Unit 2: The blood, Lymphatic & Immune System NotesMedical Terminology

Objectives: Define and decipher common terms associated with the lymphatic and immune systems Identify the basic anatomy of the lymphatic and immune systems Analyze unfamiliar terms using the knowledge of word roots, suffixes, and prefixes gained in

the course Research diseases which involve the lymphatic and immune systems

I. Medical terms related to the blood, and the lymphatic and immune systems:

Combining FormsCombining Form Meaning

Adenoid/oAgglutin/oAngi/oArteri/oCyt/oErythr/oFung/oHem/a, hem/o, hemat/oIatr/oImmun/oKary/oLeuk/oLog/oLy/oLymph/o, lymphat/oLymphaden/oLymphangi/oMorpho/oMyel/oNucle/oPath/oPhag/oPhleb/oSer/oSplen/oThromb/oThym/oTonsill/oTox/oVen/i, ven/oVir/o

PrefixesAnti-Con-Macro-

Meta-Poly-

Suffixes-blast-crit-emic-phage-plasma-poiesis

II. Two main fluid systems the human body-blood and lymphA. Blood: part of the circulatory or ______________________________________________ systemB. Lymph: Part of the lymphatic system; a clear fluid

a. Contains ______________________________________ to help remove wastes, germs, toxins and other substances from tissues

b. Controls ____________________________ levels in tissues

III. Functions of the blood: Blood is composed of various cells that have various functionsA. carry _____________________________________________ from lungs to the cells of your bodyB. remove ______________________________________________ to prevent waste buildup in cellsC. defends body against infection and disease

IV. Structures of the BloodA. Blood Cells: Manufactured in the bone marrow

a. Erythrocytes (_________________________): carry oxygen to body cells and remove wastesi. Contain hemoglobin which is a specialized protein used to carry O2 and CO2

b. Leukocytes (_________________________): defend against infection and disease; two typesi. Polymorphonuclear: WBC that have a nucleus made up of several segments

poly/morpho/nucle/ar: _____________________________________________________Can also be called granulocytes because their cytosol is filled with granules

1. _________________________/phagocytes: destroy harmful pathogens by engulfing them and breaking them down with enzymes

2. Eosinophils: secrete chemicals to attack disease causing parasites. Also respond during an allergic reaction by causing inflammation

3. ___________________________________: Contain histamine and heparin. a. ____________________________: chemical that the body releases

during an inflammatory responseb. Heparin: prevents coagulation or clotting

ii. Mononuclear: _______________________that only have one nucleus; are also called agranulocytes because their cytosol does not have any granules

1. Lymphocytes: immune surveillance; detect and destroy foreign cells2. Monocytes: __________________________ that ingest and dispose of dead or

dying cellsa. Macrophages: ______________________________ that are found in

tissues instead of blood stream. Mostly found in spleen, liver, and connective tissue.

c. Thrombocytes (platelets): Aid in coagulation; cell fragments that have been broken off of megakaryocytes (bone marrow cells that have very large nuclei)

Mega/kary/o/cyt/e: ____________________________________________________________

B. Plasma: ___________________ portion of the blood that contains water, hormones, proteins, sugar, salts, and wastes. Four key proteins found in plasma help the body function effectively.

a. Albumin: water level maintenance in bloodb. ___________________________: alpha and beta globulins transport lipids. Gamma globulins

act as antibodiesc. Fibrinogen: key protein involved in blood clottingd. Prothrombin: another protein involved in blood clotting

V. Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune SystemsA. Protect the body from _________________________ (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parities, toxins,

allergens & cancerous cells). Relies on organs from several body ___________________________. a. Integumentary system: skin acts as a barrier from pathogensb. Respiratory system: Cilia and mucous membranes help trap foreign particles. c. ______________________ system: the stomach produces acids and enzymes to destroy

foreign invaders.d. Lymphatic system: plays a central role

VI. Structures of the Lymphatic SystemA. Lymph/lymphatic fluid/interstitial fluid: colorless fluid that leaves the blood capillaries and circulates through a pathway of lymphatic vessels and tissues. B. Lymphatic Vessels: Carry lymph to tissues of the body

a. Only move in one direction (towards the thoracic cavity) and contain valves to prevent backflow

C. Lymph Nodes: small bean-shaped structure that that filter foreign substances from lympha. also produce lymphocytes which can detect and destroy pathogens.

