UNIT IIICHAPTERS 7, 8 & 10*

CHAPTER 7DEVIANCE & CRIME*

DEFINING DEVIANCEDeviance is behavior that violates expected rules and norms.According to sociologists, there are four main identifying characteristics of deviant behavior:It occurs in a social content and is not just individual behavior.It is culturally relative.The social rules are created or constructed; not just morally decided upon or enforced.The audience decides what is defined as deviant.

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STUDYING DEVIANCESociologists distinguish between formal and informal deviance.Formal Deviance is behavior that breaks laws or official rules, e.g. crime.Informal Deviance is behavior that violates customary norms.

When studying deviance, we examine:why people violate laws or normsthe study of how society reacts*

SANCTIONSSociologists use the term sanctions to refer to the punishment associated with breaking norms, rules, and laws.Sanctions can be either formal or informal.Informal sanctions such as verbal and non-reprimands are associated with deviant behavior.Formal sanctions such as being sent to prison or put to death are administered by formal agents (police, courts, etc.) for violating laws.

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SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF DEVIANCEThe medicalization of deviance, such as alcoholism and mental illness, is an excellent example of how society classifies different types of behavior and how definitions change over time.

Alcoholism is still borderline between illness and criminal; a judge can send an offender to a rehabilitation center, and later to prison.Is the excessive consumption of alcohol a treatable illness, or is it criminal behavior?*

WOMEN BEING EXECUTED BY THE TALIBAN GOVERNMENT*

ROBERT MERTONS STRAIN THEORYRobert Merton, functionalist, (19102003) developed the strain theory of deviance. This theory elaborated on how tensions caused by the gap between cultural goals, and the means people have available to achieve those goals, leads to deviant behavior.

Merton proposed that people conform to the social expectation when the goals and the means of reaching them are in balance.*

MERTONS STRAIN THEORY*

SOCIAL CONTROL THEORYBased on the work of Travis Hirschi, social control theory examines the cultures value systems and peoples attachmentor lack thereofto the cultures values. This theory suggests that most people probably feel some impulse toward deviance at times, but that the attachment to social norms prevents them from actually participating in deviant behavior. Example: juveniles who learned violence from aggressive peers *

CONFLICT PERSPECTIVEThe conflict perspective argues that the economic structure of capitalism produces deviance and crime. Examples of economic crimes are theft, robbery, and prostitution, which conflict theorists contend is often the only way for poor and deprived people to get what they want or need.Conflict theorists demonstrate that the upper class has the means available to hide their criminal behavior.*

CONFLICT THEORY(CONTINUED)Corporate crime, also known as white collar crime or elite crime, is based on the fact that owners and higher-positioned people will always exploit the poor and working class; This is inherent in the structure of a capitalist society. Business elite, with easy access to money, take advantage of its availability and convert it to their private use.Examples: embezzlement, illegal political campaigns, and tax evasion*

LABELING THEORYA label is the assignment or attachment of a deviant identity to a person by others, including by agents of social institutions. Therefore, peoples reactions, not the action itself, produce deviance as a result of the labeling process. Once applied, the deviant label is difficult to shed.The kid in school who misbehaves to get attention is labeled a troublemaker by the teacher, the kids do likewise, and eventually the principal does, too.*

DEVIANT IDENTITYLabeling theory suggests that deviance refers not just to something one does, but to something one becomes. Deviant identity is the definition a person has of himself or herself as a deviant. This identities emerge over time.This identity involves a process of social transformation in which a new self-image and new public definition of a person emerges. *

STIGMASociety devalues and discredits people with obvious physical differences such as those who have/are: stutter, ugly facial scars, deaf, blind, and even wounded veterans.

Society stereotypes these individuals and thus they are discriminated against.

Erving Goffman spoke of stigmatization, spoiled identities, and managing spoiled identities.Able-bodied minority members may also be stigmatized due to their skin color.*

USE OF SELECTED SUBSTANCES BY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS*

CRIME, CRIMINAL JUSTICE & CRIME STATISTICSCrime is a form of deviant behavior defined as such because the behavior violates law or laws.Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior.

Nightly media reports may give the audience the view that crimes are on the rise in the U.S. Surveys show that violent crime, including rape, assault, robbery, and murder declined by 15 percent during the 1990s.*

SOURCES OF CRIME & DEVIANCE STATISTICS

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)The data is then reported in both:Uniform Crime ReportsNational Crime Victimization Survey The Uniform Crime Reports are based on actual national incident reports made by the police.These are called violent crimes or index crimes.Index crimes are crimes of murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, plus property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft.

