Unit Six: 1900 to presentUnit Six: 1900 to present

Technology Age

Revolution

Authoritarianism

Decolonization

Ideologies

Nationalism

Global Conflict

Remember the acronym…Remember the acronym…

UNIT SIX

Two World Wars and Fascism,

Communists and Cold War;

Russia, China, Iran

All have revolutions;

Computers, Unit Six

……and the song.and the song.

World War IWorld War ICauses: M.A.I.N…Militarism, Alliances,

Imperialism, NationalismSpark? Assassination of heir to Austrian

throne (Archduke Ferdinand)New Kind of War

– Improvements in weaponry increases casualties (gas, machine guns)

– Trenches lead to prolonged, defensive war– Civilians involved in war effort: “Total War”

Treaty of Versailles– Big Four: US, GB, France and Italy meet at

Paris Peace Conference– Wilson’s Fourteen Points: self-determination,

disarmament, peace w/o victory, League of Nations

– Harsh terms of the treaty

Outcomes of the war– Devastation of GB and France– Weakening of control over colonies– Japan and Italy upset at lack of spoils– US a true world power, but doesn’t want it– China’s May Fourth Movement– Russia’s early withdrawal and revolution– Germany WRECKED and forced to accept full

blame…ripe for rise of fascism– Ottoman Empire collapses and creation of

Mandate System– India intensifies push for independence

Global DepressionGlobal Depression

Global economy dependent on health of US economy (especially Europe)

US stock market crashed in 1929 and created global depression– Wave of bank failures and personal

bankruptcies– Unemployment at double digit levels– Increase in tariffs blocked international trade

Causes of depression– Overdependence on American loans and buying– Increase in tariffs and protectionism– Industrial and farming surpluses led to deflation– Poor banking management

Results?– Political instability and rise in political

extremism (communists and fascists)– Invasion by dictatorial states– Modern welfare state emerges

What is Fascism?What is Fascism?

Destroy will of individual in favor of “the people”

Unified society, but unlike the communists, not at expense of private property or class distinctions

Rooted in extreme nationalism, usually reliant on racial identity

Comparing Fascism and Comparing Fascism and CommunismCommunism

Political Philosophy

Communism Fascism

Leader Dictator/authoritarian Dictator/authoritarian

Political Parties One-party rule; totalitarian

One-party rule; totalitarian

Rights of Citizens

Individual rights denied; use of secret police

Individual rights denied; use of secret police

Social classes Classless society Favored upper classes

Goals Unite all workers around the world

Promote national interest; extreme nationalism

Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy

Benito Mussolini seizes power from King Emmanuel III by threatening to march on Rome

Completely took over Parliament in 1922– Outlawed all political parties, seized radio stations and

newspapers, set up secret police

1926: Italy transformed into totalitarian regime focused on expansion (Ethiopia 1936)

Germany– Weimar Republic and Reichstag– Rise of the National Socialist Party (Nazis) in the

20’s– Hitler

Preached ultra-nationalism and promised a greater Germany

1923 he was imprisoned and wrote Mein Kampf, outlining ideas of “master race” and lebensraum

1933 appointed chancellor through aggressive anti-communist propaganda

– Gathering support Established himself as dictator: outlawed political

parties and SS (personal guard) eliminated all opposition

Gestapo: political police force Used schools, newspapers, radio, the arts, churches to

gather support Public rallies burned anti-Nazi books Openly attacked Jews, other minorities and Communists

– Hitler boldly announced would defy treaty, and nobody stopped him. WHY?

