unit 8: nucleic acid the genetic material. dna deoxyribose nucleic acid type of nucleic acid dna...
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Unit 8: Nucleic AcidThe Genetic Material
DNA• Deoxyribose nucleic acid
type of nucleic acid• DNA function
– to hold genetic code – Genetic code = genetic
instructions to make proteins
• DNA is found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Bases:
Adenine Guanine
Thymine Cytosine
RNA• Single stranded
• Found outside of nucleus to make proteins.
Bases:
Adenine Cytosine
Uracil Guanine
Searching for Genetic Material• Gregor Mendel (1866):
– discovered that inherited traits are determined by discrete units, or 'genes,’ - passed on from the parents.
• Freidrich Miescher(1868): – discovered DNA– Isolated something new
from the nuclei of eukaryotic cells
• Later called DNA!!!
Discovering the structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin (1952)
•Obtained sharp X-ray photographs of DNA (Photo 51)•Watson and Crick used her data revealed its helical shape
•Watson and Crick went on to win Nobel Prize (1962) for their DNA model
Photo 51
How did PHOTO 51 reveal DNA’s helical shape?
• X-rays passing through a helix diffract at angles perpendicular to helix making an "X" pattern, which favors an equal diameter "helix".
Discovering the structure of DNA James Watson & Francis Crick (1953)
•Discovered double helix structure•Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule
Watson Constructing Bair Pairs movie
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/animations.html
DNA replication
• Replication – making a copy of DNA before the cell divides (Mitosis).
• DNA polymerase – enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new copy of DNA
Steps to DNA replication
1. Enzyme (helicase) unzips the DNA.
2. DNA polymerase (enzyme) matches the correct nucleotide to each side of the unzipped DNA.
3. DNA polymerase – proofreads their replication to make sure they did not make any mistakes.
RNA synthesisRibose nucleic acid
• RNA polymerase copies only one strand of the DNA in order to make the single-stranded RNA.
Protein Synthesis• Translation – reading RNA in order to
get the correct amino acid.
• Codon – group of 3 bases.
• Amino acids are added for every three bases to build a protein.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YDTOcAVJrE
Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
Cell Energy:•Cells usable source of energy is called ATP•ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
• ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
Adenine Ribose 2 Phosphate groups
• All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—breaking the bond releases the energy
• When the cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP
• ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular processes.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