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ORGANIZED CRIMEOrganized crime is crime committed by structured groups typically involving the provision of illegal goods and services to others. Refers to a group that exercises control over large illegal enterprises, such as the drug trade, illegal gambling, prostitution, weapons smuggling.Based on racial, ethnic, or family ties.Historically, groups are continually replaced or die out.These syndicates are usually closed to outsiders like sociologists.*

SOPRANOS: ORGANIZED CRIME*

CORPORATE CRIMECorporate crime is crime that takes place and is endorsed within the bureaucracy.Sociologists estimate the costs of corporate crime may be as high as $200 billion every year.Taken as a whole, the cost of corporate crime is almost 6000 times the amount taken in bank robberies in a given year, and 11 times the total amount for all theft in a year.These corporations consider themselves as doing normal business, the same but slightly different.*

RACE AND SENTENCINGBail is set higher for African Americans and Latinos than for Whites, and minorities have less success with plea bargains. Minority defendants are found guilty more often than White defendants. Blacks and Hispanics are likely to get longer sentences than Whites. Young Black and Latino men are sentenced more harshly than any other group.They are less likely to be released on probation. *

TERRORISM: AN INTERNATIONAL CRIMETerrorism is a violent action to achieve political ends.Violates both international and domestic laws. Crosses national borders.

To understand it, a global perspective is required as it is globally linked to other forms of international crime. *

BIOTERRORISM AND CYBERTERRORISMAs societies become more technologically sophisticated, new and more dangerous forms of global destruction emerge.We are now faced with both bioterrorism and cyberterrorism.Entire communities can be wiped off the globe in seconds, if not minutes.Viruses can be developed and fed to poultry, cows, and poured into lakes and streams.The devastation could be worse than the Black Plague of the 18th century.*

CHAPTER 8SOCIAL CLASS & SOCIAL STRATIFICATION *

SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION & SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Look around the room at your fellow classmates and notice what they are wearing. Now look at yourself and what you are wearing. Are their clothes the latest fashion, expensive, and in obvious good taste?Are yours?What about their shoes and your shoes: what are the brands?

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SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATIONSocial differentiation is the process by which different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society. It is marked by social differentiation. It is organized into a hierarchical social system. Social stratification is a relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth.*

SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONSocial stratification is a system of structured social inequality.All societies have a system of social stratification, some very complex, some very simple. Complex societies often stratify according to social class. This is influenced by occupation, income, and education, race, gender, and even age, region of residence, ethnicity, and national origin.

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ESTATE, CASTE & CLASS SYSTEMS Stratification systems are usually categorized into one of these three types:Estate is a system in which a small elite group (owners of property and power) have total control over societys resources.Caste is a system where status is assigned based on ones ascribed status.Class is a system based primarily on achieved status; however ones ascribed status can matter.

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*SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES

LIFE CHANCESMax Weber spoke of life chances which are the common/shared opportunities people have because they belong to a particular class. These include the opportunity to possess goods, make money, and get desired jobs.Ones life choices are restricted and influenced by ones life chances. In the U.S., class placement heavily depends on ones social background, life chances, and inherited wealth.*

SOCIAL MOBILITY: THE LADDERYou may be able to climb up the ladder if others allow you to, or if you work hard enough at it (achieved status), or others may push you down a rung or two.This is called social mobility.Sometimes major social forces such as: hurricanes, depressions or recessions, or even widespread globalization, may cause you to fall down a rung or two; sometimes, but less likely, it may restructure the whole ladder. People usually stay on, or close to, the rung they started on.

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SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS (SES)Socioeconomic status is a common term for social class position as class is primarily measured in economic terms, especially when social classes are compared internationally. Median income (midpoint of all household income) is a common indicator, but not the only one.Wealth is what one owns minus debts; this is not the same as income.Another indicator is occupational prestige.

