Unit 2—Chapters 6 – 8A New Nation

CSS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 11.1, 11.3, 11.10

French-Indian War (1754-1763)

• French-Indian War different because1. starts in North America2. map changed (French defeated)

Ft. Necessity, 1754• French built a fort at Duquesne

before the British could• Washington led 159 men into the

Ohio River area• killed 40 French soldiers in skirmish• Ft. Necessity built in anticipation of

French retaliation• surrendered after 10-hour siege

Braddock’s March, 1755• Braddock marched on Ft. Duchesne• his defeat left area open to bloody

frontier war

Albany Plan, 1754• British success hinged on

alliance with Iroquois• 9 colonies met at Albany• Franklin proposed a colonial-

wide govt. to oversee defense and trade

• colonists liked it but King did not

William Pitt (Prime Minister)• focused on taking cities rather

than frontier fighting• paid all expenses for American

militia

Braddock’s Defeat1,460 British regulars and militia --456 were killed and 421 wounded --63 of 86 offices were killed/wounded250 French and Canadians --8 killed, 4 wounded637 Indian allies --15 killed, 12 wounded

Death of General Wolfe, 1770 – Benjamin West

Proclamation Line of 1763• colonists not allowed west of

Appalachians• meant to protect Indians from

American settlers (Chief Pontiac)• colonists paranoid

Sugar Act, 1764• George Grenville (PM) tried to raise

revenue to pay national debt• taxes lowered after colonists protested

Quartering Act, 1765• required colonists to house and feed

British troops• colonists paranoid

Declaratory Act, 1766• Parliament has authority over the

colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

End of Salutory NeglectStamp Act, 1765• tax on all official documents• less than today’s sales tax• already existed in Britain for years• “no taxation w/o representation”

Stamp Tax Congress, 1765• first colony-wide meeting• 9 colonies met to stop tax (mostly NE)• wrote letter to king• nonimportation agreement• external vs. internal argument• Stamp Act repealed even before it began—

colonists saw it as victory

British Response• virtual representation

• every member of Parliament represents every citizen

• admiralty courts• military courts• no trial by jury

King George III

Parliament

Colonial Assemblies

King George III

ParliamentColonial Assemblies

Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party

Townsend Acts, 1767• Townsend (PM) tried to raise a small

tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea• colonists decided that Parliament had

no right to tax colonies

Boston Massacre, 1770• colonists harassed troops in Boston

(rocks thrown, shots fired)• 11 killed or wounded – Crispus Attucks• John Adams defended them and only 2

soldiers found guilty• all future officials to be tried in London• Sam Adams created “Massacre Day”

Committees of Correspondence, 1772• formed by Samuel Adams• local spy rings made to share info and

keep people angry at British• militia begin drilling to fight tyranny

Gaspee Affair, 1772• British vessel boarded then burned in

RI• no one would testify so no one got

caught

Boston Tea Party, 1773• British East Indies faced bankruptcy• need colonists to buy million of tons

of tea• cheaper than smuggled tea• Adams refused to let tea out of

harbor but king ordered it unloaded (it sat for days)

• Boston patriots disguised as Indians dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor

Quebec Act, 1774• granted religious freedom to Catholic

Canadians• added Ohio to Canada• colonists saw it as punishment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Boston_Massacre.jpg

Continental Congresses

Intolerable Acts, 1773• passed to punish Boston for tea party• Boston Port Act—closed harbor until the

£90,000 tea paid for• other colonies sent aid in sympathy• led to 1st Continental Congress

1st Continental Congress, 1774• 12 colonies met in Philadelphia• wrote “Declaration of Rights”• organized total boycott

• nonimportation, nonexportation, nonconsumption

• agreed to meet in May of 1775

Lexington and Concord, 1775• in April 1775, British troops tried to

confiscate a store of munitions (and Hancock and Adams)

• Minutemen refuse to disperse at Lexington• 8 Americans killed• 200 British wounded, 70 killed

Second Continental Congress, 1775• in May 1775, all 13 colonies met to

follow up from 1774• under Hancock became acting

government until 1781• tried to reconcile with George III

with the Olive Branch Petition• Britain hired 30,000 Hessian

mercenaries to send to America

Common Sense, 1776• Paine’s pamphlet for the common

man sold 120,000 copies• called the king a tyrant and called

for separation• set the stage for independence

Declaration of Independence, 1776• Richard Henry Lee (VA) called for

independence• Jefferson addressed it to the king

and hoped to find some allies

The state of a king shuts him from the world, yet the business of a king requires him to know it thoroughly; wherefore the different parts, unnaturally opposing and destroying each other, prove the whole character to be absurd and useless.

