Paper 2: Challenges in the human Q1 Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges

London, UK

Describe and explain the location of a UK city you have studied.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of major UK city: London c) Use the maps to help you describe the location of London

Description of the location of London:

d) Use the map and the words below to help you complete the sentences that explain why London developed as a major city in the UK

York bridge one high

The river meant they only had to protect _______ side of the settlement.

River narrow enough and ground firm enough to build the first London ____________.

A bridge over the river meant roads from all directions such as Dover, Chichester and ____________ in the north passed through London and Romans could

The River Thames is tidal. At _________ tide, ships could sail up the river and London became a port. conquer southern England.

Explain the importance of a major city in the UK both in the UK and the wider world.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of major UK city: _____________________c) Complete the table below:

Facts about London: Important to the UK or wider world or both? Be able to justify why you think this.

The UK’s transport network (road and rail) focuses on London (look at the map showing UK motorways below).

The UK’s two busiest international airports (Gatwick and Heathrow) are close to London.

London is the UK’s largest and wealthiest city – London earnings (wages) and house prices have risen faster here than anywhere else in the UK.

London is one of the two most important financial centres in the world.

The headquarters of many large international companies, as well as most major British companies, are based in London.

London is a centre for media and communication networks (e.g. BBC), legal and medical facilities (e.g. Harley Street and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children), culture, entertainment and tourism.London has a number of world renowned universities e.g. University College of London, Imperial College London).

Many of London’s iconic buildings like the Shard (see below) are owned by foreign investors.

Examine the impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of a major UK city you have studied.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of major UK city: _____________________c) Define the key terms in the question:

- ___________________________ is the movement of people within a country.- ___________________________ is the movement of people between two countries.

Example of migrations to/from London:

International or national migration?

Impact on growth and/or character of London:

London has a young population as it is young people who move, often for economic opportunities or for education. 37% of Londoners were born outside of the UK.Largest numbers of migrants are from places like India, Nigeria and Jamaica which used to be part of the British Empire.Many Chinese people have migrated to London for the economic opportunities.

Shoreditch: 30 years ago people left the area because the factories and warehouses had shut down and they were replaced with mainly Bangladeshi immigrants.Since 2007, more migrants have come from Eastern Europe as part of the free movement of people within the European Union.

Add these to the table above:

This has led to the development of Chinatown where many buildings are built in a Chinese style and there are a number of Chinese supermarkets. Chinese New Year is celebrated in style.

The population of London grows because of natural increase (more births than deaths) due to young people starting their families here. London is the most diverse city in the UK with less than half of London’s population being of white British origin and this diversity can be seen in the food, music, festivals, buildings and languages found in the city.

One building shows the changes of character as it has so far been a protestant church, a Jewish synagogue and is now known as Brick Lane Mosque in Shoreditch.

With so many different ethnicities living in London there is a wider cultural mix and this is shown by the food you can buy in the local area, the music you can hear, the festivals that are celebrated and the languages that are spoken and seen on signs.

Supermarkets have cashed in on a new market of customers. E.g. Tesco now sell over 100 different lines of Polish food.

For a major city in the UK you have studied, explain how urban change has led to social opportunities.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of major UK city: _____________________c) Define the key terms in the question:

- ___________________________ is the development of towns/cities.- ___________________________ are chances for people to improve their quality of life through services

like healthcare and education. d) Complete the table below by adding the descriptions and then the examples.

Description choices:

This makes journeys easier as all the transport methods link up to each other (e.g. trains/trams/buses/airports/ferries).

London has many tourist attractions like museums, sports venues, multiplex cinemas and concert venues for people to enjoy. People in cities have more opportunities for recreation than smaller towns and villages.

London is the most ethnically diverse city in the UK. The different ethnicities offer the people of London wider cultural experiences

London has a wider range of jobs, especially in service (tertiary) industries.

Social opportunity Description ExampleCultural mixRecreation and enjoymentEmploymentIntegrated transport system

Example choices:

e.g. Buckingham Palace, Tower of London, London Eye, The Apollo Theatre, Wembley Stadium, O2 Arena)

E.g. China Town for food and festivals or the Notting Hill Festival which celebrates Caribbean music and food.

London’s Crossrail (underground rail) project will mean a quicker service for people and it will mean an extra 1.5 million people will be able to commute to the city (get to work in London). There will also be more disabled access on trains.

E.g. tourism and finance in places like Canary Wharf (which used to be part of London’s Docklands where boats came in and out with cargo).

** Who might these opportunities not be open to? Complete the sentences below:

manufacturing income benefit unemployment

London residents who do not have the disposable _____________ to pay for these opportunities will not ___________. It might be that they worked in industries that have declined like_______________ which has increased _______________ and therefore reduced disposable income.

Example of urban change: Shoreditch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9heO5pj2zck

Add the descriptions to the correct columns:

Shoreditch in the PAST Shoreditch NOWURBAN CHANGE

It is known for its some of the best nightlife in London including pubs, clubs and music and lots of young professionals live there.

Run down inner city area known for crime, prostitution and poverty.

Shoreditch is the hub of major creative industries like advertising and design in the capital and the UK.