Coming of WarComing of War

Appeasement– 1936: When Germany reoccupied the Rhineland,

France and Britain did nothing because they feared war, hoping it would stop further aggression

– 1938: Marched into Austria and annexed it…again no one steps in

– 1938: Germany wanted Sudetenland. Munich Conference called and powers let him have it…he ended up taking ALL of Czechoslovakia

Japanese Aggression– Japan wanted Manchuria’s iron ore and coal,

seizing it in 1931– League of Nations could do nothing– 1937: Japanese soldiers sweep through much of

China, torturing and killing thousands

Italian Expansion– 1935: Mussolini invaded Ethiopia– League of Nations voted only for sanctions when

Emperor of Ethiopia asked for help– Again…appeasement

World War IIWorld War II

In Europe– Most of northern and Eastern Europe fall, as well

as France, fairly easily– GB and RAF left to defend against Hitler– Hitler invades USSR in 1941– The Holocaust: as many as 20 million die,

including 6 million of Europe’s 9.5 million Jews

In the Pacific– Japanese attack Pearl Harbor in 1941– By 1942 controlled much of the Pacific– Militarist oppression and extermination

New Technologies– Radar and sonar to detect planes and subs– Rockets– Nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and

Nagasaki (killing over 150,000)– Industrial capacities of US and USSR outpace

Germany and Japan

Outcomes of WWII– Unconditional surrender – Only two “winners”: USSR and US as GB,

China, France are devastated (US-Soviet ascendancy)

– Formation of the United Nations and state of Israel

– War Crimes Tribunals and international law– Rise of women– Decline of colonialism

Cold WarCold WarDe facto division of Western Europe and

Eastern Europe (Iron Curtain)US Foreign Policy

– Containment and Domino Theory– Truman Doctrine– Marshall Plan– NATO

USSR Foreign Policy– Eastern Bloc– Warsaw Pact

Cold War competition: arms race, space race, fight for aligned nations and promotion of ideology

Cold War turned HOT? Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Berlin Crisis, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Soviet war in Afghanistan, Non-aligned nations (India)

Normalizing relations with ChinaDétente beginning in 1970s and M.A.D.

Independence and Nationalist Independence and Nationalist MovementsMovements

India (1947)Sub-Saharan Africa (beg. 1950s)Zionism and Palestinian Nationalism

(creation of Israel 1948)Vietnam (1950s to 1975)

INDIAINDIA

Led by the Indian National Congress– British-educated

Government of India Act of 1919– Gave some power over domestic issues

Repression (1919)– Cracked down on freedom of press and

assembly– Amritsar: troops fire on protest rally

GandhiGandhi

Focus on peasant roots and spiritual traditions of India

Ahimsa: nonviolence in face of attackCivil disobedience

After WWII difficult for British to maintain an empire

August 15, 1947– Independence granted to India and Pakistan

(Muslim-dominated area led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah)

– Division led to mass migration of Muslim and Hindu refugees and violence

– Gandhi assassinated by Hindu extremist

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICASUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Economically had become a monoculture of cash crops and mines of precious metals such as gold and diamonds

Ownership exclusively in European handsIndependence movements led by small minority

of Africans w/ European educationVehicles for protest: labor organization, social

clubs, literary circles, and youth movements

Ghana (The Gold Coast)Ghana (The Gold Coast)

First to achieve independence 1957Led by US educated Kwame NkrumahStrikes and protest removed British from

powerOn the other hand, Kenya had sizable

European population blocking independence leading to armed revolt (1963)

Chaos and Ethnic Tension in Chaos and Ethnic Tension in AfricaAfricaCongo 1959

– Belgian gov’t departed suddenly, leaving country of chaos and civil war

Rwandan Genocide (1994)– Political borders created by colonial powers led to

nations comprised of unrelated ethnic groups who became rivals competing for power

– Conflict between majority Hutus and minority Tutsis– 100 day genocide, almost 1 million Tutsi deaths

South AfricaSouth Africa

Union of South Africa formed in 1910Black majority population granted no rightsRestrictive laws controlled black pop. Apartheid: separate black and white

societies

ApartheidApartheid

87% of land for white citizensAfrican National Congress (ANC):

organized resistance was formedGov’t combated it repressive measures of

extensive jail times for opponentsInternational opposition, like UN economic

sanctions and international boycotts, brought global attention

1989, National Party began to take apart apartheid system

Nelson Mandela released from jail after 26 years and ANC legalized

1994: elections for all people held and Mandela became the first freely elected president of South Africa

