“SHAPING OF SHELTERS” IN

WARM HUMID CLIMATE

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

GROUP MEMBERS:

• K.L.RAVI CHANDU (B130397AR)• D.PRASHANTH (B130371AR)• T.VIJAY KUMAR (B130094AR)• V.MANOJ PRASHANTH (B130969AR)

CLIMATE CLIMATE IS A MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE

PATTERN OF VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE , HUMIDITY , ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE , WIND , PRECIPITATION , ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLE COUNT IN A GIVEN REGION OVER LONG PERIOD OF TIME, SAY 30 YEAR.

THE CLIMATE OF A LOCATION IS AFFECTED BY ITS LATITUDE, TERRAIN, AND ATTITUDE AS WELL AS NEARBY WATER BODIES AND THEIR CURRENT.

WORLDWIDE CLIMATE CLASSIFICATIONS

WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE

A CLIMATE WITH AN EXCESS OF MOISTURE, IN WHICH THE SOLAR HEAT RECEIVED IS SUFFICIENT TO EVAPORATE ALL MOISTURE OCCURING IN THE FORM OF PRECIPITATION.

THIS CLIMATE IS FOUND IN BELT NEAR EQUATOR EXTENDING TO ABOUT 15◦ NORTH & SOUTH.

THERE IS VERY LESS SEASONAL VARIATION THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.

EXAMPLES: COLOMBO, SINGAPORE, HAWAII , MALASIA

REASONS FOR WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE PLACES THAT ARE CLOSE TO SEAS OR OCEANS HAVE A HUMID CLIMATE AS THERE IS LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOUR IN THE AIR. ACTUALLY WHAT HAPPENS, LAND AND WATER DON’T GET HEATED AT THE SAME RATE. LAND GETS HEATED FASTER SO IT RADIATES THE ENERGY, THAT HEATS THE AIR ABOVE THE LAND, AS A RESULT OF WHICH AIR ABOVE THE LAND GETS HEATED FASTER THAN AIR ABOVE THE WATER BODIES. NOW HOT AIR IS LIGHTER SO IT MOVES UP AND THE SURROUNDING AIR ABOVE THE SEAS RUSHES TO TAKE ITS PLACE WHICH HAS LOTS OF WATER VAPOUR IN IT. THIS IS THE REASON FOR WARMNESS AND HUMIDITY.

CHARACTERISTICS1. TEMPERATURE: DURING DAY BETWEEN 27◦C AND 32◦C. AT NIGHT BETWEEN 21◦C AND 27◦C.

2. HUMIDITY: RELATIVE HUMIDITY REMAIN HIGH, 75% FOR

MOST OF THE TIME, BUT VARY FROM 55% TO ALMOST 100%.

3. VAPOUR PRESSURE: BETWEEN 2500 TO 3500 N/M2.

4. PRECIPITATION: HIGH PRECIPITATION THROUGHOUT THE

YEAR(RAINFALL). GENERALLY BECOMES MORE INTENSE FOR SEVERAL

CONSECUTIVE MONTH. ANNUAL RAINFALL- 2000 TO 5000 MM. OCCURANCE OF GUSTY WINDS AND ELECTRIC

STORMS.

5. SKY CONDITION: ARE FAIRLY CLOUDY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. CLOUD COVER- 60 TO 90%.

6. WIND: WIND VELOCITY IS LOW, CALM AND PERIODIC BUT

MAY BE STRONG DURING RAIN SQUALLS.

7. SOLAR RADIATION: THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS HIGH

DURING SUMMERS AND MODERATE DURING WINTERS.

8. VEGETATION: GROWS QUICKLY DUE TO FREQUENT RAINS &

HIGH TEMPERATURE. DIFFICULT TO CONTROL. HIGH HUMIDITY ACCELARATES MOULD AND

ALGAE GROWTH, RUSTING AND ROTTING.