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OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGEOccupational prestige is the perceived, subjective rank assigned to an occupation; this is associated with years of education and degrees. Occupations cluster in ranks such as:High: professionals, such as physicians, professors, judges, and lawyersMiddle: electrician, insurance agent, and police officersLow: maids, garbage collectors, and shoe-shiners

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CURRENT TRENDSWithin the U.S., the class system is becoming increasingly polarized with growing social and economic inequality. Debt among the middle class is rising.Many middle class families have a fragile hold on their status.Income and wealth is increasing for the elite and upper classes and decreasing for middle and lower classes.Immigration and globalization is intensifying these trends.*

WEALTH INEQUALITYAn increase in the concentration of wealth has occurred in the U.S since the 1980s.The United States is one of the most unequal nations in the world using wealth as the criteria. The wealthiest 1% own 33% of all net worth.The bottom 80% control only 16%. The top 10% also own 88% of all stock. The bottom 40% own less than 1% of total stock holdings. *

WEALTH AND RACE IN THE U.S. Blacks have only 26 cents compared to every dollar of wealth held by Whites. White households have 10 times the wealth of Black households. Blacks, at all income and education levels, have lower levels of wealth than similarly situated White families.Government policies of the past have prevented Blacks from being able to accumulate wealth.

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LABOR UNIONS: WHITE COLLAR WORKERS*

ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING IN THE U.S.Economic restructuring is a structural phenomena associated with the decline of manufacturing jobs in the United States, the transformation of the economy by technological change, and the process of globalization.This has had a profound effect on our lifestyle, income and wealth; even the potential transfer of wealth at death. Many working class people are losing their stable manufacturing jobs with decent wages and good benefits.*

THE ECONOMIC DOWNTURN If people have a job, they accept lower-wage jobs with fewer benefits.Houses are being foreclosed.More Blacks than Whites have lost their homes.Minorities are more likely to hold subprime mortgages.Many corporations and banks (GE and MGM) are going bankrupt.Bank loans are hard to secure and interest rates are high.Individual federal and state taxes increased, corporate taxes decreased.

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GENDER & AGEIn the past, class status was assigned to a woman based on her husbands or fathers social position.

Even with comparable educations to men, women are employed in lower wage jobs and lower prestige occupations than men.18% of U.S. children live in poverty. 10% of those over 65 years old are poor.Most elderly live comfortably due to pensions and Social Security.

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SOCIAL MOBILITY:MYTH OR REALITYRags to Riches, an American dream!Truth or Fiction?When speaking of moving up and down the social class ladder we are referring to mobility.Mobility can be intergenerational or intragenerational. Intergenerational is movement between generations.Intragenerational is movement within the same generation.

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KARL MARX ON SOCIAL CLASSMarx classified people in capitalistic societies into two distinct social classes according to their relationship to the means of production.Bourgeoisie are the owners of the means of production.Proletariat are the workers, those who sold their labor; also referred to as the exploited masses.He also classified the petty bourgeoisie (small business owners) and the lumpenproleteriat (jobless).

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POVERTYPoverty line is the amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household. Below this line, one is considered officially poor. Established by the Social Security Administration, it is based on a low cost food budget x3.Poverty afflicts millions of people even in the U.S., a nation with a relatively high standard of living. In 2007, the official poverty line for a family of four was $21,203.

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POVERTY (CONTINUED)37 million people are poor in the United States, representing 12.5 percent of the population. Since 2000, poverty has been on the rise.A disproportionate percentage of minorities fall below the poverty line. In 2008, the figures were:33% of Native Americans25% of Blacks22% of Hispanics 10% of Asians and Pacific Islanders 8% of non-Hispanic Whites *

POVERTY & GENDERThe vast majority of the poor have always been women and children, referred to as the feminization of poverty.This figure has increased in recent years. 1/3 of all families headed by women are poor.Poverty rates are generally higher in the South and Southwest.They are a racially diverse population.

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CHILDREN IN POVERTYBy 2007, 18 percent of all children (those under age 18) in the United States were poor.10% non-Hispanic White children 35% Black children 29% Hispanic children 12% Asian American children

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*HOMELESS IN AMERICA

WELFARE & SOCIAL POLICIESThough homelessness is a serious problem in the U.S., the government has programs to support the poor.TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) is a block grant program; the federal governments provides states with money to help the poor.Individual states can impose requirements above those set by the federal government.*

CHAPTER 10RACE & ETHNICITY*

ETHNICITYAn ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, e.g., a common language or dialect; nationality; religion; norms, practices, customs, and history. Ethnic groups are conscious of their common cultural bond; they share an ethnic identity.Ethnic groups develop because of their unique historical and social experiences; their ancestry and nationality.Prejudice and discrimination against them often increases their bonds.

