costs are paid in advance by the residents)

Production and supply of tertiary treated effluent for reuse in irrigation 34%

71

INDICATOR

Water Management Authorities

SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION Environmental, Developmental, Social-Economical

PURPOSE Water Management Authorities indicator provide information whether there is a local

authority which is responsible for the integrated management of the Pilot River Basin.

DESCRIPTION Water management authorities that are responsible for the implementation of the WFD and

the achievement of its objectives.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT Number


● Spatial scale: Cyprus River Basin

● Timing scale: Not Applied



Response

TABLES and PICTURES

The Water Development Department is responsible for implementing the water policy of the

Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment. Main objective of this policy is the rational development and management of the water resources of Cyprus. In this context,

the responsibilities of the department cover a wide and diverse spectrum, which includes:

a) the collection, processing and classification of hydrological, hydrogeological, geotechnical

and other data necessary for the study, maintenance and safety of the water development works,

b) the study, design, construction, operation and maintenance of works, such as dams, ponds, irrigation, domestic water supply and sewerage schemes, water treatment works,

sewage treatment and desalination plants, and c) the protection of the water resources from pollution.

The competent authority for the implementation of Water Framework Directive has

responsibility over the entire River Basin District. It has to be noted, however, that according to the provisions of Article 1 of Protocol No. 10 on Cyprus, attached to the Treaty of

Accession to the EU, the application of the acquis is suspended in those areas of the Republic

of Cyprus in which the Government of the Republic of Cyprus does not exercise effective control. Furthermore, the Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the

republic of Cyprus and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning responsibility for the implementation of the Protocol on the Sovereign

Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus, provides for the application of the WFD in the

Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus.

72

As described in the information supplied to the Commission in 2004 under WFD Article 3,

Cyprus has been identified as one River Basin District. Hydrographically, the island of Cyprus is subdivided into 9 hydrological regions made up of 70 watersheds. There are no rivers with

perennial flow over their entire length. Therefore, the whole island is considered as one River Basin District, made up of all the watersheds.

STATUS and TREND

Water Development Department has responsibility over the entire River Basin District. The application of the acquis is suspended in those areas of the Republic

of Cyprus in which the Government of the Republic of Cyprus does not exercise effective control (HR4, HR5 and parts of HR3,HR6 and HR7)

73

INDICATOR

Water Bodies Naturalness


PURPOSE The water bodies naturalness provide information about the water bodies that have been

altered by human activities.

DESCRIPTION This indicator describes the morphological state of water body. Indicate the percentage of the total length of rivers or the surface of lakes that fall into the following classes, Natural,

Heavily or strong modified and Artificial.






DATA SOURCE WDD, analysis of the implementation of Local Agenda 21 (LA21) in the Hydrologic Region 8

of the Cyprus River Basin District


State

TABLES and PICTURES

In HR 8, 27 River Water Bodies (WB), are identified in the context of the application of Article

5 of the Water Framework Directive as shown in Figure 1. Eight (8) of these are heavily modified as shown in Table 1.

In HR 8, 7 lake WBs are identified, 3 of which are heavily modified (Lefkara, Dhypotamos and Kalavasos dams), as shown in Table 2.

Figure1. Water bodies and

basin in HR8

74

Table 1. River WBs in HR8

WB code Basin Length (km) Heavily Modified

1 CY_8-1-2_R1 8-1 5.1 NO

2 CY_8-1-2_R1-HM 8-1 2.7 YES

3 CY_8-2-1_R1 8-2 34.3 NO

4 CY_8-4-11_R3 8-4 8.2 NO

5 CY_8-4-12_R3 8-4 4.0 NO

6 CY_8-4-13_R3 8-4 2.8 NO

7 CY_8-4-1_R3-HM 8-4 22.5 YES

8 CY_8-4-2_R3 8-4 10.7 NO

9 CY_8-4-4_R3 8-4 16.5 NO

10 CY_8-4-5_R3-HM 8-4 6.7 YES

11 CY_8-5-1_R1 8-5 34.3 NO

12 CY_8-6-1_R3 8-6 19.1 NO

13 CY_8-7-11_R3 8-7 15.7 NO

14 CY_8-7-12_R3 8-7 3.8 NO

15 CY_8-7-13_R3 8-7 0.9 NO

16 CY_8-7-2_R3 8-7 2.8 NO

17 CY_8-7-2_R3-HM 8-7 6.7 YES

18 CY_8-7-3_R3 8-7 13.8 NO

19 CY_8-7-4_R3-HM 8-7 16.2 YES

20 CY_8-7-5_R3 8-7 13.4 NO

21 CY_8-8-1_R3 8-8 26.7 NO

22 CY_8-8-2_R3-HM 8-8 16.4 YES

23 CY_8-9-1_R3 8-9 3.8 NO

24 CY_8-9-1_R3-HM 8-9 2.1 YES

25 CY_8-9-2_R3 8-9 38.0 NO

26 CY_8-9-5_R3 8-9 1.4 NO

27 CY_8-9-5_R3-HM 8-9 12.8 YES

75

Table 2. Lake WBs in HR8

WB Code Name Heavily Modified

1 CY_8-3-2_11_L1 Main Salt lake NO

2 CY_8-3-2_12_L2 Orfani NO

3 CY_8-3-2_13_L2 Soros NO

4 CY_8-3-2_17_L2 Airport lake NO

5 CY_8-7-2_32_L4-

HM

Lefkara YES

6 CY_8-7-4_31_L4-

HM

Dhypotamos YES

7 CY_8-9-5_30_L4-

HM

Kalavasos YES

STATUS and TREND

75% of River WBs in ΗR8, with respect to length, is natural.

74% of Lake WBs in HR8, with respect to area, is natural.

86% of coastal WBs, with respect to area, is natural

water management common list of indicators & database · agricultural, industrial, urban areas...

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