Animal Animal Classification, Classification, Phylogeny, and Phylogeny, and OrganizationOrganization((SystematicsSystematics))

Chapter 7Chapter 7

There are between 1.5 and 2 million species There are between 1.5 and 2 million species

or “kinds” of animalsor “kinds” of animals

And between 4 and 30 million more And between 4 and 30 million more species to be discovered & classifiedspecies to be discovered & classified

Classification: Classification: The ordering of The ordering of organisms into groups on the basis of organisms into groups on the basis of their relationshipstheir relationships

TaxonomyTaxonomy: The science of naming : The science of naming organisms organisms

SystematicsSystematics: Determining evolutionary : Determining evolutionary

relationships of organismsrelationships of organisms

Karl von LinnéKarl von Linné((Carolus Carolus

LinnaeusLinnaeus) ) ((1707-17781707-1778))

Swedish Botanist that recognized that Swedish Botanist that recognized that different species could be grouped into different species could be grouped into broader categories based on shared broader categories based on shared characteristicscharacteristics

Created binomial naming systemCreated binomial naming system Modern classification system used Modern classification system used

todaytoday

Persian CatPersian Cat

Shares characteristics with other Shares characteristics with other domesticated cats (tabby, hairless)domesticated cats (tabby, hairless)

Domesticated cats share Domesticated cats share characteristics with other types of characteristics with other types of cats (bobcat, puma) cats (bobcat, puma)

Which share characteristics with Which share characteristics with dogs, bears, pigsdogs, bears, pigs

Mammals!Mammals!

Hierarchical system Hierarchical system of of classification: Arranged organisms classification: Arranged organisms into an ascending series of groups into an ascending series of groups based on relatedness. These major based on relatedness. These major groups are called groups are called taxa.taxa.

Taxonomic HierarchyTaxonomic Hierarchy

DOMAIN DOMAIN KINGDOMKINGDOMPHYLUMPHYLUM

CLASSCLASSORDERORDERFAMILYFAMILYGENUSGENUSSPECIESSPECIES

Kids playing

chicken on

freeway get

smashed

Taxonomic GroupsTaxonomic Groups

Hierarchy of RelatednessHierarchy of Relatedness

Each group contains animals having more in common Each group contains animals having more in common with each other than with the members of any other with each other than with the members of any other equivalent categoryequivalent category

DOMAIN

KINGDOMPHYLUM CLASSORDERFAMILYGENUSSPECIES

Broadest taxonomic

Broadest taxonomic categorycategory Added recentlyAdded recently Not universally accepted

Not universally accepted

Domains

EukaryotaALL eukaryotic organisms

“True nucleus”

Domains

EubacteriaProkaryotic microorganisms

“true” bacteria

Domains

ArchaeaProkaryotic microbes that live in extreme environments. (anaerobic)Most primative life-forms known

Robert H. Whittaker – Distinguished Robert H. Whittaker – Distinguished kingdoms based on cellular kingdoms based on cellular organization and mode of nutrition. organization and mode of nutrition.

There are five……There are five……

DOMAIN KINGDO

MPHYLUM CLASSORDERFAMILYGENUSSPECIES

Kingdoms of LifeKingdoms of Life

Monera

Protist

Plant

Fungi

Animal

KingdomsKingdoms

MoneraMonera

All prokaryotes!All prokaryotes!

Single celled Single celled -peptidoglycan-peptidoglycan

Make or absorb foodMake or absorb food

Bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green Bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) algae)

KingdomsKingdoms

ProtistaProtista

EukaryoticEukaryotic

single cells or colony single cells or colony

of cellsof cells

Protozoa, amoeba, parameciumProtozoa, amoeba, paramecium

KingdomsKingdoms

FungiFungi

EukaryoticEukaryotic

multicellularmulticellular

cell wallcell wall -chitin-chitin

non-motilenon-motile

absorb foodabsorb food

Mold, yeast, fungiMold, yeast, fungi

KingdomsKingdoms

PlantaePlantae

EukaryoticEukaryotic

multicellular multicellular

cell wallcell wall -cellulose-cellulose

non-motilenon-motile

produce foodproduce food -photosynthetic-photosynthetic

Higher plants, multicellular algaeHigher plants, multicellular algae

KingdomsKingdoms

AnimaliaAnimalia

EukaryoticEukaryotic

multicellularmulticellular

lacks cell walllacks cell wall

motilemotile

ingest foodingest food

Vertebrates, InvertebratesVertebrates, Invertebrates

Animal KingdomAnimal Kingdom

Subdivided into more than 30 phyla Subdivided into more than 30 phyla (pl)(pl)

Each phylum divided into classesEach phylum divided into classes Each class into ordersEach class into orders Each order into familiesEach order into families Each family into genera (pl) Each family into genera (pl) Each genus into speciesEach genus into species

A common pond crayfish is classified as:A common pond crayfish is classified as:Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Phylum ArthropodaPhylum ArthropodaClass CrustaceaClass Crustacea Order DecapodaOrder Decapoda

Family CambaridaeFamily CambaridaeGenus Genus Procambarus Procambarus Species Species P. acutusP. acutus

Every phylum must have at least one class, order, Every phylum must have at least one class, order, etc..etc..