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ST. PATRICKS DAY*

RACERace is people treated as a distinct group based upon certain biological characteristics which have been assigned a social importance.

Skin color and texture of hair are two distinguishing racial characteristics; e.g. black, yellow, or red skin.People with these biological markers are perceived as if they are inferior people.

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RACE (CONTINUED)Race is culturally relative.Whether one belongs in the inferior or superior group depends on the culture.Race is a social construct. i.e., society assigns people to racial categories.The fact that an individual has a certain skin color and hair texture does not make him better than, or inferior to, another person.This does not stop people from judging. *

PRESIDENT OBAMAAMERICAS 1ST AFRICAN AMERICAN PRESIDENT*

RACE (CONTINUED)There are more differences among people within a given racial group than between different racial groups.

Native American tribes determine who is and who is not a tribal member.Proof of ones Native American ancestry; i.e. blood quantum, is the deciding factor.How much is enough varies from tribe to tribe.Some tribes accept 16%, others require 75%.

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RACIAL STEREOTYPESRacial and ethnic inequality in society produces racial stereotypes.When the stereotype deals with race or ethnicity, it is known as a racial stereotype.A stereotype is an oversimplified set of beliefs about members of a social group or social stratum.It is based on what we see first (salient principle) about a person or group of people.Stereotypes are presumed, usually incorrectly, to describe the typical member of some social group.

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GENDER & CLASS STEREOTYPESIn our society, a persons race, gender or social class is commonly noticed first when we look at them.Gender stereotypes are those based on a persons gender.Stereotypes about women are more likely to be negative. The typical woman has been traditionally stereotyped as subservient, overly emotional, talkative, and inept at math and the sciences.

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SOCIAL CLASS STEREOTYPESSocial class stereotypes are those based on assumptions about social class status. Upper-class people are stereotyped as snooty, aloof, condescending, and phony. Middle-class people are seen as overly ambitious, striving, and obsessed with keeping up with the neighbors. Lower-class people are perceived as dirty, lazy, unmotivated, and violent.

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PREJUDICEPrejudice is the evaluation of a group and an individual in it based on conceptions about the group.They are usually negative predispositions or as evaluations that are rarely positive. They are believed even though they are known not to be true or correct.Most people will contend that they are not prejudiced, yet everyone is prejudiced about some thing or some group of people.*

DISCRIMINATIONDiscrimination is overt negative and unequal treatment of the members of some social group or stratum solely because of their membership in that group or stratum. prejudice is an attitude discrimination is overt behaviorRacialethnic discrimination is unequal treatment of a person on the basis of race or ethnicity.

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FORMS OF DISCRIMINATIONDiscrimination manifests itself in the areas of: housing, employment, income, health care, education, even leisure.

Housing Discrimination is illegal in the U.S., yet banks and mortgage companies refuse loans to Black families more often than to White families.

Income Discrimination shows a wide gap between what a White male earns and what a Black or Hispanic earns.

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THE INCOME GAP*

RACISMRacism is the perception and treatment of a racial or ethnic group, or member of that group, as intellectually, socially, and culturally inferior to ones own group. It is more than an attitude; it is institutionalized in society. Schools, churches, workplaces, hospitals, and the media practice racism.Racism involves negative attitudes that are sometimes linked with negative behavior.

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INSTITUTIONAL RACISMInstitutional racism is a form of racism involving the negative treatment and oppression of one racial or ethnic group by societys existing institutions.It exists at the level of social structure and is in Durkheims sense external to the individual.Sociologically, one must recognize that the dominant groups have the economic and political power to subjugate the minority group (and they use it). *

RACIAL PROFILING DISCUSSION*

NATIVE AMERICANSThe size of the Native American population is estimated to be between 1 million and 10 million people when Christopher Columbus arrived on this continent in 1492. By 1800, their population diminished to 600,000.

Indigenous natives were a politically, religious, and socially homogeneous population before Europeans came to this country. They did not practice land ownership and they were nomadic, moving with the seasons.