--Thomas Paine

Declaration of Independence, 1817 – John Trumbull

Advantages/Disadvantages

British Strengths• population—7.5 million• British treasury• greatest military on planet

• greatest navy• 50,000 regulars in army (avg.

10 yrs. exp.)• 50,000 loyalists in colonies• Indian allies

British Weaknesses• Irish discontent kept troops in

Britain• British sympathy (Burke)• poor leadership (did not respect

American militia)• Howe, Burgoyne, Cornwallis

• Armed Neutrality, 1780• long supply lines

American Strengths• Population—2.5 million• great leaders (Washington,

Franklin)• European aid (France, Spain,

Netherlands)• defensive war – just had to fight

until British quit• short supply line• no urban center• moral advantage

American Weaknesses• little unity• weak government• weak economy• little industry• unreliable army

The War

Bunker Hill, 1775• costly British victory made the British

more cautious

Invasion of Canada, 1776• took Montreal but failed to get Canada to

join the colonies

Trenton, 1776• winter win over Hessians• much needed colonial victory

Saratoga, 1777• Burgoyne surrendered to militia• kept British from dividing colonies along

Hudson

Franco-American Alliance• France entered the war in 1778• Spain and the Netherlands entered as

France’s allies

Yorktown, 1781• Cornwallis surrendered to French and

American troops

John Paul Jones• attacked British merchant ships• beat the Serapis with the Bonhomme

Richard• 300 of 375 Americans died

George Rogers Clark• led 175 Virginian volunteers to attack

British posts along the Ohio River in KY and IL

Joseph Brandt• Mohawk chief who led four Iroquois

tribes loyal to British during the war

Treaty of Paris, 1783• France, America, and Britain all wanted

to stop fighting• Spain wanted to keep going (Gibraltar)• British gave the US all territories west to

the Great Lakes• the US agreed to treat the loyalists well

US Casualties6,824 killed

8,445 wounded18,500 non-combat deaths

Smallpox epidemic—130,000Washington had troops inoculated

“I have not yet begun to fight!”

A Firm League of Friendship1781-1789

Articles of Confederation• Richard Henry Lee proposed it• 2nd Continental Congress wrote it in 1777• all 13 colonies required to ratify• 12 did by 1779

Ratification• Maryland ratified in 1781• insisted other seven states give up their

land west of Appalachians• could be used to unfairly pay state debts

Annapolis Convention, 1786• in 1785, VA and MD met about their

border• five states met at Annapolis, MD to

discuss weakness of Articles• recommended all the states meet to

revise the Articles• twelve states met at Philadelphia in 1787

(Constitutional Convention)

What the Articles could do:• borrow money• declare war• sign treaties• 2/3 vote to pass laws

• 9 states (each state got one vote)

• 13 votes to make amendments• create new states

What it could NOT do:• tax the states• raise an army• no president• no judicial branch (just state courts)• settle interstate conflict

SharedAuthority

StateAuthorityNational

Authority

Life, Liberty, Happiness1776-1789

Problems with Freedom• Britain armed the Indians on the North• Spain controlled New Orleans• France wanted its loans repaid• pirates in North Africa attacked

shipping• too weak to fight & too poor to bribe

State Conventions, 1776• states asked to rewrite their

constitutions• in 1780 MA called for special

convention for ratification• changes in the constitution could only

happen at another convention• capitals moved inland in many states –

NH, NY, VA, SC, GA

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom• written by Jefferson• stopped public tax money going to any

church• separation of church and state

Treaty of Stanwyx, 1784• Iroquois forced to cede all territories in

the Ohio River Valley

Land Ordinance, 1785• divided western territory in 6-mile plots• land sold to pay national debt• one part set aside for education

