Inside14• v 14. 1939

-What Mussolini HasItalyA Traveler from Abroad Studies the

New Roman EmpireParis, France.

ITALYDOES NOT want war,and Italians do not like Ger-mans. Italy Is not 111 post-

tion to enduro a long war andwill go to almost any extent toprevent a war that would makeIt a rmlltaryally of Germany.These are among some of the

Impressions I received on myrecent visit to Italy.Mussollnl, from my observa-

tlons, has done a remarkablyfine job In Italy. He is the idolof the working classes and seemsalso to have the support of theupper classes. Business men ofthe country are somewhat dlvid-ed In their opinion of his Inter-nal policies, but as a whole theopinion Is more favorable thanunfavorable. His external poliocles, and In particular his rela-tions with Germany, have notbeen so favorably received bythe people as a whole.It Is generally recognized that

Mussollni has rebuilt Italy mor-ally, mentally, and physically.Those who knew the countryfifteen years ago assert thatIt has been completely trans-formed and that Mussollni hasdone more for the Italians in abare space of fifteen years thanever previously had been donefor them In a whole century.Fifteen years ago there were

disorders throughout Italy. Acountess whom I know told methat her father, a distingUished

• This letter was 8ent to theeditor of The Tribune and was80 informative of conditions inItaly that it i8 being published.Because it is nece88ary to pro'teet 80ur('C8 from which thi8information 'Was gathered, thename of the writer cannot be

divulged.

these companies lie in the ex-porting of the profits. They areInvesting them, however, in or-fice buildings and in shares ofItalian companies.

•• •Through information obtained

from a business man In Milan Igot the impression that Incometaxes in Italy are lower in ratesthan those of the United States.The indirect taxes, on the otherhand, are higher, because thereis a tax upon every sales transac-tion. The income tax in Italy isdetermined by negotiation ratherthan by statement, so there isplenty of opportunity for manlp-ulatlon, The amount arrived atbecomes the annual tax for aperiod of three years.The business man in Italy who

conducts his business within theboundaries of his country anddoes not have to export hisgoods prospers and apparentlyis satisfied with the system. Itis a worry to him, however, thathe cannot convert his wealth orprofits into something more sub-

the leading Fascists of Rome, aman high In public life. In thecourse of our conversation heexplained a number of points ofthe governmental policy of hiscountry, including that In re-spect to Its dealing with theJews. The Italian attitude to-ward the Jews, he pointed out,is altogether different from thatof Germany. Since the war, andespecially within the last fewyears, Italy has had a great In-flux of Jews. It therefore, ac-

.. Children of the country are extremely patriotic:' . . . Two thousand boys and girls in exhibition in Muuoliniforum honoring visiting notables.

general of the World war, hadlost complete faith in Italy whenhe saw people openly insUltinganyone wearing the Italian unl-form. After the war the countryhad the mental attitude of a de-feated nation. Today, however,the Italian people have learneddisclpline. They have learnedhow to live better and cleanerlives.Children of the country are

extremely patriotic. S c h 0 0 1huiJdings and school equipmentart' excellent. and education andtraining are said to be of a highorder. Slums gradually arebeing elimlnated and modernhospitals are being built.There Is no unemployment.

Italy has sufficient of food, al-though the workingmen andtheir families do not have. orcannot afford to have, muchmeat in their diet. There areno labor disputes. Of more thanordinary Interest to me was asign in the office of a factory inNaples. It read:

Discipline must be accepted.When not accepted it must beimposed. MUSSOLINI.