More specialized levels of taxonomy More specialized levels of taxonomy deal with further subdivisions such deal with further subdivisions such as as superfamily superfamily or or subfamily, subfamily, suborder, suborder, or or subspeciessubspecies

Linnaeus’ system for naming species known Linnaeus’ system for naming species known as as binomialbinomial nomenclaturenomenclature (two names) (two names) or or “scientific name”“scientific name”

Universally acceptedUniversally accepted No two animals have the same nameNo two animals have the same name

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

11stst word: Name of genus (capitalized) word: Name of genus (capitalized)

22ndnd word: Name of species (lower case) word: Name of species (lower case)

Entire word italicized or underlined (Latin Entire word italicized or underlined (Latin origin)origin)

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens Homo sapiensHomo sapiens H. sapiensH. sapiens

The scientific name for a crayfish is The scientific name for a crayfish is Procambrus acutusProcambrus acutus

Animal SystematicsAnimal Systematics

Goal: To arrange animals into groups Goal: To arrange animals into groups that reflect evolutionary that reflect evolutionary relationships.relationships.

There are 3 types of groups.There are 3 types of groups.

Polyphyletic groupPolyphyletic group: : Members can be traced Members can be traced to separate ancestors.to separate ancestors.

Monophyletic group:Monophyletic group: Groups with single Groups with single ancestral species and ancestral species and its decendents.its decendents.

Paraphyletic groupParaphyletic group: : Some but not all Some but not all members of a lineage.members of a lineage.

CladogramCladogram

Cladograms Taxa

Characters

Depicts a sequence in the origin of derived characters.

Patterns of Animal OrganizationPatterns of Animal Organization

Animal SymmetryAnimal SymmetryHow parts of an animal arrange around a How parts of an animal arrange around a

point or axispoint or axis

Asymmetry: Asymmetry: Absence of a Absence of a central point or axis around central point or axis around which body parts are equally which body parts are equally distributed (protists, distributed (protists, sponges)sponges)

Animal SymmetryAnimal SymmetryHow parts of an animal arrange around a How parts of an animal arrange around a

point or axispoint or axis

RadialRadial: : Divides into similar Divides into similar halves by more than two planes halves by more than two planes (sea anemone, jellyfish)(sea anemone, jellyfish)

Animal SymmetryAnimal SymmetryHow parts of an animal arrange around a How parts of an animal arrange around a

point or axispoint or axis

BilateralBilateral: : Arrangement of body parts so that a Arrangement of body parts so that a single plane divides the animal into left & right single plane divides the animal into left & right mirror imagesmirror images(vertebrates)(vertebrates)

CephalizationCephalization: Formation of a distinct head: Formation of a distinct head

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

AnteriorAnterior

Head endHead end

PosteriorPosterior

Tail endTail end

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

DorsalDorsal

Back of an animalBack of an animal

VentralVentral

Belly of an animalBelly of an animal

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

MedialMedial

Midline of the bodyMidline of the body

LateralLateral

Sides of the bodySides of the body

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

SuperiorSuperior

Above a point of Above a point of reference reference

InferiorInferior

Below a point of Below a point of referencereference

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

DistalDistal

Far from the middle or Far from the middle or point of attachmentpoint of attachment

ProximalProximal

Close to the middle or Close to the middle or point of attachmentpoint of attachment

Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry

AboralAboral

End opposite the mouthEnd opposite the mouth

OralOral

End containing mouthEnd containing mouth

Diploblastic OrganizationDiploblastic Organization

•Simplest tissue level organization

•2 layers:

•Ectoderm-outer layer, gives rise to epidermis.

•Endoderm-gives rise to the tissue that lines the gut.

TriploblasticTriploblastic OrganizationOrganization

•3 layers

•Ectoderm-outer layer of body wall

•Endoderm-lines the gut

•Mesoderm-gives rises to supportive, contractile and blood cells.