Climatology

Submitted by:NikitaLakshayAnubhavAnil

Submitted to:AR. Rahul Bharmoria

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What is climate "Climate" is a

very general term that has a

variety of closely related

meanings. Usually, "climate"

refers to the average, or

typical, weather conditions

observed over a long period of

time for a given area. 

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WeatherWeather is the combined short-term conditions found in the lower atmosphere. These conditions include precipitation, or rain and snow, as well as wind, pressure, storminess, cloudiness, and various other atmospheric conditions.Weather is a every changing short-term, localized phenomena. R.

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In India there are SIX climatic zones

Hot & Dry Warm & Humid Cold & Sunny Composite Cold & Cloudy Moderate

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Warm & HumidWarm- Humid climate

are found in a belt near the equator extending to about 150* North and South.

Air Temperature reaches mean maximum during the day of between 27* and 32*C.

At night the mean minimum varies between 21* and 27*C

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The warm and humid zone covers the coastal parts of the country, such as Kerala, Tamilnadu & Goa. The main design criteria in the warm and humid region are to reduce heat gain by providing shading, and promote heat loss by maximizing cross ventilation.

Warm & Humid(climate in India)

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Warm & Humid(zones in India)

1. Kerala2. Tamil Nadu3. Karnataka4. Goa5. Andhra Pradesh6. Gujarat7. Maharashtra8. Orissa9. West Bengal10.Mizoram11.Manipur12.Nagaland13.Assam14.Meghalaya15.Tripura16.Arunachal Pradesh

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CHARACTERSTICS OF WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE

High humidity, strong sun, glare from the sky and horizon.There are long monsoon periods with heavy rain.The breezes, especially in coastal areas, can alleviate discomfort considerably.

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Basic terms used in Warm & Humid

climate1. Mean TemperatureSummer Midday = 30-35*C Night = 25-

30*CWinter Midday = 25-30*C Night = 20-

25*C

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2. Solar Radiation Usually defused radiation due to

cloud cover or vapors in air. Intense radiation on clear day

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3. Landscape and VegetationGenerally low altitude and latitude.Relatively flat region with abundant vegetation.

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4. PrecipitationHigh generally in excess of 1200mm/yr.

5. Winds Usually 1 or 2

prevailing direction with velocity ranging from extremely low to very high.

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6. Sky ConditionGenerally overcast causing pleasant glare.

7. Miscellaneous High humidity and low diurnal temperature variations cause great discomfort, if air movement is not there.

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Design Objectives : 1. Resisting heat gain a) Decreasing surface area of building exposed to

outside. b) Using that material that take longer time to heat

up. c) Increasing shading of the building in general. d) Using material that reflect heat.2. Promoting heat loss a) Appliances used are well ventilated. b) Proper ventilation occurs throughout the day. C) Humidity levels are reduced as much as possible.

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General recommendations for building design in warm &

humid climate:1. SITE a) Landform *For flat sites, for design

consideration for the landform is immaterial.

*In case of slopes and depressions, the building should be located on windward side or crest to take advantage of cool breeze.

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b) Open spaces & build form *Buildings should be

spread out with large open spaces in between for unrestricted air movement.

*In cities, buildings on stilts can promote ventilation and cause cooling at ground level.

c) Water bodies *Water bodies are not

essential as they would tend to further increase in humidity.

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d) Street width & orientation *A north-south direction is ideal

from the point of view of blocking solar radiation.

*The width of street should be such that the intense solar radiation during late morning and early afternoon is avoid during the summers.

2. Orientation & Platform a) As temperature is not

very high, free plants ca be evolve as long as house is under protective shade.

b) An obstructed air path through the interiors ate important to ensure proper ventilation.

c) The buildings could be long and narrow to allow cross-ventilation. A singly loaded corridor plan.

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a) Heat and moisture producing areas like toilets and kitchens must be ventilated and separated from the rest of structure.

b) Semi open spaces such as balconies & porches can be used advantageously for day time activity..

c) In multistoried building a central courtyard can be provided with vents at higher level to draw away rising hot air.

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3. Building Envelope a) Roof * In addition to provide

shelter from rain and heat, the form of roof should be planned to promote air flow.

* Vents at the rooftop effectively induce ventilation and draw hot air out.

* Insulation doesn’t provide any additional benefit.

* A double roof with a ventilated space in between can also be used to promote air flow.

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b) Walls * The walls must also be

designed to promote air flow so as to counter the prevalent humidity.

* Baffle walls, both inside and outside the building can help to divert the flow of wind inside.

* They should be protected from the heavy rainfall prevalent in such areas.

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b) Fenestration * Cross ventilation is of

utmost importance in warm and humid climatic regions.

* All doors & windows should preferably be kept open for maximum ventilation for most of years.

* These must be provided with venetian blinds to shelter the rooms from the sun and rain, as well as for control of movement.

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a) The opening should be shaded by external overhangs.

b) Outlets at higher level serve to vent hot air.

In next slide you will see how the air movement within a room can be better disturbed

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d) Color & Texture * The walls should be painted light pastel

shades or whitewashed, white surface of the roof be of broken tile to reflect sunlight back to the environment, and hence reduce heat gain.

* The surface finish should be protected from effects of moisture.

* The use of appropriate colors & surface finishes is a cheap & very effective technique to lower indoor temperature.

REMARKS * Ceiling fans are effective in reducing

level of discomfort in this climate. * In case of air conditioned buildings,

dehumidification plays an important role in design of plant.

* Careful water proofing & drainage of water are essential consideration of building design due to heavy rainfall.

* Desiccant cooling techniques can be employed as they reduce the humidity level.

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Example of Warm and Humid

climateTrivandrumPadmanabhapuram Palace It responds to the climate

with steep sloping high tiled roofs, with deep eaves.

The sides are open to the breeze, and air ventilates up through the porous tile roofs, ensuring that the indoor temperature does not build up.

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• Using open slatted or perforated timber screens on sides of verandahs cuts out glare, ensures privacy but allows the breeze flow across the rooms.

• Walls are white to reflect the sun, and often completely shaded by the verandahs.

• For a cluster of buildings, an openness of planning, to allow the natural breeze to flow through them is of paramount importance.

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Kerala• Kerala architecture can be

broadly divided into distinctive areas based on their functionality, each guided by different set of principles.

• The gabled roof and ceiling roof works are prime features of Kerala architecture styles.

Religious Architecture• Primarily patronized

by temples of Kerala as well as several old churches, mosques etc.

• The circular roofs of temple are direct legacy of Buddhist influences in Ancient Kerala Architectural styles

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MaterialThe natural building materials available for construction in Kerala are stones, timber, clay and palm leaves. Granite is a strong and durable building stone; however its

availability is restricted mostly to the highlands and only marginally to other zones.. Lime mortar can be improved in

strength and performance by admixtures of vegetable juices. Such enriched mortars were used for plastering or for serving as the base for mural painting and low relief

work. Timber is the prime structural material abundantly available in many varieties in

Kerala - from bamboo to teak. Clay was used in many forms - for walling, in filling the timber floors and making bricks and tiles

after plugging and tempering with admixtures. Palm leaves were used

effectively for thatching the roofs and for making partition walls.

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Thank You