Employes entering or leavingthe premises read this sign dailywith a show of respect ratherthan one of resentment. Every-where, especially In Rome andsouth of Rome, I noted-the loveand admiration for Mussoliniwhich was spontaneous amongthe workingmen. A guide anda chauffeur would tell me, "HeIs one of us."During my travels in Italy I

was accompanied by an Ameri·can banker and his Italian rep-resentatlve. Through them Ilearned that business was pros-porous In that country. Corn-panies, they told me, were mak-Ing lots of money in lire. Theynamed two great American cor-porations which they said weremaking pnormous profits - asmuch as 70 and 80 pel' cent onthetr capital. The difficulties of

stantial than the paper currencyof his country.This leads to the crux of the

whole matter, which is that Italyis not self-sufficient and that itrequires raw materials. Musso-lini without doubt is establish-ing a state of society in Italythat commands admiration. Butthe question Is: Can he supportit? And how can he get the nee-essary foreign credits to do it?I met an Italian woman of the

nobility who was on friendlyterms with Mussolini and whonot longer ago than last summerhad returned to Italy from a tripto Amerlr-a, Signor Mussolini,according to this woman, waseager to know why the opinionof him in America was so unfa-vorable."People criticize me for the

wars that I have made, but theydon't think of the wars that Ihave avoided," the woman quot-ed Mussolini as saying.She went on to explain the

premier's relations wit h theking. According to her, the twoare on friendly terms and Mus-solinl does not undertake anymove without first consultingthe sovereign and obtaining hisapproval. Premier and kinghave long conferences twice aweek. It Is the woman's beliefthat this respect for the klng'sopinion on the part of Mussoliniis an evidence 01 the latter'scleverness.Italians are thoroughly loyal

to their king. Even my guide,a true Fascist, told me that allItalians trusted their king tocontrol Mussollni or his succes-SOl'against any acts that wouldbe detrimental to Italy's Inter-ests. Before going to Italy Ihad the impression that the kingand Mussolini were not fully Inaccord. My visit taught me thatI had been wrong; that the pre-mier was working in full agree-ment with the king.I had an audience with one of

cording to my informant. be-came necessary to eliminate theundesirables among this racialgroup ann to prevent a largenumber of new ones with com-munistic doctrines from enteringthe country.The Italian law on this sub-

ject, I was assured, does notaffect Jews who were in thecountry before the war, beingapplicable only to those whohave entered the country sincethe termination of the war.If any Jew can prove that he

has done something of materialadvantage to Italy he Immedl-ately is classed outside of thisrestricting law. If he has servedIn the army, for example, con-tributed to art or industry, ordone something for the better-ment of Italian industry orfinance he Is left free of restrtc-tions. I found in my travels inthat country that Jews do con-tinue their business enterprisesin Italy.

• • •The Fascist leader whom I

Interviewed told me that theItalians did not like the Ger-mans. This was his prelude toan ex\>lanation of Italy'S presentposition in international arratrs.To survive, he said, Italy musthave raw products and colonies.These colonies, he went on totell, were promised to Italy duroing the war. Since that time,in answer to Italy's demands,France and England have con-tinuously said no. The replyhas been unsatisfactory to Italy,and in the opinion of my Inform-ant the French policy for yearshas been a stupid one.A few years ago France could

have Ilquldated all of the Italianclaims, I was told, by either giv·ing up some German mandateor permitting Italy to go Intosome undeveloped colonies orstates such as Ethiopia. WhenItaly could obtain satisfactionrrom neither France nor Great

I

••Muuolini does Dot undertake anymove without first consulting thesovereign:' •.•• II Duce and XingVic tor Emmanuel at an army

review.

Britain It moved into Ethiopia.Then France and England decid-ed to Impose sanctions. It wasthese sanctions that forced Italyinto the arms of Germany. TheItalians, my authority repeated,do not like the Germans and donot trust them. They look uponGermany as a colossus. It Isthe belief of the man who thusrevealed the Italian distrust anddislike for the Germans that ifFrance could only come to adecislon to satisfy Italy a strongcombination of Italy, France,and Spain would be in positionto restrain Germany from rur-ther territorial acquisitions.His explanation of the Italian

attitude was especially Interest-ing in view of subsequent events.Italy is discontented. Its actions,he said. were based not uponaggressiveness but upon a desireto make countries that havepossessions collaborate In flnd-ing a basis for a true peace, withjustice. The Italian conceptionof justice means some measureof the world's goods, such asraw materials and colonies. Thedistribution of colonies. the Ital·tans point out, does not corre-