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LAKOTA SIOUX INDIANS*

NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE 21ST CENTURYSome tribes are financially wealthy, especially those that forfeited their traditional values and adopted a capitalistic economic system. These tribes opened casinos, banks, and large business complexes.55% of all Native Americans live on or near a reservation. 45% live in or near urban areas. *

AMERICAN INDIANS TODAY

Reservations are land masses owned and run by the federal governments Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).The BIA provides health care and education to tribal members both on and off reservations. Income support is provided in conjunction with state governments. The reservation system has served the Indians very poorly. *

AMERICAN INDIANS TODAY(CONTINUED)

Many Native Americans live in abject poverty, deprivation, and have major untreated health problems.Alcoholism is an epidemic among those living on reservations, Pueblos, and in Indian Nations.50% of all tribal members are unemployed. They are on the lowest rung of the socioeconomic ladder and have the highest poverty rate nationwide.

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PHOTOS OF TRIBAL SITESACOMA PUEBLO NEW MEXICO - 1904NAVAJO RESERVATIONARIZONA USA*

AFRICAN AMERICANSAn estimated 6 million Africans were captured and transported to America to provide labor for sugar and tobacco production and to enhance the profits of capitalist slaveholders. Slaves lived in a caste system.They were owned as property (chattel).Patriarchy and White supremacy social stratification was common.White males dominated White females, Black males, and Black females.Black males dominated black females.*

THE 19TH CENTURYBlack ghettos sprung up most everywhere in the 19th century.Black Americans lived in grim urban settlements, ghettos.They developed volunteer organizations, settlement houses, social movements, political action groups.Many artistic and cultural achievements are owed to the efforts and accomplishments of this ethnic group.*

LATINOSThe Latino population has grown considerably over the past few decades, with the largest increase among Mexican Americans. The terms Hispanic and Latino or Latina mask the great structural and cultural diversity among the various Hispanic groups.This group is comprised of: Chicanos and Chicanas (Mexican Americans), Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Latin American immigrants. Many were captured and brought involuntarily to the U.S. *

ASIAN AMERICANSAsian Americans are from many different countries and diverse cultural backgroundsthough inappropriate, they are grouped under one cultural rubric, i..e. Asians, which includes people from: China Japan Philippines Korea Vietnam Cambodia and Laos

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CHINESEAttracted by job opportunities, the Chinese began migrating to the U.S in the mid-19th century.They were tolerated as they were quiet, worked hard and cheap, and performed dangerous work.Thousands helped build the Central Pacific Railroad from 1865 to 1868. Between 18901900, railroad construction ended and they settled in rural areas in the Western states.After their move West, they were negatively stereotyped as a threat, competing for scarce jobs.*

WHITE ETHNIC GROUPSBeginning in the early 1600s, many White Europeans migrated to America from England, Wales, and Scotland. They settled in the northeast, in what is now referred to as New England.They became known as WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants).They became the colonists and were largely responsible for the demise of the Native American tribal populations.

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INTENSE PREJUDICE & DISCRIMINATIONAll groups have been brutally treated by the dominant early Europeans.Examples of such treatment include:In Boston signs were posted in saloons proclaiming No dogs or Irish allowed.The Irish were beaten and ridiculed. Jews from both parts of Europe underwent lengthy periods of anti-Jewish prejudice, anti-Semitism.

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IMPORTANCE OF CLASS AND RACERacealong with class, gender, age, and even sexual orientationplaces one in a system of social advantage and disadvantage. The influence of class is increasing, even though race still remains extremely important.

Studies find that race, in and of itself, influences income, wealth, occupational prestige, place of residence, educational attainment, and other socioeconomic factors.*

FIGHTING FOR CIVIL RIGHTS

In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to relinquish her seat on a bus to a White man in Montgomery, Alabama. This led to a boycott by the young activist Martin Luther King, Jr.In 1957, President Eisenhower ordered the National Guard to escort nine Black students into Little Rock Central High School.Malcolm X advocated pluralism; he wanted separate banks, churches, and schools for Blacks.

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AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONAffirmative action is a race-specific policy for reducing job and educational inequality.

Affirmative action policies are designed to recruit minorities into jobs and to ensure that minorities gain entry into schools, colleges, and universities.

It has had limited success.

These policy efforts received little support during President George W. Bushs Administration.

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*Insert photo 7.1 here*Insert fig 7.1***Insert fig 7.2***Insert photo 8.1 and .2 in ppt*Instructor: Show Cengage video on Social Class in Core Concepts series. Pictures get the story across best.*Insert photo 8.11**Insert photo 10.2***Instructor using these photos engage the class in a discussion if racial profiling, its function and dysfunction to society at large. *