ust 504 annotated biliography

7/29/2019 UST 504 Annotated Biliography

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Environmental Justice: An annotated bibliography

Baden, B. M., Noonan, D. S., & Turaga, R. M. (2007). Scales of Justice: Is there a

Geographic Bias in Environmental Equity Analysis.Journal of Environmental

Planning and Management, 50(2), 163-185. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from the

Environment Complete database.

The authors examined the main methodological challenges in environmental

justice (EJ) research concerning location of waste sites and community

demographics. The study summarizes 110 empirical EJ studies with respect to

scale and scope effects. Mainly, the article discusses the modifiable areal unit

problem (MAUP) of choosing the proper areal unit to analyze aggregate data

sources. The authors determined if the results for the variable of interest is

statistically significant or not at the confidence level of 95 percent. The

dependent variable is a hazardous facility on the Superfund National Priorities

List (NPL) and the independent variable is income and race and the test is

multivariate regression analysis.

Barker, D. C., & Bearce, D. H. (2012). End-Times Theology, the Shadow of the Future,

and Public Resistance to Addressing Global Climate Change.Political Research

Quarterly, 66(2), 267-269. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from the Environment

Complete database.

The authors use nationally representative surveys of public opinion and

ordered probit regression to measure the hypothesis that citizens who believe

in Christian end-times theology are less likely to see global warming as a

policy problem that requires immediate government action compared to


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citizens who do not hold end-times beliefs. The authors designed specific

survey questions with ordinal values to measure the dependent variable of

support for government action to curb global warming and the independent

variable of end-time beliefs or the Second Coming. The researchers also

discuss four categories of alternate explanations that could influence global

warming policy attitudes, which they controlled for in their prediction models.

Their research found that belief in a Christian end-times theology significantly

predicts resistance to governmental action aimed at curbing global warming.

No other religious variable achieved statistical significance.

Bedsworth, L. W., & Hanak, E. (2010). Adaption to Climate Change: A Review of

Challenges and Tradeoffs in Six Areas.Journal of American Planning

Association, 76(4), 477-495. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from the Environmental

Complete database.

The authors summarize the results for six studies that used qualitative and

quantitative data collection through surveys, interviews and literature review.

Primarily, the source for this study is from another study conducted in

California by the authors and nine researchers. That study drew from primary

and secondary sources to assess climate change impacts, adaption tools and

barriers to opportunities for successful approaches. The case study found that

California has lead an exemplary effort to develop information on climate

impacts and have been collecting data for over two decades. It also found that

many of the challenges California faces in adaptation planning would be

similar across the country.

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Bell, M. L., & Ebisu, K. (2012). Environmental Inequality in Exposures to Airborne

Particulate Matter Components in the United States.Environmental Health

Perspectives, 120(12), 16999-1704. Retrieved July 8, 2013, from the Academic

Search Complete database.

The authors investigated whether exposures air toxins differ by race/ethnicity,

age and socioeconomic status. They estimated long-term exposure with 215

U.S. census tracts from 2000 through 2006. The researchers used univariate

logistic regression to test the estimated exposures by race/ethnicity, education,

poverty status, employment, age, and earnings, which are the independent

variables and the dependent variable of exposure to the toxicity of fine

particulate matter in the air. Their research found whites generally had the

lowest exposures. Non-Hispanic blacks had higher exposures than did whites

for 13 of the 14 air borne toxic components. Hispanics generally had the

highest exposures. (Young persons (0- 19 years of age) had levels as high as or

higher than other ages for all exposures except sulfate. The study also found

that exposures to air toxin components differed by race/ethnicity, age, and SES

and certain populations are likely to suffer higher health burdens.

Bostrom, A., Turaga, R. M., & Noonan, D. (2011). Hot Spot Regulation and

Environmental Justice .Ecological Economics, 70, 1395-1405. Retrieved June 1,

2013, from the Environmental Complete database.

The authors simulated spatial distribution of air toxics under regulation at

different spatial resolutions. The sample is includes 15 sources of air toxics

from seven facilities that emit six different toxins. The test used is three nested

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spatial resolutions to determine the probability of negative environmental

consequences or adverse health outcomes on communities and reference

communities for comparison. The data was generated using GIS interface. The

study found that changing the resolution on of regulation could have mitigating

affect on the risk but this will not necessarily change the distribution of the risk

across color lines.

