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Water Soluble Vitamins Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Thiamine is the anti beriberi factor. It is a

base having the pyrimidine ring & thiazole ring linked together.

It is generally prepared as its salt with HCl (thiamine hydrochloride).

Structure

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Its other derivatives are TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) & thiochrome.

Thiamine pyrophosphate

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Source of vit B1Source of vit B1 Thiamine occurs in high conc in seedsseeds. It is

also present in leavesleaves, stemsstems, rootsroots & fruitsfruits. In cereals it is concentrated in outer germ cells

& barn layers (rice polishingrice polishing). These are often discarded during millingmilling which is associated with loss of thiamineloss of thiamine..

Animal tissues are rich in thiamine. LiverLiver extract (good source) & milk (low amount).

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Deficiency & biological importance Deficiency & biological importance

The oxidative decarboxylationoxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate & α-ketoglutarate, plays a key role in energy energy metabolismmetabolism of most cells – tissues of nervous system.

In thiamine deficiencythiamine deficiency the activity of these two reactions are decreased, resulting decreased decreased production of ATPproduction of ATP & thus, impaired cellular impaired cellular functionfunction.

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Beriberi: Beriberi generally affects the cardiovascularcardiovascular

system (wet beriberiwet beriberi) or the nervousnervous system (dry beriberidry beriberi).

While many of the symptomssymptoms of beriberi are reversiblereversible if treated promptly, delayed delayed treatmenttreatment may result in permanent complications & may become life threateninglife threatening.

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SevereSevere deficiency syndrome. SignsSigns of infantileinfantile beriberi include tachycardiatachycardia,

vomitingvomiting, convulsionsconvulsions, & if not treated, deathdeath. Adult beriberi – dry skindry skin, irritabilityirritability, disordered disordered

thinkingthinking, & progressive paralysisparalysis.

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome: Some alcoholics develop these syndrome – a thiamine deficiency, state characterizedcharacterized by apathyapathy, loss loss of memory,of memory, ataxiaataxia etc. This disease is treatabletreatable with thiamine supplementation.

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Requirements Requirements

For adult 1 – 1.5mg daily. For children 0.4 – 1.3mg daily. The requirement can be increasedincreased in

deficiencydeficiency or during injuryinjury or during treatmenttreatment with antibiotics.

3μg = 1 international unit of B1.

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Vitamin B2 Riboflavin

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Vitamin B2 Riboflvin is an orange yellow compound

containing D-ribitolD-ribitol (a ribose alcohol) & a heterocyclicheterocyclic substance isoalloxazineisoalloxazine.

It is 6,7-dimethyl -9-(D-ribityl)-isoalloxazine6,7-dimethyl -9-(D-ribityl)-isoalloxazine. It is quite stable to heatstable to heat in neutral & acidic

medium. On exposure to lightexposure to light D-ribityl residue is split

off with formation of lumiflavinlumiflavin in alkaline solution & lumichromelumichrome in acidic solution.

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Structural formula Vit B2

RiboflavinRiboflavin

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Occurence Occurence

High conc occur in yeast cellsyeast cells & fermenting bacteriabacteria, in liver 2-3mg/100g, kidneys, whole grain, dry beans, peas, nuts, milk, egg, meat etc.

In tissues it occurs as FMN or FAD.

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Deficiency & biological importance Deficiency & biological importance

Riboflavin deficiency is not associatednot associated with a majormajor human disease. Although, principle principle signssigns of riboflavin deficiency are lesionlesion of the lipslips (cheilosis), mouth (stomatitisstomatitis) & tongue (glossitisglossitis).

The ocularocular system is particularly affected; photophobiaphotophobia, conjunctivitisconjunctivitis, burningburning & smatteringsmattering of eyes.

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Requirements Requirements

Adults, recommended daily intake is 1.5 to 1.8 1.5 to 1.8 mgmg depending on weight.

Woman, in later halflater half of pregnancy, need 2mg2mg & during lactation 2.5mg2.5mg.

Infants need 0.6mg0.6mg, children 1 to 1.8mg, & 2 to 2.5mg during adolescence.

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MULTI VITAMINS - TAB Ingredient(s): Each tablet provides the following

ingredients: Composition Vitamin C 500 mg Nicotinamide 100 mg Vitamin E 30 IU Calcium pantothenate (Pantothenic Acid) 20 mg Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 15 mg Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 15 mg Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine hydrochloride 20 mg Vitamin B1212 mcg Folic Acid 150 mcg Zinc (equivalent to 100 mg of Zinc sulfate) 22.5 mg

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Vitamin B6Vitamin B6(Pyridoxine)(Pyridoxine)

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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

CHEMSITRY:CHEMSITRY: Pyridoxine is an antidermatitisantidermatitis factor especially in rats. Chemically it is a pyridine derivative.

A number of other derivativesother derivatives of pyridoxine have been discovered & they are physiologically activephysiologically active.

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Structure of pyridoxine & its derivativesStructure of pyridoxine & its derivatives

Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine

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Pyridoxal & pyridoxamine occur as pyridoxal pyridoxal phosphatephosphate & pyridoxamine phosphatepyridoxamine phosphate, which are the active formactive form & important coenzymescoenzymes.

Pyridoxal - (P) Pyridoxamine – (P)

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Occurrence Occurrence It is widely distributed in plantsplants & animalanimal

tissues. The diets richdiets rich in it are yeastsyeasts, rice polishingrice polishing,

the germinal portion of various seedsvarious seeds, cerealscereals & egg yolkegg yolk.

Moderate concModerate conc present in kidney, liver, muscles & fish.

Milk contains low conclow conc of vit B6. The richest source is Royal jellyRoyal jelly.