Old Street Roundabout has so many new hi-tech companies that it is nicknamed ‘Silicon Roundabout’ after Silicon Valley which is the centre of hi-tech industry in California, where companies like Microsoft and Apple grew.

It was bombed heavily in the Second World war and afterwards, new high rise tower blocks, warehouses and factories were built.

Had lots of warehouses and factories for silk weaving and other textile industries.

Example of urban change: London Dockland’s (Canary Wharf) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2THOiPFvZmc

Add the descriptions to the correct columns:

London Dockland’s in the PAST London Dockland’s NOWURBAN CHANGE

700 new firms located to the area, mainly service and finance industries e.g Bank of America, HSBC, The Sun newspaper.

People worked in manufacturing or loading or unloading the ships and were made unemployed when the docks failed in the 1970s because the ships became too large to get up the River Thames.

London City Airport has been built on an area that used to be full of warehouses and factories.

High density housing in back to back houses with no inside bathrooms.

The docks had factories and warehouses for lots of industries such as flour mills and timber yards.

GENTRIFICATION – warehouses and factories turned into restaurants, apartments and health clubs.

For a major UK city you have studied, explain how urban change has led to environmental opportunities such as urban greening.

a) Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b) Name of major UK city: _____________________c) Define the key terms in the question:

- ___________________________ is the development of towns/cities.- ___________________________ are chances to improve the natural area. - ___________________________ is how we increase and protect the green spaces we have in cities

d) Complete the table below by adding the descriptions to the correct column.

Example: London Riverside (Wildspace Conservation Park)

London Riverside in the PAST London Riverside NOWURBAN CHANGE

Land was contaminated with waste from factories. It is the biggest green space in London (607 hectares) – three times the size of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens combined.

It acts as a ‘lung’, sucking in CO₂ and giving out O₂ Industrial land in the East End of London, some of which was part of London’s Docklands.

For a major UK city you have studied, explain how urban change has created social and economic challenges.

a. Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b. Name of major UK city: _____________________c. Define the key terms in the question. Add the correct key term from the question above:

____________________________________: is the development of towns/cities.____________________________________: difficulties or problems for people in terms of their standard of living and quality of life.

One challenge in London is social deprivation = the degree to which a person or a community lacks the things that are essential for a decent life. It is measured using these indicators:

Deprivation indicator Shows inequality of: (delete the wrong answers)Life expectancy HEALTH / EDUCATION / EMPLOYMENT / HOUSING

Unemployment HEALTH / EDUCATION / EMPLOYMENT / HOUSING

Pupils achieving 5+ good GCSE grades HEALTH / EDUCATION / EMPLOYMENT / HOUSING

Households with a joint income of less than £15 000 HEALTH / EDUCATION / EMPLOYMENT / HOUSING

Households with a joint income of more than £60 000 HEALTH / EDUCATION / EMPLOYMENT / HOUSING

Which area of London has the lowest measures of social deprivation?

Example: Newham, London’s Docklands area https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2THOiPFvZmc

You have already looked at how London’s Docklands area has changed. It has created problems for the people living there. Complete the challenges by adding these words to the sentences below:

skills manufacturing Developmentwell-paid afford cleaning

Challenge 1: Jobs used to be in ___________________ but the new jobs were nearly all in services. People who used to work on the docks did not have the ______________ to work in the new development so were unemployed or worked in low paid work such as ________________ the offices.

Challenge 2: Only 2000 low income houses were built by the London Docklands __________________ Corporation (LDDC). Many people who work in the new London Docklands work in the ____________________ finance industries. Many local people cannot now _____________ a house in the area they grew up in.

For a major UK city you have studied, explain how urban change has created environmental challenges.

a. Underline/circle the command word in the exam question above. b. Name of major UK city: _____________________c. Organise the following into the table below:

An increasing population in London. 25% of their waste went to landfill and this has led to an increase in methane as the waste rots. Methane is a greenhouse gas which contributes to the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and therefore global warming.Old industries like manufacturing have closed and the areas become abandoned and look very run down.London’s population is growing by about 10 000 people per year but only about 20 000 new homes are built per year. This has led to a severe house shortage and the need for more space to build new housing.As the population of London grows and house prices rise, more people move to settlements a half hour train journey commute outside of London, such as Reading and Chelmsford. These settlements on the rural-urban fringe grow and there is more pressure to build on greenfield sites in those areas around London.

Environmental challenge caused by changes to urban areas

Caused by

Dereliction

Building houses on brownfield and greenfield sites

Brownfield (sites built on before)Greenfield (sites that have never been built on before)Waste disposal

The growth of commuter settlements which leads tourban sprawl impacting on the rural urban fringe

Environmental challenges of building on brownfield and greenfield sites

Brownfield sites Greenfield sites

Add the following to the table above – highlight the negative challenges. Increases the amount of urban land around London.

Reduces the need for urban areas to take up rural areas.

Valuable farmland or recreation land lost on the rural-urban fringe.

Old industrial areas are decontaminated and derelict areas are tidied up.

Natural habitats are destroyed which can upset the interrelationships in ecosystems.

Public transport is better in urban areas so less need for cars so less CO₂ emissions and air pollution.