Views of Animal Phylogeny

Ernst Heinrich Phillipp August Haeckel (1834-1919; Germany)

Hyman 1951

Libbie Hyman1888-1969University of Chicago

Margulis and Schwartz 1987

Lynn Margulis1938-2011U Mass Amherst

Nielsen (2001)

Claus Nielsen, Denmark

Richard C. Brusca (University of Arizona) and Gary J. Brusca (Humboldt State University)

2003

Kenneth M. Halanych (2004)Auburn

traditional recent

Greg Edgecomb et al. (2011)

Natural History Museum, London

Tree produced by maximum-likelihood analysis of the EST Set. The tree was produced from a matrix consisting of 242 genes and 104,840 amino acid characters.

J F Ryan et al. Science 2013;342:1242592

Published by AAAS

Joseph Ryan, Whitney Lab, University of Florida

Hypotheses of deepest branches in the animal tree

Jekely et al. 2015

Gaspar JekelyMax Planck InstituteFor DevelopmentalBiology, Tübingen,Germany

Fig. 3 Idealized three-dimensional models of Cambrian skeletonized ctenophores.

Qiang Ou et al. Sci Adv 2015;1:e1500092

Published by AAAS

Qiang OuUniversity of GeoscienceBeijing, China

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic relationship of fossil and extant ctenophores based on a comprehensive cladistic analysis (tables S2 and S3).

Qiang Ou et al. Sci Adv 2015;1:e1500092

Published by AAAS

Max TelfordUniversity College London

Telford et al. 2015

Pisani et al. 2015

Davide Pisani,University of Bristol

Whelan et al. 2015

Nathan WhelanAuburn University

Xiao and Laflamme (2009)

Modular Ediacara fossils. (A) Three incomplete specimens of the erniettomorph fossil Pteridiniumcomposed of tubular modular units. (B) Pteridinium with nine modular units (right side of fossil). (C) Erniettomorph Ernietta with module infilling. (D) Magnified section of the specimen in the boxed section in C, with arrows highlighting sediment infill. (E) Rangeomorph fossil Rangea with fractal modules (bracket on the right). (F) Rangea with three primary fractal modules (large modules on the left) and three smaller subsidiary modules tucked in between the larger modules. (G) Rangeomorph Fractofususwith 16 fractal modules on either side of the longitudinal midline. Bracket displaying one module. G is provided by G.M. Narbonne. (Scale bar: 1 cm.)

Shuhai Xiao, Virginia TechMarc LaFlamme, University of Toronto