Zionism and Palestinian Zionism and Palestinian NationalismNationalism

After WWI, British had a mandate (nation administers territory on behalf of League of Nations) in Palestine

Conflicting promises to Arabs and Jews Balfour Declaration of 1917

– Committed to support creation of homeland for Jews in Palestine

– Allowed Jews to migrate to Palestine during mandate Arab Palestinians saw British rule and Jewish

settlement as imperial control

Migration increased during WWIIPan-Arabism movementHolocaust increased Jewish commitment to

homeland1947: British gave up the mandate to the

UNUN decided to divide land into two statesCivil war and Jewish victories create Israel

in May 1948

Continued fighting in the regionSix Day War in 1967Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

– Created and dedicated to reclaiming the land and establishing a Palestinian state

VietnamVietnam

French colonial rule of SE Asia dealt with rising nationalism

France and colonies occupied by Axis powers (Japan) during WWII

Vietnamese nationalists under Ho Chi Minh fought Japanese then returning French using guerilla warfare

Minh was a Marxist who idealized Jefferson Wanted US support but…Cold War

French-Indochina War lasted 9 years before France gave up Asian possessions

Conference in Geneva in 1954 created four zones: N and S Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

Cold War sideshow– US gave aid to South Vietnam– Beijing and Moscow supported the communists

in the North– Evolved into large-scale American war to

protect S Vietnam from communist encroachment (1965-1975)

Revolution and ReformRevolution and Reform

Russia 1917China 1949Iran 1979Mexico 1910Cuba 1959

RussiaRussia Behind Western Europe economically and

technologically Losses in Russo-Japanese War and Revolution of

1905 weakens ability to fight and strength of autocracy

March of 1917: Duma forced czar to abdicate Vladimir Lenin and Bolsheviks: “Peace, Land and

Bread”: Nov 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918-1921 Civil War: Reds v. Whites Lenin’s NEP Joseph Stalin and 5-Year Plans Great Purges of the 1930s

Khrushchev (1953): de-Stalinization, encouraged more freedom of speech

Brezhnev (1964-1982): more restrictive of dissidents and freedom of expression; industrial growth declined w/ no incentives and a quota system

Gorbachev (1985-1991): perestroika (restructuring into a market economy w/ some free-enterprise and private property); glasnost (openness of discussing strengths and weaknesses of Soviet system); other parties and elections

Nationalism in the Soviet RepublicYeltsin (1991-1999): economic reform against

inequality and corruption; ChechnyaPutin (2000-2008): return of order, stability

and progress at expense of libertiesTODAY:

– Medvedev– Changes too much, too fast??– Major problems with corruption and an unstable

economy

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Economic hardships

and lack of liberty leads to dissent with Soviet Union

Did have rise in education and urban-working class

1956: student protest in Hungary crushed

1960s: Czechoslovakia’s Prague Spring

Lech Walesa and Solidarity in Poland

1989: reunification of Germany

Eastern European countries join NATO/EU

Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia in 1990: Milosevic on trial in International War Crimes Tribunal

ChinaChinaRevolution of 1911: Nationalist gov’t only

nominally in controlChiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi) leads Republic

of China in 19241921 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) est.

– Initially RofC works with CCP, but turns on them in 1927

– Unified against Japanese attacks in 1931 and 1937

1945: negotiations break down into civil warCCP and GMD fought until communists win

in 1949 under Mao ZedongChanges under Mao

– Economic: businesses nationalized, land distributed to peasants, urged to pool land and form cooperative farms

– Political: one-party totalitarian state, Communist party supreme, gov’t attacked crime and corruption

– Social: peasants speak “bitterness” against landlords, Communist ideology replaced Confucian ideals, health care workers to remote areas, women won equality?, extended family weakened

