Unit 6 (F):Unit 6 (F):Learning By Learning By ObservationObservation

Mr. McCormickMr. McCormickA.P. PsychologyA.P. Psychology

Do-NowDo-Now(In Journal)(In Journal)

What is a What is a behaviorbehavior that you that you possess that you may have possess that you may have learnedlearned through through observationobservation??

WhoWho did you learn it from? did you learn it from?

Why Why do you think it became do you think it became reinforcedreinforced??

Learning By ObservationLearning By Observation

Observational Learning:Observational Learning: Learning by observing othersLearning by observing others Also called Social LearningAlso called Social Learning Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura

Modeling:Modeling: The process of observing and The process of observing and

imitating a specific behavior imitating a specific behavior

Learning By ObservationLearning By Observation

Higher animals, Higher animals, especially especially

humans, humans, learnlearn through through

observingobserving and and imitatingimitating others. others.

The monkey on The monkey on the right the right imitatesimitates the monkey on the monkey on

the left in the left in touching the touching the pictures in a pictures in a

certain order to certain order to obtain a obtain a rewardreward..

How do you How do you pronouncepronounce the the

word word “orange?”“orange?”

Observational Learning and Observational Learning and LanguageLanguage

Observational Learning and Observational Learning and LanguageLanguage

Observational Learning and Observational Learning and LanguageLanguage

Have you ever Have you ever traveledtraveled to another to another countrycountry, or another , or another regionregion of the of the USUS, and found yourself , and found yourself speakingspeaking and/or and/or actingacting similarsimilar to the to the people of that people of that regionregion??

Why do you think your Why do you think your speechspeech and/or and/or behaviorbehavior changedchanged??

Mirror NeuronsMirror Neurons

Mirror Neurons:Mirror Neurons: Frontal lobe neurons that fire when Frontal lobe neurons that fire when

performing certain actions or when performing certain actions or when observing another doing soobserving another doing so

The brain’s mirroring of another’s The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and action may enable imitation and empathyempathy

Imitation OnsetImitation Onset

LearningLearning by by observationobservation begins begins

earlyearly in life. in life.

This This 14-month-old 14-month-old child child imitatesimitates the the

adult on TV, in adult on TV, in pulling a toy apart.pulling a toy apart.

Imitation in ChildrenImitation in Children

Can you remember any ways Can you remember any ways that you that you imitatedimitated others others (parents, older siblings, (parents, older siblings, cousins, etc.) cousins, etc.) as a child?as a child?

Can you remember any ways Can you remember any ways that your younger siblings, that your younger siblings, cousins, etc. cousins, etc. imitatedimitated youyou??

Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” ExperimentExperiment

Bandura's Bandura's “Bobo “Bobo Doll” ExperimentDoll” Experiment

(1961) (1961) indicated indicated that individuals that individuals (children) (children) learn learn

through through imitatingimitating others who receive others who receive

rewardsrewards and and punishmentspunishments..

Applications ofApplications ofObservational LearningObservational Learning

Unfortunately, Unfortunately, Bandura’s studies Bandura’s studies

show that show that antisocial models antisocial models

(family, (family, neighborhood, or TV) neighborhood, or TV) may have may have antisocial antisocial

effectseffects..

Applications ofApplications ofObservational LearningObservational Learning

Gentile et al., Gentile et al., (2004) (2004) shows shows

that children in that children in elementary elementary

school who are school who are exposed to exposed to

violent violent televisiontelevision, ,

videosvideos, and , and video video gamesgames express express

increasedincreased aggressionaggression..

Applications ofApplications ofObservational LearningObservational Learning

What are some What are some TV showsTV shows, , video gamesvideo games, , or or moviesmovies that you were that you were exposedexposed to as a to as a childchild that that modeledmodeled

aggressive behavioraggressive behavior??

Applications ofApplications ofObservational LearningObservational LearningResearch shows that viewing Research shows that viewing media media

violence violence leads to an leads to an increasedincreased expression of expression of aggressionaggression..

Children modeling after pro wrestlers

Applications ofApplications ofObservational LearningObservational Learning

Fortunately, Fortunately, prosocialprosocial (positive, (positive, helpful)helpful) models models may have may have prosocial prosocial

effectseffects..

Applications ofApplications ofObservational LearningObservational Learning

Prosocial Behavior:Prosocial Behavior: Positive, constructive, helpful behaviorPositive, constructive, helpful behavior The opposite of antisocial behaviorThe opposite of antisocial behavior

ReviewReview What is What is Observational LearningObservational Learning? How does it ? How does it

differdiffer from from ClassicalClassical and and Operant Operant ConditioningConditioning??

What are What are mirror neurons mirror neurons and how do they and how do they enableenable empathyempathy and and imitationimitation??

What did What did Albert Bandura Albert Bandura concludeconclude about about observational learning observational learning through his through his “Bobo “Bobo Doll” ExperimentDoll” Experiment??

What are What are prosocialprosocial and and antisocial behavior antisocial behavior and what are some ways that they are and what are some ways that they are modeledmodeled??

HomeworkHomework

Unit 6 Test: Unit 6 Test: “Learning”“Learning”

Chapter 8 Outline: Chapter 8 Outline: “Memory”“Memory”