D. __________________________: Small mass of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring in the pharynx; Three types. Can trap pathogens that enter through the throat and the nose.

a. palatine tonsils: found on either side of the throatb. lingual tonsils: at the base of the tonguec. _____________________/pharyngeal tonsils: in the upper part of the throat (nasopharynx)

E. _____________________________: gland located in the upper mediastinum (area of the chest between the lungs). Begins to atrophy after ____________________________.

a. T lymphocytes produced in bone marrow mature in the thymus and then enter the bloodstream

F. Spleen: largest lymphatic organa. Filters blood by destroying worn out _______________________b. produces lymphocytesc. stores thrombocytesd. reservoir for _______________________________

G. Liver (found in RUQ): a. filters blood through _______________________________hem/o/lysis:__________________________________________________________________________________c. storage for healthy erythrocyteserythr/o/cyt/es:______________________________________________________________________________

H. Peyer’s patches: small bundles of ____________________ tissue in the walls of the small intestines.a. protect against invaders that enter through the digestive system.

VII. Structures of the Immune SystemA. T cells: Different types of T cells are involved in immunity

a. Cytotoxic cells (T8 cells): attach themselves to antigens and destroy those substances

b. Helper cells (T4 cells): aid ___________________________ in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody (Ig) production

c. Natural Killer cells (NK cells): usually target cancer cells or viruses by recognizing the specific sugars they have on their surface

d. _______________________________ cells: slow or stop the activity of B or T cells once the foreign invader has been destroyed or controlled

B. B Cells: turn into plasma cells in response to an antigen and then secrete immunoglobulins (specific antibodies). This is referred to as humoral immunity. There are five classes of immunoglobulins:

a. IgA: Found in respiratory and GI tracts. They are also secreted in ____________________, tears, and _______________________________.

b. IgD: found in blood plasma in small amounts. Attach themselves to the surface of B cells to act as antigen receptors

c. IgE: secreted by plasma cells in skin, tonsils, and respiratory and GI tracts; stimulate histamines so useful in allergic responses

d. IgG: Main defense against infection invaders. Can provide __________________ immunity.e. IgM: help fight _____________________ infections. Can bind to B-cells and act as powerful

________________________________ agents.

VIII. Types of Immunity: Immunity is the ability to resist pathogens and toxins that cause infection and disease.

A. Natural immunity: immunity you were ______________________________a. Your body is predisposed to protect you from certain diseases because of your race,

_______________________________, or species (in the case of other animals)i. Feline leukemia

ii. Sickle-cell anemiaiii. Prostate cancer vs. cervical cancer

B. Acquired immunity: the body’s ability to protect itself against a ___________________________ bacterium, virus, etc.

a. Acquired active immunity: Body is exposed to and learns to defend against the pathogen

i. Immunity through a _______________________: After being invaded by a pathogen and surviving, B and T cells produce memory cells that can help prevent reinfection.

ii. Immunity through a _______________: person is injected with modified pathogen or toxin that will prime immune system to potential attacks from pathogens.

b. Acquired passive immunity: _______________________________ immunity that comes from antibodies produced in a body other than your own.

i. Serum from the blood of an animal or other personii. Injections of gamma globulins from other people

iii. Newborns getting antibodies from motheriv. ______________________________________ transplant from a healthy person to a

diseased individual. (Ex. Leukemia, severe anemia, etc.)

Structures of the lymphatic and Immune systems

Cistern chyli