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Properties Properties It is colorless crystal & resistantresistant to light & UV

rays. It is stablestable in both acidic & alkaline solutions. Requirements:Requirements: For a human adultadult, daily intake 1.5 to 2mg. InfantsInfants require 0.3mg/day. The requirements increaseincrease when the protein protein

intakeintake is high.

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Biological importance Biological importance Pyridoxal – (P) & Pyridoxamine – (P) act as co-act as co-

enzymeenzyme for many important reaction such as; decarboxylation, transamination, racemization.Histidine Histamine +

CO2 Vit B6 is an important factor to regulateregulate the

metabolismmetabolism of amino acids & keto-acids. It helps in the synthesissynthesis of proteinsproteins &

carbohydrates.

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It takes part in normal tryptophan metabolismtryptophan metabolism. It helps in the entryentry of amino acids & K into into

the cellthe cell against concentration gradient. Antagonist: Deoxypyridine (CH2OH at

position 4 replaced by CH3) acts as an antivitamin.

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Deficiency of vit B6 (Hypovitaminosis)Deficiency of vit B6 (Hypovitaminosis) DermatitisDermatitis, ReducedReduced growth Isoniazid (INH) Isoniazid (INH) treatment in tuberculosis

patients induces B6 deficiency – recommended

DegenerationDegeneration of nerve, ReproductionReproduction failure WeaknessWeakness of muscles, AnemiaAnemia may occur.

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Uses:Uses: It is effective in curing nausea & vomiting of

pregnancy (morning sickness)(morning sickness), radiationradiation sickness & post anestheticpost anesthetic vomiting.

Also used for treating neuromuscularneuromuscular disorder. Mild pyridoxine deficiencydeficiency has been reported

during oral contraceptionoral contraception (Oestradiol) – recommended to avoid hypovitaminosis.

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Vitamin BVitamin B1212(Cobalamins – Cyanocobalamin)(Cobalamins – Cyanocobalamin)

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Vitamin B12 Chemistry:Chemistry: Vitamin B12 is an intrinsic antipernecious antipernecious

anemiaanemia factor. It is dark red compound containing a cobalt cobalt

atomatom linked by co-ordinate linkages to 4-Nlinkages to 4-N-atoms of partially hydrogenated pyrrolepyrrole & to a radicalradical (CN, OH, etc) & a nucleotidenucleotide.

The nucleotide is 5,6-dimethyl5,6-dimethyl-(D-ribofuranosylribofuranosyl) benzimidazolebenzimidazole-33-PhosphatePhosphate.

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Cobalamin

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Cobalamin stands for cyanocobalaminecyanocobalamine & a number of related substances.

The CN-radical may be replaced by –OH–OH the compound B12 is hydroxo-cobalaminhydroxo-cobalamin. Similarly it may be replaced by –NO–NO22 to yield nitrocobalaminnitrocobalamin.

Occurrence: LiverLiver is the richest source of vit B12. Other food stuffs rich in vti B12 are eggegg, milkmilk, meatmeat & fishfish.

Animals & higher plants cannot synthesizecannot synthesize it. Micro-organisms can accomplish its synthesis.

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Properties:Properties: It contains one atom of cobaltcobalt, which imparts

it a deep reddeep red color. It is very easily decomposeddecomposed by direct sunlightdirect sunlight

after only a few minutes’ exposure. It is also labilelabile to heatheat & acids. Requirements:Requirements: Daily requirement is as follows Adult man or woman; 11μμgg Pregnant or lactating woman; 1.5 1.5 μμgg Infants & children; 0.2-1 0.2-1 μμgg

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Biological functionsBiological functions It is essential for maturationmaturation of RBCsRBCs. It increasesincreases the WBCWBC & PlateletPlatelet count. It is important for the synthesissynthesis of nucleic acidnucleic acid. It is essential for the normal activitiesnormal activities of

nervous systemnervous system. FormationFormation of lipidslipids from carbohydrates is

influenced by vit B12.

continue

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It helps in the growthgrowth of micro-organism called lactobacillus lactuslactobacillus lactus.

It can curecure hyperglycemiahyperglycemia. It also help in transmethylationtransmethylation. It involves in purine & pyrimidine metablism.metablism.

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Deficiency of vit B12 (hypovitaminosis)Deficiency of vit B12 (hypovitaminosis) B12 is absentabsent in vegetablesvegetables so vegetarian may

develop its deficiency. Vegetarian lactating lactating womenwomen may produce deficiency in infants.

The diseases of vit B12 deficiency are megaloblastic anemiamegaloblastic anemia & pernecious anemiapernecious anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is associated with the mild enlargement of redenlargement of red cell in the bone marrow. Nuclear chromatinchromatin also changes its appearance.

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The pernecious anemiapernecious anemia is accompanied by complete lack of HCllack of HCl & atrophicatrophic gastritis.

Other signs of hypovitaminosis are; HyperglycemiaHyperglycemia may also occur due to vit B12

deficiency. There is slow growthslow growth. Weakness of musclesWeakness of muscles. Some drugsSome drugs interfere with absorption of B12

e.g., cholchicine, neomycine, ethanol & KClcholchicine, neomycine, ethanol & KCl.

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Recommeded books M.Rafiq I, Lippicott’s, Mushtaq Ahmed II, S.P.Sing

Cheilosis = fissuring at the corners of the mouth), Glossitis = the tongue appearing smooth and purplish Chromatin: substance forming chromosomes: the substance that forms

chromosomes and contains DNA, RNA, and various proteins Atrophic gastritis: stomach inflammation: inflammation of the stomach

caused by the inability to secrete sufficient acid to kill bacteria. Formula of B complex – Surbex Z