P•• e Three

Done

•• It is generally recoqnised that Muuolini haa rebunt Italy morally, mentally. and physically." . . . Italian girlmembers of national opera ballet on parade in Berlin. (A'me "hato •. )

spend with the size and popula-tions of foreign nations.Italy has claims upon France

for certain colonies which werepromised her during the war andof which. It contends, it wascheated through the post-warnegotiations. My informant tn-timated t hat Italy's generalclaim might be liquidated ifFrance and Great Britain couldmake it possible for Italy to de-velop its pmplre. The Suez canalcharges heavy fees on all ship-ping passing through it, butFrance and Great Britain arecompensated by dividends issuedby the canal company. Italy.which is the second largest userof the canal, wants the adminls-trative regime revised so as toallow It a reduction in canal feesor allot it shares in the corn-pany. Italy also wants a portas an outlet for Ethiopia and ashare in the railroad linkingthat country with the sea.

• • •While traveling in their coun-

try I spoke with many Italiansand became thoroughly con-vlnced that the French and theBritish could have bought Mus-solinl 01'1.' in March, Immediatelyafter Hitler's con que s t ofCzecho-Slovakla. While PremierDaladier's speech in reply toItalian demands was approvedhighly in Engiand, the UnitedStates, and France, It served tocon v Inc e the Italians thatthrough peaceful negotiationstheir claims on France andGreat Britain could not be set-tled.This is an illustration. of the

general proposition that theseissues cannot be settled bypeaceful means, but only byforce. The two dictators, Mus-solini and Hitler, seem to besmart enough not to attempt touse force on either France orGreat Britain, but only to use11 at the propel' time againstweak nations that are unable todefend themselves.In Rom e and everywhere

south of Rome, as I have pointedout, the people are thoroughlyIn harmony with Fascism. As Iwent through the north of Italy

I found less saluting and moreopposition to the regime. InFlorence I learned that between90 and 95 per cent ·of the peoplein Rome and south of It werestanch supporters of the regime,that around Florence and othernorthern regions slightly morethan a majority were for theregime, And that in some dis-tricts, as that around Venice,the opposItion was greater thanthe support. The farther northone goes the more outspoken dothe people become against Mus,sollni's policy of collaborationwith the Germans. They fearthe inevitable battle that mustoccur some day between a pow-erful Germany and Italy.I was informed in Florence

that a survey 01 homes alreadyhad been made in that region todetermine the number of officersthat might be accommodated inthe event of war. The peopleof that city also confirmed thestatements obtained elsewherein the country that Italians hada universal dislike for Germansand that Germans held the Ital-ians In no high regard. In allmy travel'! In Italy and Ger-many, I might mention here, Inever have met an Italian witha good word for the Germansor a German with a good wordfor the Italians.It Is my conclusion that this

alliance between Mussollni apdHitler is 'In unnatural one andthat Mussolini would not be sup_·ported by the Italian people inany war Involving France. andGreat Britain in which the Ital-ians would have to fight side byside with the Germans.A story was told to me In Flor

ence that when some Italianofficers and their wives weresent to Vienna after Hitler'scoup there was noticeable nolittle ill reeling between the Ger-mans and the Italians. OneGerman officer, according to thestory which came to me, said to awoman who was not an Italian:"We Germans do not like theItalians-furthermore, we don'ttrust them."The Germans when they went

into Austria, I learned, sent astrong force immediately to theBrenner pass.From all that I heard and all

that I saw in Italy I believe Italydoes not wish for war. The Ital-ians openly discuss their aver-sion for the Germans. They alsoexpress a dislike for the French.Still, it is my impression thatMussolini does not want war.Those close to him believe heknows that war would mean thecollapse of his regime and Italy.

Next week-The same writer de.scribes conditions in Germany.

.. Mussolini • • • is the idol of the workinq class.s:' . . . n Duce frater-nizes with Fascists in Rome.

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