WARM HUMID ISLAND REGIONS

BUILDING CLIMATOLOGY AND SOLAR

ARCHITECTURE

WARM HUMID ISLAND CLIMATEIslands within the equatorial belt and in the trade wind zone belong to this climate type. Typical examples are • The Caribbean• Philippines• Island groups of the pacific ocean

Characteristics• Air temperature- Daytime mean maximum of 29-32 degree Celsius.• Night time mean temperature of 18 – 24 degree

d Celsius • Humidity – Relative humidity varies between 55-100 %• Vapour pressure – Between 1750- 2500 N/sqm.• Precipitation – High;1250-1800 mm per annum.• Sky conditions- Clear or filled with white broken clouds. Luminance between 1700-2500 candela/sqm.• Wind - Trade wind blows at a steady 6-7 m/sec. Much

higher H velocities occur during cyclone.

Climatology of

Manila, Philippines

There are three types of climate in Philippines.They are:• Tropical rainforest• Tropical savanna• Tropical monsoon or Humid Subtropical (in higher altitude areas)

Manila belongs to the Tropical savanna climate.There are two main seasons in Philippines.• Dry season and• Wet season.

MANILA,PHILIPPINESLOCATION: 14 degree 35 minutes North, 121 degree east. It is the capital city and is known as National Capital Region.Area: 38.55 square kilometer (City)Population: 1,652,171

AIR TEMPERATURE

• Average temperature -26.6 °C (79.9 °F).• Cooler month - January (25.5 °C average

temperature) • Hottest month - May (mean of 28.3 °C )•  Elevation factors significantly in the variation of

temperature in the Philippines.• In Bagiou city, with an elevation of 1,500 m

(5,000 ft) above sea level, the mean average is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F).

•

HUMIDITYHumidity levels are usually very high all year

round.Dry season - December to May wet season- during other times with slightly

cooler temperature.

PRECIPITATION Manila is provided with an average of 2061mm(81.1 inch) rainfall per

year or 171.8mm (6.8 inch) per month. On an average there are 144 days per year with more than .1 mm

(.004 inch) of rainfall `` The driest weather is in february when an average of 7mm (.3 inch) of

rainfall(precipitation) occurs. The wettest weather as in August when an average of 474mm(18.7

inch) of rainfall occurs.

Sunhours of Manila

Wind speed in Manila Philippines

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF HONOLULU

AIR TEMPERATURE

Temperatures at sea level generally range from 85–90 °F (29–32 °C) during the summer months to 79–83 °F (26–28 °C) during the winter months.

Rarely does the temperature rise above 90 °F (32 °C) or drop below 65 °F (18 °C) at lower elevations. Temperatures are lower at higher altitudes; in fact.

The three highest mountains of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Haleakalā often receive snowfall during the winter.

One distinctive feature of Hawaii’s climate is the small annual variation in temperature range.

There is only a slight variation in length of night and day from one part of Hawaii to another and because all its islands lie within a narrow latitude band. the air that reaches Hawaii is neither very hot nor very cold.

The Pacific High, and with it the trade-wind zone, moves north and south with changing angle of the sun, so that it reaches its northernmost position in the summer.

This brings trade winds during the period of May through September, when they are prevalent 80 to 95 percent of the time.

From October through April, the heart of the trade winds moves south of Hawaii; however, the winds still blow much of the time.

They provide a system of natural year-long ventilation throughout the islands and bring mild temperatures characteristic of air that has moved great distances across tropical waters.

WIND FLOW NEAR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

HUMIDITY The humidity averages for

each month are listed below for places in Hawaii.

The Morning relative humidity percentages are for 7 am and Afternoon levels are for 1 pm local standard time.

Relative humidity measures the actual amount of moisture in the air as a percentage of the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold.

PRECIPITATION

Over the ocean near Hawaii, rainfall averages between 25 and 30 inches a year.

The islands receive as much as 15 times that amount in some places and less than one third of it in others.

This is caused mainly by orographic or mountain rains, which form within the moist trade wind air as it moves from the sea over the steep and high terrain of the islands.

Over the lower islands, the average rainfall distribution resembles closely the topographic contours.

Amounts are greatest over upper slopes and crests and least in the leeward lowlands.

Hawaii's heaviest rains are come from winter storms between October and April. While the effects of terrain on storm rainfall are not as great as on trade wind showers, large differences over small distances do occur, because of topography and location of the rain clouds. Differences vary with each storm.

MONTHLY AVERAGE PRECIPITATION

ANNUAL AVERAGE PRECIPITATION IN HONOLULU

SKY CONDITIONS AND CLOUD FORMATION

Inward areas tend to be cloudier during the summer, when the trade winds and associated clouds are more prevalent.

while leeward areas, which are less affected by cloudy conditions associated with trade wind cloudiness, tend to be cloudier during the winter. In these locations the sky is cloudy more than 70 percent of the time. The usual clarity of the air in the high mountains is associated with the low moisture content of the air.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE HAVANA

HAVANA CLIMATE AND WEATHER

Location in CubaCoordinates: 23°08′N 82

°23′WCountry CubaProvince La Habana

TEMPERATURE Over the course of a year, the temperature typically varies from 16°C to 32°C and is rarely below 11°C or above 34°C.