AREAS INFLUENCED BY THIS CLIMATE:• GOA• MUMBAI• VISHAKHAPATNAM• THIRUVANANTHAPURAM• CHENNAI• KOLKATA• PURI• TRIPURA

REQUIREMENTS IN WARM HUMID CLIMATE

• Minimization of the high day temp. • Avoidance of direct exposure of facades to

solar radiations• Reduction in the humidity levels• Continuous air circulation to reduce heat

and relief from stickiness!• To create a temp. difference between the

inside and outside environments to facilitate evaporation and heat dissipation.

To define climatic design process according to comfort zone, it could be divided to four main parts:

A. Study of the design subject (climate-activities-clothing-etc.) Designer should be able to fully understand the climate and comfort needs

as well as all architectural issues related to the project.

B. Defining the comfort zone (monthly-daily) The monthly or daily comfort zone should be defined

C.Gathering the climatic design advices (shading-thermal mass-evaporative cooling-thermal insulation suitable orientation.)

Clear design advices could be derived from previous studies to give directions for each issue in building such as site design, form, ventilation, solar gains, window sizing, thermal mass, passive heating and cooling materials

D. Designing the project (a climatic building) Architect is able to form a climatic building.

CLIMATIC DESIGN PROCEDURE

CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE

• SINCE BEGINNING CLIMATE HAS ITS EFFECTS ON MAN, SURROUNDINGS AND ARCHITECTURE.

• A CLIMATE RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE TAKES ADVANTAGE OF THE FREE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF HEAT AND LIGHT.

• A ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT DESIGN IS ESSENTIAL.

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BUILDING

DESIGN FOR THIS CLIMATE ARE:• SITE a. LANDFORM FOR FLAT SITES, DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LANDFORM IS IMMATERIAL.IN CASE OF SLOPES AND DEPRESSIONS, THE BUILDING SHOULD BE LOCATED ON THE WINDWARD SIDE OR CREST TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF COOL BREEZE.

b. WATER BODIES WATER BODIES ARE NOT ESSENTIAL AS THEY WOULD TEND TO FURTHER INCREASE THE HUMIDITY.

c. STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION THE WIDTH OF THE STREET SHOULD BE SUCH THAT THE INTENSE SOLAR RADIATION DURING LATE MORNING AND EARLY NOON IS AVOIDED DURING THE SUMMER. MAJOR STREET SHOULD BE ORIENTED PARALLEL TO OR WITHIN 30 DEGREE OF THE PREVALLING WIND DIRECTION DURING SUMMER MONTHS TO ENCOURAGE VENTILATION IN WARM AND HUMID REGIONS.

d. OPEN SPACE AND BUILT FORM• BUILDINGS SHOULD BE SPREAD OUT WITH LARGE OPEN SPACES

IN BETWEEN FOR UNRESTRICTED AIR MOVEMENT.

• IN CITIES BUILDINGS ON STILTS CAN PROMOTE VENTILATION AND CAUSE COOLING AT THE GROUND LEVEL.

• VENTILATION WINDOW TYPE FOR GOOD AIR FLOW

EXTRA VENTILATING DEVICES USED FOR PROPER AIR CIRCULATION

• BUILDING PLANNING TO PROVIDE SHELTER FROM RAIN AND HEAT, THE FORM OF THE BUILDING SHOULD BE PLANNED TO PROMOTE AIR FLOW.

• MATERIALS MATERIALS WITH HEAT STORAGE CAPACITY SUCH AS BRICKS AND CONCRETE ARE OF LITTLE BENEFIT, A LIGHTER HOUSE CONSTRUCTION (TIMBER , FIBRO) WILL COOL QUICKLY AT NIGHT.

TIMBER HOUSE FIBRO HOUSE

• COLOUR AND TEXTURE THE WALLS SHOULD BE PAINTED WITH LIGHT WHITEWASHED,

WHILE THE SURFACE OF THE ROOF CAN BE BROKEN GLAZED TILE TO REFELECT THE SUN BACK TO THE ENVIRONMENT.