Northwest Ordinance, 1787• est. process for forming new states• population = 60,000• constitution submitted to Congress• no slaves• new states equal to original ones

Shays’ Rebellion, 1787• Capt. Daniel Shays led revolt of

veteran-farmers in MA against banks• burned courthouses and threatened

banks• national government unable to deal

with it

Constitutional Convention, 1787

Constitutional Convention• after five days they agreed to replace

the Articles (10 walked out)• met from May-Sept. 1787• Washington-President

Virginia Plan • James Madison (VA, PA, MA)• three branches of govt.• bicameral legislature with # of

delegates by population• Congress to choose President and

judiciary

New Jersey Plan• William Patterson (NJ, DE, MD, NY)• unicameral legislature• one vote per state

Great Compromise• Roger Sherman (CT)• House—population• Senate—two per state

3/5 Compromise• slaves counted 3/5• got more seats in House• had to pay higher share of taxes

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise• Congress could NOT tax exports• not allowed to touch the slave trade for 20

years

Ratification• 39 at convention signed it (3 refused)• Constitution taken back to the states for

approval• needed 9 of 13 states to approve it

Federalists (Pro-Constitution)• efficient national government• Hamilton, Madison, Washington, Franklin• Federalist Papers

Anti-Federalists (Anti-Constitution)• keep Articles, wanted Bill of Rights• Henry, Adams, Hancock

Delaware Dec. 7, 1787 30-0 59,096

Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787 46-23 433,611

New Jersey Dec. 19, 1787 38-0 184,139

Georgia Jan. 2, 1788 26-0 82,548

Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788 128-40 237,655

Massachusetts Feb. 6, 1788 187-168 475,199

Maryland Apr. 28, 1788 63-11 319,728

S. Carolina May 23, 1788 149-73 249,073

New Hampshire June 21, 1788 57-46 141,899

Virginia June 25, 1788 89-79 747,610

New York July 26, 1788 30-27 340,241

North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789* 184-77 395,005

Rhode Island May 29, 1790 34-32 69,112

The Constitution

Federalism• power shared between the national and

state governments

Supremacy Clause• national law superior to state law• laws must obey Constitution

Elastic Clause• Congress has right to pass all laws

“necessary and proper” for its duties

Checks and Balances• Executive Branch (President)

• enforces law• leads military• makes appointments

• Legislative Branch (Congress)• makes laws• can change Constitution• controls money• can impeach President

• Judicial Branch (Supreme Court)• interprets law• can throw out bad law

Bill of Rights• Anti-Federalists proposed over 200

amendments to restrict the central government

• Congress proposed 12 submitted by Madison in 1789

• states ratified 10 of them in 1791

Formal Amendment Process1. Proposal -- 2/3 vote in Congress or national

convention2. Ratification -- 3/4 of state legislatures or 3/4

of state conventions

Original Ten Amendments1. religion, press, and speech2. bear arms3. no quartering troops4. no search and seizure5. self-incrimination6. public trial and attorney7. jury8. cruel/ unusual punishment9. rights of people10. rights of states

Delegated Powers Reserved Powers

ConcurrentPowers

Washington’s Administration1789-1793

First Presidency• the new Congress met in NYC in

March 1789• Washington elected unanimously

by electoral college• John Adams—Vice President

• second most electoral votes

Judiciary Act, 1789• six justices in Supreme Court

(there are nine today)• thirteen district courts and three

circuit courts• attorney general

Eleventh Amendment, 1795• Supreme Court ruled in Chisholm

v. Georgia that residents of one state could sue another

• this amendment reversed the court’s decision

First Cabinet• advisors appointed by Washington• not mentioned in Constitution

• Thomas Jefferson—Secretary of State• Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of

Treasury• Henry Knox—Secretary of War• Edmund Randolph—Attorney General• John Jay—Supreme Court Chief Justice

-- George Washington --- 69

-- John Adams --- 34

-- minor candidates --- 35

81

Hamilton’s Plan, 1790

1. “funding at par”• the national debt—$54 million• continentals had fallen to 10-15

cents per dollar• Hamilton promised to buy them at

face value• speculators bought up all the

paper currency

2. “assumption”• the states’ debts—$21.5 million• Southern states had already paid

off their debts• Virginia got the capital in D.C.