Choy, L., Ho, W. K., & Mak, S. W. (2011). Toward a low carbon Hong Kong: A

proposal from the institutional perspective.Habitat International, 37, 124-129.

Retrieved June 1, 2013, from the Environment Complete database.

The authors hypothesize that energy consumption is the primary factor for

greenhouse gas emissions in Hong Kong and propose two solutions they

believe will be most effect. First, they suggest a pricing arrangement that adds

a fee to large consumers of energy or a flat rate to the entire population and

secondly, they suggest a cap and trade program. They created a model of

energy consumption from 1990 and 2008 with 19 yearly observations. The

dependent variable was carbon dioxide emissions and the independent variable

was energy consumption. The research found that the only statistically

significant relationship was nearly a 2 percent reduction carbon dioxide when

energy consumption fell by 1 percent during the investigatory period.

Gen, S., Shafer, H., & Nakagawa, M. (2010). Perceptions of Environmental Justice: the

Case of a U.S. Urban Wastewater System. Sustainable Development, 20(4), 239-

250. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from the Environment Complete database.

The authors use the San Francisco wastewater system to measure individuals

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perception of environmental outcome equity with an ordinal survey. The

dependent variable was the communitys ability to perceive environmental

inequities and the independent variable was testing the communitys

perceptions with tangible and harms. A descriptive and multivariate analysis

was used to test the data and then the two sets of data were geocoded for

spatial analyses. At first only 39 percent of the respondents were familiar with

the term environmental justice but once that term was defined, there was

clear perceptions of its prevalence and strong support for its advancement.

Schweitzer, L., & Zhou, J. (2010). Neighborhood Air Quality, Respiratory Health and

Vulnerable Populations in Compact Sprawled Regions.Journal of the American

Planning Association, 76(3), 363-371. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from the

Environmental Complete database.

The authors used data from the EPA and the decennial census to determine

whether neighborhood level population exposure to ozone and particular

matter were higher in more compact metropolitan area than in sprawled

regions. A multilevel regression analysis was used to find an empirical

relationship between the independent variable of regional urban form and the

dependent variable of neighborhood air quality outcomes. The research found

although concentrations of ozone are significantly lower in compact regions,

the ozone exposures are higher. It also found that both ozone and fine

particulates are higher in areas with a high proportion of African Americans,

Asian ethnic minorities and poor households.

Shadbegian, R., & Wolverton, A. (2010). Location Decisions of U.S. Polluting Plants:

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Theories, Empirical Evidence, and Consequences.International Review of

Environmental and Resource Economics, 4, 1-49. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from

the Environment Complete database.

The authors explain earlier theory and evidence around the issues of

environmental regulation and their effects on location decisions of polluting

plants. Also the overview explores the theory that states compete for these

plants because of the variance in regulations from state to state and the theory

that firms chose to locate in disproportionally poor and minority

neighborhoods as a practice. The researchers use discrete conditional logit

testing to compare actual locations choice to more than one alternative on the

basis of choose and plant specific attributes. The study finds that more

stringent regulations causes plants to relocate in areas that are more relaxed. It

also found little evidence to suggest this happening in the United States and

mostly applies to other countries. Lastly, modern literature found much more

mixed evidence about plants in poor neighborhoods, than early.

Xenarios, S., & Bithas, K. (2012). The Use of Environmental Policy Instruments for

Urban Wastewater Control: Evidences from an International Survey.

Environmental Policy and Governance, 22, 14-26. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from

the Environment Complete database.

Experts from developed countries were asked to evaluate the effectiveness and

performance of regulatory and economic instruments in wastewater policy, the

dependent variable, through a number of criteria. The authors then assessed

independent variables of the respondent's country of origin, organization type

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and professional ranking through an ordinal regression analysis. The research

found that European respondents dominated the sampling group although

contribution from North America and Australia was noteworthy. It also found

that taxes, standards and a combination of the two were favored by a majority

of the respondents.

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ust 504 annotated biliography

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