• BOUNDARY FENCES SHOULD NOT BLOCK AIRFLOW.• MAKE SURE TO BLOCK THE SUMMER BREEZES.• SPACING OF BUILDINGS SHOULD BE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED

TO AVOID OBSTRUTION OF WIND.

DOCUMENTATION-1• LOCATION: Nothern Territory, Australia• Housing for Commonwealth employees

PLAN

CASE STUDY ON KERALA:• WIND- WINDS HAVE WESTERLY COMPONENT DURING THE DAY AND EASTERLY COMPONENTS DURING THE NIGHT THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. IN GENERAL WINDS ARE QUITE STRONG DURING DAYTIME WHEN THERMAL CIRCULATION IS BEST DEVELOPED AND WEAK DURING NIGHT.

• HUMIDITYDURING THE HOT WEATHER SEASON IT RANGES FROM 53% TO 72% DURING THE MOONSOON SEASON IT IS ABOUT 85% OR ABOVE

• AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL RECEIVES AN AVERAGE RAINFALL OF 3300MM.

Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Trivandrum city

31.6 31.9 31.5 31.9 31.8 31.5 32 31.7 32 32.5

Kozhikode city

31.2 31.4 31.3 32.1 32.3 31.3 31.5 31.4 32 32.2

Punalur 33.2 33.4 33.4 32.9 33.1 31.9 33.1 33 33.6 34.1

Trivandrum (AP)

31.3 31.4 30.9 31.6 31.7 31 31.3 30.9 31.3 31.6

Kottayam

31.9 32.2 32.4 33 32 31.8 31.7 31.7 32 32.3

Kannur 31.7 32.3 32.1 32.6 32.3 31.8 31.9 31.9 32.7 32.8

Pallakkad

32.1 32 31.4 31.1 31.2 30.9 32.6 Dna dna Dna

Kochi (AP)

31.1 31.3 31.1 31.4 31.3 31 30.9 30.9 31.1 31.5

Allappuzha

31.6 31.8 31.6 32.2 32.2 31.4 30.3 31.6 31.6 31.9

Karipur (AP)

31.6 31.8 31.7 32.2 31.9 31.4 31.6 31.5 32 32.2

Vellanikara

Dna 32.1 31.8 33.7 32.1 31.6 31.9 31.8 31.3 32.3

MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE

Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Trivandrum city

23.5 23.4 23.3 23.5 24.1 23.4 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.1

Kozhikode city

24.0 24.3 24.2 24.5 24.9 24.2 24.2 24.4 24.5 24.7

Punalur dna 22.2 22.1 22.1 23.0 22.3 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.1

Trivandrum (AP)

23.8 23.9 23.7 24.0 24.1 23.9 24.2 23.8 23.4 24.1

Kottayam 22.9 23.6 23.3 23.5 23.6 22.8 21.4 22.7 22.8 22.9

Kannur 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.7 24.1 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.7 23.7

Palakkad 22.7 23.4 23.6 23.6 24.1 23.4 dna dna dna dna

Kochi (AP) 24.2 24.4 24.4 24.3 24.7 24.4 24.1 24.5 24.7 24.1

Alappuzha 24.1 24.3 24.1 24.3 24.6 23.9 23.9 23.6 23.3 22.6

Karipur 23.4 23.6 23.4 23.7 24.2 23.6 23.4 23.5 23.3 23.5

Vellanikkara

dna 22.5 23.2 33.7 23.1 23 23.1 23.4 23.3 23.5

MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE

THIS TYPE OF ROOF ALLOW RAINWATER FLOW

DOWN

HOT AND COLD BREEZES MAINTAINS

THE TEMPERATURE

VERANDAH IS USED FOR PROPER VENTILATION AND

PROTECTION FROM DIRECT SUN RADIATION

DOUBLE WINDOW SHEDS ARE USED FOR

PROTECTION FROM SOLAR RADIATION

THANK YOU