3. Bank of United States, 1791• Hamilton wanted a powerful bank

to help his financial plan• Jefferson against it• led to the formation of political

parties

Raising Revenues1. tariffs/custom duties

• protect young American businesses from foreign competition

2. excise taxes (on production)• 7¢ per gallon on whiskey

3. government bonds4. sales of national government

lands

Washington’s Administration1793-1797

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794• many uprisings over taxes• largest in PA over whiskey tax• Washington led 13,000 federal troops to

stop it• 3 killed, 2 pardoned

Neutrality Proclamation, 1793• despite 1778 Franco-American alliance

Washington wanted to avoid war in Europe

• French Revolution in 1789 led to Napoleonic Wars in Europe

• Washington called for Americans to avoid taking sides

Jay’s Treaty, 1794• British agreed to hand over forts and pay

damages• British were impressing sailors and

arming Indians• Jay kissed Queen’s hand—seen as

betrayal of American and France

Farewell Address, 1796• Washington warned against

1. entangling foreign alliances2. political parties

Washington = presidency• two-term tradition held until 1930s• still ranked in top three presidents

-- George Washington --- 132

-- John Adams --- 77

-- George Clinton --- 50

-- minor candidates --- 5

135 135

Adams Administration1797-1801

XYZ Affair, 1797• Americans sent to talk to French minister• asked to pay $250,000 bribe and give France

a loan• offended Americans led by John Marshall go

home• unofficial war began between U.S. and France

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798• critics of Adams faced imprisonment• many Republicans sent to jail• naturalization changed from 5 to 14 years

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798• VP Jefferson anonymously criticized Adams• Compact Theory = states formed Union• have right to question national laws• states may void “bad” federal legislation =

nullification

Convention of 1800• Napoleon and Adams met

to end the Franco-American alliance

• cost Adams his political career

• ended last foreign alliance until WWI

141

F John Adams --- 71

DR Thomas Jefferson --- 68

F Thomas Pinckney --- 59

DR Aaron Burr --- 30

The Electoral College

Electoral College• each State has as many electors (voters) as senators

and representativesH + S = E

• each elector gets two votes one for the President and one for the Vice President

• the elector is technically not bound to vote for the candidate the people of his/her state chose

• in many elections, electors have gone maverick

• the winner must get more than half the votes• the second most votes becomes VP

• changed in 12th Amendment

Plan B• if no one gets a majority in the electoral college• House elects the President and each state gets

1 vote• Senate elects VP• this happened in 1800 and 1824• it has almost happened many times

• 1876, 1960, 2000

141

F John Adams 71

DR Thomas Jefferson 68

F Thomas Pinckney 59

DR Aaron Burr 30

1796

141

1789

-- George Washington --- 69

-- John Adams --- 34

-- minor candidates --- 35

8181

1796

F John Adams --- 71

DR Thomas Jefferson --- 68

F Thomas Pinckney --- 59

DR Aaron Burr --- 30

141 141

1800

DR Thomas Jefferson --- 73

DR Aaron Burr --- 73

F John Adams --- 65

F Charles C. Pinckney --- 64

141

12th Amendment changes Electoral College!!

141

2000

R George W. Bush 50,455,156 271

D Albert Gore, Jr. 50,997,335 266

G Ralph Nader 2,882,897 --

I Pat Buchanan 449,102 --

538

1824

DR John Q. Adams 108,740 84

DR Andrew Jackson 153,544 99

DR William H. Crawford 46,618 41

DR Henry Clay 47,136 37

261

Plan B

DR John Q. Adams 13

DR Andrew Jackson 7

DR William H. Crawford 4

DR Henry Clay 0