Daily High and Low Temperature

The daily average low (blue) and high (red) temperature.

 warm season - May 29 to September 26 ( average high of 31 degree Celsius).  cold season lasts from December 6 to February 27(average daily high temperature of 27°C). The coldest day of the year is January 18, with an average low of 16°C and high of 26°C.

Daily Hours of Daylight and Twilight

The length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year. The shortest day is December 21with 10:44 hours of daylight; the longest day is June 20 with 13:33 hours of daylight.

SOLAR RADIATION

The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line), with various degrees of daylight, twilight, and night, indicated by the color bands. From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray): full daylight, solar twilight (Sun is visible but less than 6° from the horizon), civil twilight (Sun is not visible but is less than 6° below the horizon), nautical twilight (Sun is between 6° and 12° below the horizon), astronomical twilight (Sun is between 12° and 18° below the horizon), and full night.

CLOUD COVER TYPES

• The fraction of time spent in each of the five sky cover categories. From top (most blue) to bottom (most gray), the categories are:

• Clear• mostly clear• partly cloudy• mostly cloudy• overcast

On March 24, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 49% of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 11% of the time.

On June 22, the cloudiest day of the year, the sky is overcast, mostly cloudy, or partly cloudy 33% of the time, and clear or mostly clear 24% of the time.

PRECIPITATIONThe probability that precipitation will be observed at this location varies throughout the year. Precipitation is most likely around July 15, occurring in 60% of days. Precipitation is least likely around March 26, occurring in 20% of days.

The fraction of days in which various types of precipitation are observed. If more than one type of precipitation is reported in a given day, the more severe precipitation is counted. For example, if light rain is observed in the same day as a thunderstorm, that day counts towards the thunderstorm totals. The order of severity is from the top down in this graph, with the most severe at the bottom.

HUMIDITY• The relative humidity typically ranges from 50% (mildly humid)

to 97% (very humid).• rarely dropping below 37% (comfortable) and reaching as high

as 100% (very humid).

Relative Humidity

The average daily high (blue) and low (brown) relative humidity

WINDOver the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 m/s to 8 m/s (calm to moderate breeze), rarely exceeding 11 m/s (strong breeze).The highest average wind speed of 4 m/s (gentle breeze) occurs around March 11, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 8 m/s (moderate breeze).The lowest average wind speed of 2 m/s (light breeze) occurs around August 26, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 6 m/s (moderate breeze).

Wind SpeedThe wind is most often out of the north east (16% of the time) and east (15% of the time). The wind is least often out of the west (1% of the time), south west (2% of the time), and north west (2% of the time).

The average monthly wind speeds • minimum (red)• maximum (green) • average (black)

REGIONAL VARIANCES IN THE CLIMATE

LOCATION: Southern shore b of Oahu island,c Central pacific ocean.COORDINATES:21.3 N ; 157.81 W

LOCATION: western shore of the Philippines. COORDINATES:14.5800° N, v 121.0000° E

LOCATION: La Habana CubaCOORDINATES: 23°08′N 82°23′W

MANILA HONOLULU HAVANA

CITIES AIR TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY

HONOLULU• Temperature range is very

small.• Ranges from 20°C–32 °C.

• Varies throughout the year.

• Average relative % of humidity in a year rages from

58 – 70.

MANILA• Relatively Wide range of

temperature.• Rarely going below 20 degree

Celsius or above 38 degree Celsius.

• Mostly high.• Average relative % of

humidity in a year ranges from 65 – 82.

HAVANA• Wide range of temperature.• rarely below 11°C or above

34°C.

• Too high.• Average relative %

ranges around 80.

CITIES PRECIPITATION SKY CONDITION

HONOLULU• This vary throughout

the year and ranges from 20-85mm

• The sky is cloudy more than 70% of the time

MANILA

• Precipitation is common for first four month and then varies for the remaining months.

• Ranges from 147-474mm

• This has more sunny days and remaining it is cloudy

• April month has more sunny hours

HAWANA

• This will vary through out the year ranges from 20-60mm

• Precipitation is high around July 15, occurring in 60% of days and least around March 26, occurring in 20% of days.

• This sky is cloudy more than 70% of the time.

• The sky is cloudiest on june22 and clearest on march 24

CITIES SHELTER VENTILATION

HONOLULU

• Architectural style: Hawaiian Beaux-Arts 

• Flat roof• Rusticated and raised first

story.

• Arched windows• Arched

and pedimented doors.

• Hierarchy of spaces ensures proper wind circulation throughout the house.

MANILA

• The climate here is tropical. The architecture aims to achieve thermal comfort through overhangs, roof and wall insulation.

• Ventilation is achieved through through passive designs like sunshades, cavity walls , light shelves, etc.

HAVANA

• Traditional houses: BOHOS

• The shape of BOHOS evolved from the first circular, square or rectangular single-unit dwellings to multi-space houses with gabled roofs.

• It is generally hot and sunny throughout the year with only the cool trade winds providing some relief.

• Hence the windows are often large and placed along the wind direction to facilitate cooling.