Great Leap Forward in 1950s– All life a collective: commune life, backyard

steel furnaces– FAILURE: production tanked and bad weather

of 50s and 60s killed 16-30 million

Cultural Revolution of 1960s– Instituted reforms to erase any Western-

influenced intelligentsia/elite– “Cultural retraining” and forced egalitarianism– Group of teenagers (Red Guards) destroyed

temples, cities and closed schools– Military suppressed the anarchy, but cost

country loss of entire generation of educated people

1976: Deng Xiaoping – Four Modernizations (industry, agriculture,

technology, and national defense)– Foreign investment increased and student study

abroad– Economy booms with these capitalist reforms,

but left out democratic reform

1989 Tiananmen Square

Women of Russian and Chinese Women of Russian and Chinese RevolutionsRevolutions

Russia– Served in Red Army– 65% of factory workers were women– Gov’t ordered equal pay (not enforced)– Maternity leave w/ full pay– Women entered professions

China– New marriage law forbade arranged marriage– Women worked with men in factories– State-run nurseries– Party leadership remained male– Efforts made to end foot-binding

IranIran

Qajar Dynasty (1781-1921) Reza Khan 1921 Shah Reza (1953-1979)

– Influenced by West and modernized, but also oppressive, using secret police

– Opposed by Religious ulama Students and intellectuals Farmers and urban workers

1979: demonstrations under Ayatollah Khomeini force Shah into exile

Under Khomeini (Theocracy)– Sharia (Islamic law) becomes law of land– Women req’d to return to traditional clothing and under

legal restrictions– A stand against Western culture??– After Khomeini’s death in 1989, more moderate leaders

in power

Iran hostage crisis and Iran-Iraq War President Ahmadinejad (2005-present)

MexicoMexico

Dictatorship of Portfino Diaz– Late 19th, early 20th c.– 95% people owned no land, foreign investors

controlled 20-25% 1910: Civil War, mestizos want to break control of

creole elite Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata 1916: Venustiano Carranza became president and

wrote Constitution of 1917

Constitution of 1917– Promised land reform– Imposed restrictions on foreign economic control– Set minimum salaries and max hours for workers– Granted right to unionize and strike– Restrictions on Church-ownership of property– 1928: National Revolutionary Party (Party of

Institutionalized Revolution - PRI) dominates politics throughout 20th c.

CubaCuba Batista 1939-1959

– Small % of people very wealthy and vast majority extremely poor

Fidel Castro 1959-2008 guerrilla mm– Did not hold elections but denied Communist– Est. close ties with USSR

1961: communist plans – collectivized farms, centralized control of economy, free education and medical services

Bay of Pigs 1961 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

Japanese ReformJapanese Reform

Occupied for 5 years by Allied administration after WWII: constitution, land reforms, education system

Defensive alliance with US: spent nearly no money on own defense; tried to strengthen economically (export economy with focus on technology)

Economic stagnation starting in 1990s Changes: a more individualistic society Continuities: maintained importance of strong

work ethic

Demographic and Demographic and Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

Demographic– Population surpassed 6 billion

Use of vaccines, antibiotics, and decline in death rate High levels of fertility in Asia and Africa

– Migration Internally (urbanization) and externally (lack of resources,

persecution, pop. pressure)

Environmental Problems– Loss of animals species– Overuse of natural resources

Social ChangesSocial ChangesGender Roles

– Political: Women’s suffrage, female heads of gov (GB, Israel, Philippines)

– Economic: world wars give power in wages, feminist movement

– Social: sexual revolution of 60s and 70s and use of birth control, marriage and child-rearing, China’s one-child policy

– Intellectual: educational opportunities, in South Asia literacy rates still far below men

Globalization– Regional and International Organizations

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1960

General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) World Trade Organization (WTO) 1995

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 1967 European Union (EU) 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) NGOs (non-governmental organizations) such as Red

Cross and Greenpeace

– Internationalization of Culture Cultural imperialism? As Western companies and

entertainment spread, ideas do too Consumer culture and cultural conformity of

materialism (McDonalds, Coca-Cola, KFC) Rise in use of English

– Internet, movies, music

Traditional forces still strong though (Islamic fundamentalism)

– Access to information Fax, phone, email, internet

– Globalization of multinational businesses